[The second primary molar in the lower jaw in cases of agenesis of the second premolar; use it or break it?] / De tweede melkmolaar in de onderkaak bij agenesie van de tweede premolaar; use it or break it?

In cases of agenesis of the mandibular second premolar, a choice can be made from among several treatment options. Besides preserving the second primary molar, it can be decided to close the diastema orthodontically, following extraction of the primary molar. This can be done in several ways: full or partial (hemisection) removal of the primary molar. The procedure for a hemisection initially consists of removing only the distal part of the relevant primary molar, in order to preserve the breadth of the alveolar process and to enable spontaneous mesialization of the first permanent molar. Secondly, the mesial part of the primary molar is removed.

Malocclusion in deciduous dentition: a cross-sectional study in a Portuguese preschool population.

PURPOSE: To determine the prevalence of malocclusion in Portuguese preschool children, to characterise occlusion in the deciduous dentition, and to study the relationship between malocclusion, sex, and age. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 3-6 years old children, from 25 randomly selected kindergartens from the Lisbon district. Data were collected through an oral examination. Malocclusion was defined as the presence of any type of occlusion anomaly (anterior crossbite, edge-to-edge, increased overjet, open bite, deep overbite, posterior crossbite, scissor bite), spacing anomaly (crowding), or dentition anomaly (supernumerary teeth, agenesis, malformations). Canine class, terminal plane of the deciduous second molars and type of Baume arch were also recorded. Statistical analysis included descriptive and chi-squared test (α = 0.05). RESULTS: The sample included 426 children with a global prevalence of malocclusion of 60.6%. Occlusion anomalies were the most prevalent (59.2%), the most frequent being deep overbite (27%), increased overjet (22.1%) and posterior crossbite (14.1%). Crowding had a prevalence of 1.6% and agenesis of 1.4%. Class I canine (57.3%), straight second molar terminal plane (60.1%) and type I Baume arch (53.3%) were the most common. The mean overjet was 2.6 mm (sd = 2.1) and the mean overbite was 2.2 mm (sd = 2.1). Age was associated with the presence of occlusion anomalies (p = 0.03), and increased overjet prevalence was found to be higher in girls (p = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: The prevalence of malocclusion was high, with occlusion anomalies being the most prevalent. It is important to identify modifiable risk factors associated with malocclusion to prevent this condition in both the deciduous and permanent dentitions.

Multidisciplinary approach to multiple dental anomalies in pediatric patients: a case report with 4-year follow-up.

The objective of this article is to report the clinical case and 4-year follow-up of a 5-year-old child with multiple dental anomalies, emphasizing the importance of early diagnosis and use of combined pediatric surgery and orthodontic approaches. A 5-year-old boy, accompanied by his mother, sought dental care for dental caries and tooth pain. Clinical and radiographic examinations revealed active caries, a supernumerary primary tooth in the region of the mandibular right second premolar, and severe ankylosis of the primary mandibular right second molar. The treatment plan involved extraction of the supernumerary tooth as well as sectioning and extraction of the ankylosed molar. When the patient was 6 years old, the permanent mandibular right first molar showed signs of an altered eruptive process, and orthodontic treatment was initiated. A unilateral band-and-loop space maintainer with coil springs designed to move the permanent first molar was placed on the primary first molar. A new panoramic radiograph, obtained when the patient was aged 7 years, suggested the presence of an odontoma in the apical region of the primary maxillary right canine. Surgical removal and histopathologic examination of the lesion confirmed that it was a developing odontoma. After surgery, due to occlusal anomalies that included transverse maxillary deficiency, deep overbite, and midline deviation, the patient underwent rapid maxillary expansion therapy with a Haas-type appliance. When the patient was 8 years old, orthodontic treatment continued with a removable palatal Hawley expander and a orthodontic mandibular lingual arch. Currently, at the age of 9 years, the child is still undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment after surgical exposure of the impacted permanent maxillary right canine and bonding of an orthodontic attachment to enable traction. A multidisciplinary approach to the management of dental anomalies promotes a favorable prognosis and ensures comprehensive treatment of young patients.

Agenesis of the maxillary permanent lateral incisors with the deciduous retained: Conservative and biomimetic approach using the BAIR technique.

OBJECTIVE: Agenesis of the maxillary permanent lateral incisors is a condition that requires treatment aimed at improving the esthetics, even at an early age. However, traditional therapeutic protocols are long, invasive and have limitations and contraindications imposed by the age of the patient. CLINICAL CONSIDERATIONS: Recent developments in restorative dentistry have provided a new approach to this clinical situation, in particular when the deciduous laterals are retained. We report two cases regarding the management of missing lateral incisors using Biologically Active Intrasulcular Restoration (BAIR) technique. The BAIR technique allows us to transform the shape of the deciduous lateral incisor into the permanent, acting both on the dental morphology and proportions, and on the appearance of the soft tissues and the gingival parables. CONCLUSIONS: The BAIR technique is a valid approach to cases of agenesis of the maxillary permanent lateral incisors, when the deciduous are retained. It does not require any preparation of the dental tissues, is reversible and minimally invasive. It is applicable to patients of all ages, and results are obtained in a single appointment. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: The BAIR technique allows a biomimetic conservative approach for the rehabilitation of congenitally missing permanent lateral incisors, when the deciduous are retained. It is a non-invasive protocol and effective in successfully restoring esthetics.

Erosive Effect of Analgesics on Primary Tooth Enamel - An in Vitro Study

Abstract Objective: To evaluate in vitro erosive effect of analgesics on primary tooth enamel. Material and Methods: The pH and the titratable acidity measurements of the medicines were performed in triplicate using a digital pH meter. Enamel slabs of primary teeth flat and polished were selected by initial surface microhardness analysis. Medications were selected and specimens were assigned into five groups (n=12): Dalsy; Magnopyrol; Paracetamol; Tylenol; and distilled water (negative control). Specimens were immersed in 5 ml of each group solution for 30 min, 4x/day for three days and stored in artificial saliva at 37 °C between immersions and at night. Final microhardness was determined. The data were submitted to Oneway ANOVA and Tukey's test. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) analysis was performed in three specimens of each group. Results: Medicines showed acidic pH and mean values of titratable acidity ranged from 1.46 to 11.66 ml of 0.1N NaOH. The mineral loss of Magnopyrol was statistically significant in relation to the control group (p<0.01). Magnopyrol showed higher values when compared to Tylenol (p<0.05). SEM images displayed microstructure alterations in the Paracetamol group. Conclusion: Despite the low pH values, only Magnopyrol showed greater enamel softening. Paracetamol demonstrated morphological changes in primary tooth enamel (AU).

Microdont Developing Outside the Alveolar Process and Within Oral Diffuse and Plexiform Neurofibroma in Neurofibromatosis Type 1.

BACKGROUND/AIM: Numerical aberrations of permanent dentition and dystopic tooth eruption are part of the phenotype of the tumor predisposition syndrome neurofibromatosis type 1 (NF1). In these cases, surplus tooth germs usually develop in the alveolar processes of the jaw. This report attests to the dystopic development of a dysplastic supernumerary tooth in NF1 arising outside the jaw. CASE REPORT: The 8-year-old male patient developed a microdont outside the bone and above the occlusal plane of the retained maxillary right second molar. The supernumerary tooth was completely embedded in oral soft tissue. Hyperplastic oral soft tissue in the molar region and microdont were excised. Specimen of the mucosa surrounding the teeth was interspersed with diffuse and plexiform neurofibroma. The retained upper right first molar emerged spontaneously within a few months after surgery. The upper right second molar did not change position. CONCLUSION: Odontogenesis can take place within tumorous oral mucosa in NF1. Surgical removal of the tumorous mucous membrane facilitates tooth eruption in some cases.

Bilateral occurrence of bimaxillary bi-rooted primary canines: a rare case report with review of the literature.

Multiple roots in anterior teeth are very rarely reported in the literature. The occurrence of multi-rooted canine in primary dentition is an infrequent entity. This unusual abnormality is an accidental finding on routine examination. Radiographic examination plays a significant role in the identification of this anomaly. This rare anomaly has been reported very infrequently reported and has not been published in a Saudi Arabia population. Therefore, the purpose of the present case report is to describe a case of an 8-year old Saudi boy presented with the bimaxillary occurrence of bi-rooted primary canine. This report discusses this unique occurrence in the context of the published literature.

Pasta de hidróxido de calcio/yodoformo en pulpectomías de dientes deciduos: Reporte de caso con seguimiento de seis meses / Calcium hydroxide/iodoform paste in primary teeth pulpectomies: a case report with six-month follow-up

Resumen Introducción: Las pastas de obturación a base de hidróxido de calcio/yodoformo han demostrado buenos resultados en pulpectomías de dientes primarios. Objetivos: describir el desempeño de una pasta de hidróxido de calcio/yodoformo (Calplus®) mediante la evaluación clínica y radiográfica en pulpectomias durante 6 meses. Metodología: Un paciente de sexo masculino de 2 años de edad acudió a la Clínica Odontológica de la Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima-Perú. Durante la evaluación clínica se diagnosticó caries de infancia temprana. Tratamientos preventivos y restauradores fueron realizados. Las pulpectomias fueron obturadas con (Calplus®). Para evaluar el desempeño, las pulpectomías fueron acompañadas durante 1, 3 y 6 meses mediante exámenes clínicos y radiográficos examinando dolor, movilidad patológica, alteraciones de tejido blando, rarefacción ósea, y reabsorción radicular patológica. Al tercer mes de seguimiento solo se observó contorno gingival alterado. Conclusiones: La pasta a base de hidróxido de calcio/yodoformo (Calplus®) demostró buen desempeño en pulpectomías de dientes primarios considerando aspectos clínicos y radiográficos después de 6 meses de seguimiento.

Abstract Introduction*: Calcium hydroxide/iodoform is a root canal filling material that have shown good results in pulpectomies of primary teeth. Objective: Describe the performance of a calcium hydroxide/iodoform (Calplus®) root canal filling material considering clinical and radiographic outcomes after 6 months follow-up. Methods: A 2-year-old male patient attended the Dental Clinic of Universidad Científica del Sur, Lima-Perú. Oral clinical examination showed early childhood caries. Preventive and restoration treatments were carried out. Pulpectomies were performed with Calplus®. To evaluate pulpectomies performance it was examined clinical and radiographic outcomes: pain, pathological mobility, soft tissue disorders, bone rarefaction and pathological root resorption. The clinical and radiographic findings at 1, 3, and 6 months were assessed. After three months, it was only observed altered gingival contour. Conclusion: Calcium hydroxide/ iodoform (Calplus®) root canal filling material showed good success rate in primary teeth pulpectomies considering clinical and radiographic outcomes after 6 months follow-up.

Use of Antibiotics in early Childhood and Dental Enamel Defects in 6- to 12-year-old Children in Primary Health Care.

Dental enamel defects (DED) are lesions that occur due several factors. Proper care is needed to promote their treatment and prevention. The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of DED in permanent teeth of children who used antimicrobial drugs in the first four years of life. This is a crosssectional study carried out in a Primary Health Care (PHC) service, which included children from six to 12 years of age. DED were evaluated by oral examination, and data on the use of antimicrobials in early childhood were collected based on medical records. Data were analyzed with the chi-square test and Fisher's exact test. The sample included 144 children. In relation to DED, 50% (72) and 20.1% (29) presented opacity and hypoplasia, respectively. Amoxicillin was the most frequently prescribed drug, followed by sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim. Among the children, 78.5% (113) were prescribed antimicrobial drugs at least once during the first 4 years of life, and 55% (79) of them presented some type of DED. There was no statistically significant association between the variables analyzed. In conclusion, there was high prevalence of children with DED, and amoxicillin was the most commonly prescribed antibiotic.

Os defeitos do esmalte dentário (DED) são lesões que ocorrem devido a vários fatores e é necessária atenção para promover seu tratamento e prevenção. O objetivo foi avaliar a ocorrência de DED em dentes permanentes de crianças que usaram antimicrobianos nos primeiros quatro anos de vida. Tratase de um estudo transversal realizado em um serviço de Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS), que incluiu crianças de seis a 12 aos de idade. A DED foi avaliada por dados de exames bucais, e os dados sobre o uso de antimicrobiano na primeira infância foram coletados com base em prontuários médicos. A análise foi realizada com o teste do qui-quadrado e o teste exato de Fisher. A amostra foi composta por 144 crianças. Em relação ao DED, 50%(72) e 20,1%(29) apresentaram opacidade e hipoplasia, respectivamente. A amoxicilina foi o medicamento prescrito com mais freqüência, seguido pelo sulfametoxazol+trimetoprim. Entre as crianças, 78,5%(113) receberam medicamentos antimicrobianos pelo menos uma vez nos primeiros 4 anos de vida e 55%(79) deles apresentaram algum tipo de DED. Não houve associação estatisticamente significante entre as variáveis analisadas. Em conclusão, houve uma alta prevalência de crianças com DED e a amoxicilina foi o antibiótico mais comumente prescrito.

Use of Antibiotics in early Childhood and Dental Enamel Defects in 6- to 12-year-old Children in Primary Health Care / Uso de antibióticos na primeira infância e defeitos de esmalte dentário em crianças de 6 a 12 anos na Atenção Primária à Saúde

ABSTRACT Dental enamel defects (DED) are lesions that occur due several factors. Proper care is needed to promote their treatment and prevention. The aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of DED in permanent teeth of children who used antimicrobial drugs in the first four years of life. This is a crosssectional study carried out in a Primary Health Care (PHC) service, which included children from six to 12 years of age. DED were evaluated by oral examination, and data on the use of antimicrobials in early childhood were collected based on medical records. Data were analyzed with the chisquare test and Fisher's exact test. The sample included 144 children. In relation to DED, 50% (72) and 20.1% (29) presented opacity and hypoplasia, respectively. Amoxicillin was the most frequently prescribed drug, followed by sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim. Among the children, 78.5% (113) were prescribed antimicrobial drugs at least once during the first 4 years of life, and 55% (79) of them presented some type of DED. There was no statistically significant association between the variables analyzed. In conclusion, there was high prevalence of children with DED, and amoxicillin was the most commonly prescribed antibiotic.

RESUMO Os defeitos do esmalte dentário (DED) são lesões que ocorrem devido a vários fatores e é necessária atenção para promover seu tratamento e prevenção. O objetivo foi avaliar a ocorrência de DED em dentes permanentes de crianças que usaram antimicrobianos nos primeiros quatro anos de vida. Tratase de um estudo transversal realizado em um serviço de Atenção Primária à Saúde (APS), que incluiu crianças de seis a 12 anos de idade. A DED foi avaliada por dados de exames bucais, e os dados sobre o uso de antimicrobiano na primeira infância foram coletados com base em prontuários médicos. A análise foi realizada com o teste do quiquadrado e o teste exato de Fisher. A amostra foi composta por 144 crianças. Em relação ao DED, 50%(72) e 20,1%(29) apresentaram opacidade e hipoplasia, respectivamente. A amoxicilina foi o medicamento prescrito com mais freqüência, seguido pelo sulfametoxazol+ trimetoprim. Entre as crianças, 78,5%(113) receberam medica mentos antimicrobianos pelo menos uma vez nos primeiros 4 anos de vida e 55%(79) deles apresentaram algum tipo de DED. Não houve associação estatisticamente significante entre as variáveis analisadas. Em conclusão, houve uma alta prevalência de crianças com DED e a amoxicilina foi o antibiótico mais comumente prescrito.

Dental anomalies in the deciduous dentition of non-syndromic oral clefts patients / Anomalias dentárias na dentição decídua de pacientes com fissuras orais não sindrômicas

Abstract Objectives: to investigate the prevalence of dental anomalies in complete deciduous dentition of children with NSCL/P. Methods: this study included 75 children with NSCL/P and 286 healthy control. In both groups the children had deciduous dentition with ages varying from 4 to 6 years. Clinical examination, panoramic and periapical radiographies were performed and dental anomalies of number and shape were considered. Results: there was a higher prevalence of dental anomalies in the case group, compared to the control group. In all, 42 dental anomalies were identified, 25.33% in the case group and 8.04% in control group (p<0.001). Therewas a higher frequency of dental anomalies in NSCL/P (47.36%), followed by non-syndromic cleft lip (31.57%) and non-syndromic cleft palate (21.05%). The occurrence of agenesis (p= 0.005) and twinning (p = 0.029) were higher in the case group. Conclusions: the occurrence of agenesis and dental twinning was more frequent in the case group and may contribute to the definition of oral cleft subphenotype.

Resumo Objetivos: investigar a prevalência de anomalias dentárias na dentição decídua completa de crianças com FL/PNS. Métodos: este estudo incluiu 75 crianças com FL/PNS e 286 controles saudáveis. Em ambos os grupos as crianças tinham dentição decídua com idade variando de 4 a 6 anos. Exame clínico, radiografias panorâmicas e periapicais foram realizadas e anomalias dentárias de número e forma foram consideradas. Resultados: houve maior prevalência de anomalias dentárias no grupo caso, comparado ao grupo controle. Ao todo 42 anomalias dentárias foram identificadas, 25,33% no grupo caso e 8,04% no grupo controle (p<0,001). Houve maior frequência de anomalias dentárias na FL/PNS (47,36%), seguida da fissura labial não sindrômica (31,57%) e da fissura palatina não sindrômica (21,05%). A ocorrência de agenesia (p= 0,005) e geminação (p=0,029) foram maiores no grupo caso. Conclusão: a ocorrência de agenesia e geminação dentária foram mais frequentes no grupo caso e pode contribuir para a definição de subfenótipos de fissuras orais.

A three-dimensional analysis of primary failure of eruption in humans and mice.

OBJECTIVES: Primary failure of eruption (PFE) is a genetic disorder exhibiting the cessation of tooth eruption. Loss-of-function mutations in parathyroid hormone (PTH)/parathyroid hormone-related peptide (PTHrP) receptor (PTH/PTHrP receptor, PPR) were reported as the underlying cause of this disorder in humans. We showed in a PFE mouse model that PTHrP-PPR signaling is responsible for normal dental follicle cell differentiation and tooth eruption. However, the mechanism underlying the eruption defect in PFE remains undefined. In this descriptive study, we aim to chronologically observe tooth eruption and root formation of mouse PFE molars through 3D microCT analyses. SETTING AND SAMPLE POPULATION: Two individuals with PFE were recruited at Showa University. A mouse PFE model was generated by deleting PPR specifically in PTHrP-expressing dental follicle and divided into three groups, PPRfl/fl ;R26RtdTomato/+ (Control), PTHrP-creER;PPRfl/+ ;R26RtdTomato/+ (cHet), and PTHrP-creER;PRRfl/fl ;R26RtdTomato/+ (cKO). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Images from human PFE subjects were acquired by CBCT. All groups of mouse samples were studied at postnatal days 14, 25, 91, and 182 after a tamoxifen pulse at P3, and superimposition of 3D microCT images among three groups was rendered. RESULTS: Mouse and human PFE molars exhibited a similar presentation in the 3D CT analyses. The quantitative analysis in mice demonstrated a statistically significant decrease in the eruption height of cKO first and second molars compared to other groups after postnatal day 25. Additionally, cKO molars demonstrated significantly shortened roots with dilacerations associated with the reduced interradicular bone height. CONCLUSIONS: Mouse PFE molars erupt at a much slower rate compared to normal molars, associated with shortened and dilacerated roots and defective interradicular bones.

Frequency and Characteristics of Mesiodens in Indian School Children: A Retrospective Radiographic Study

Abstract Objective: To determine the frequency and characteristics of mesiodens in Indian school children. Material and Methods: 1232 radiographs of patients attending the Department of Oral Medicine and Radiology of the age group of 4-15 years studied for the present retrospective study. The intraoral periapical radiographs and occlusal radiographs of the premaxilla were examined to determine the presence of mesiodens. The data regarding the presence of mesiodens, number, position, location on the arch, shape and associated complications were recorded. Results: Eleven patients had 14 mesiodens, with a frequency of 0.8%. The ratio of boys to girls was 1.2:1. Maximum mesiodens observed in the age group of 7-9 years. Most of the mesiodens were conical in shape and found on the palatal side. Fifty percent of the mesiodens were unerupted. The majority of patients (57.1%) had vertically positioned mesiodens. Midline diastema was the most common complication due to mesiodens (66.7%). Conclusion: Routine check-up during the primary dentition and mixed dentition stages helps for early detection of mesiodens and thus preventing complications. Early identification is useful for planning comprehensive management, initiating proper consultation and referral for evaluation and treatment.

A TAC3 Missense Variant in a Domestic Shorthair Cat with Testicular Hypoplasia and Persistent Primary Dentition.

A single male domestic shorthair cat that did not complete puberty was reported. At four years of age, it still had primary dentition, testicular hypoplasia, and was relatively small for its age. We hypothesized that the phenotype might have been due to an inherited form of hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH). We sequenced the genome of the affected cat and compared the data to 38 genomes from control cats. A search for private variants in 40 candidate genes associated with human HH revealed a single protein-changing variant in the affected cat. It was located in the TAC3 gene encoding tachykinin 3, a precursor protein of the signaling molecule neurokinin B, which is known to play a role in sexual development. TAC3 variants have been reported in human patients with HH. The identified feline variant, TAC3:c.220G>A or p.(Val74Met), affects a moderately conserved region of the precursor protein, 11 residues away from the mature neurokinin B sequence. The affected cat was homozygous for the mutant allele. In a cohort of 171 randomly sampled cats, 169 were homozygous for the wildtype allele and 2 were heterozygous. These data tentatively suggest that the identified TAC3 variant might have caused the suppression of puberty in the affected cat.

Staircase-pattern neonatal line in human deciduous teeth is associated with tooth type.

OBJECTIVE: The staircase (Sc) pattern enamel microstructure is an expression of an impaired ameloblast function. It has been reported to appear in the neonatal line (NNL), the accentuated stria evincing live birth in deciduous tooth enamel. Our objective was to investigate the prevalence of Sc NNL in deciduous tooth types and its possible association with perinatal circumstances. DESIGN: Sc in the NNL of 88 teeth, a collection derived from a long-term, prospectively followed population cohort, was recorded with linear polarised transmitted light and analysed for tooth type, duration and mode of delivery, and pain medication used during labour. RESULTS: Sc prevalence in the NNL differed highly significantly between tooth types (p < 0.0001). An increase in Sc prevalence was significantly associated with an increased ratio of prenatal to total crown enamel (p < 0.001), when buccal and lingual crown walls were analysed separately. No significant association was found between Sc prevalence and duration or mode of delivery or pain-relieving medication (p = 0.57, p = 0.65, p = 0.58, respectively). CONCLUSION: This research indicates that the NNL location within tooth crown enamel has a strong impact on microstructural changes along the NNL. Considering our results of Sc prevalence, deciduous canines, having the least Sc appearance, could be used in studies that aim to investigate factors associated with NNL width. In addition, Sc prevalence variation in first deciduous molars might enable to investigation of physiological stressors strong enough to cause ameloblast impairment, such as Sc.

Corono-radicular dilaceration of a maxillary central incisor: A case report.

Coronoradicular dilaceration is a particular abnormality of the permanent incisors, usually maxillary, and usually occurs around the age of 4 to 5 when the crown is formed and the root is still growing. It follows acute mechanical trauma affecting the temporary incisor. This anomaly of shape is characterized by an angulation between the crown and the root of the permanent tooth. The prognosis may be serious because the affected tooth may not erupt normally. It also compromises possible orthodontic treatment later. Our clinical case is that of a young patient (ES) aged 8 years and 4 months, in good general health condition, consulted for the absence 21 on the arch while the contralateral tooth was present. Interrogation revealed that the patient suffered trauma with severe luxation of the 61 at the age of 3 years. Radiographic examination showed the presence of the germ of 21 with an atypical sickle-shaped position and an image of a hand of a traffic policeman with a crown in a horizontal position. Three-dimensional imaging using a CT scan shows the shape of the 21 with a root angulation. The therapeutic attitude allowed the correction of its axis by an orthodontico-surgical treatment.

Measurement of Early Childhood Oral Health for Research Purposes: Dental Caries Experience and Developmental Defects of the Enamel in the Primary Dentition.

Epidemiological investigations of early childhood oral health rely upon the collection of high-quality clinical measures of health and disease. However, ascertainment of valid and accurate clinical measures presents unique challenges among young, preschool-age children. The paper presents a clinical research protocol for the conduct of oral epidemiological examinations among children, implemented in ZOE 2.0, a large-scale population-based genetic epidemiologic study of early childhood caries (ECC). The protocol has been developed for the collection of information on tooth surface-level dental caries experience and tooth-level developmental defects of the enamel in the primary dentition. Dental caries experience is recorded using visual criteria modified from the International Caries Detection and Assessment System (ICDAS), and measurement of developmental defects is based upon the modified Clarkson and O'Mullane Developmental Defects of the Enamel Index. After a dental prophylaxis (toothbrushing among all children and flossing as needed), children's teeth are examined by trained and calibrated examiners in community locations, using portable dental equipment, compressed air, and uniform artificial light and magnification conditions. Data are entered directly onto a computer using a custom Microsoft Access-based data entry application. The ZOE 2.0 clinical protocol has been implemented successfully for the conduct of over 6000 research examinations to date, contributing phenotype data to downstream genomics and other "omics" studies of ECC and DDE, as well as traditional clinical and epidemiologic dental research.

Developmental defects of enamel in the deciduous incisors of infants born preterm: Prospective cohort.

OBJECTIVE: Developmental defects of enamel (DDE) in preterm infants still require clarification and may favour dental caries, lower food intake and greater difficulty with weight-height gain. We evaluated factors associated with DDE in preterm infants. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: In this prospective cohort study, we monitored 54 prematurely born infants from birth to 24 months of age. Trained and calibrated dentists examined the oral cavity of these children to identify and categorize DDE. Information on perinatal variables was collected from the infants' medical records and interviews with their mothers. The data were analysed using Student's t test, a chi-squared test and Pearson's product-moment correlation coefficient. RESULTS: A total of 46.3% of the 54 children presented DDE, which was observed more frequently in the left hemiarch in children born extremely (<28 weeks of gestation) or very preterm (28 to <32 weeks; RR = 2.2; 95% CI 1.3-3.6), with very low birthweight (<1,500 g; RR = 2.0; 95% CI 1.1-3.5), who were admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (RR = 1.3; 95% CI 1.0-1.7), and who were intubated (RR = 1.6; 95% CI 1.1-2.2). CONCLUSIONS: The high incidence of incisor enamel defects, particularly on the left side, was related to higher risk prematurity and to local trauma from intubation.

Alveólisis de diente primario / Alveólise em dente decíduo / Alveolysis in deciduous tooth

La alveólisis es una condición poco frecuente y asintomática. Se produce cuando la raíz del diente primario se vuelve susceptible a la presencia de placa bacteriana y a la formación de cálculos, impidiendo el proceso de cicatrización espontánea de la lesión, causando inflamación e irritación de la mucosa circundante. Las principales causas de la alveólisis son la caries dental y el trauma dentoalveolar. El tratamiento de la alveólisis, generalmente se indica la extracción inmediata. El presente casotrabajo tiene como objetivo describir un reporte de caso de una paciente de género femenino, de 5 años de edad, que presentó alveólisis en el diente primario 51, el cual fue extraído y presentó proceso de cicatrización normal con erupción del diente sucesor 11 sin alteraciones. Cabe al cirujano dentista la búsqueda por informaciones sobre esta patología, saber identificarla y tratarla precozmente, para así mejorar significativamente la calidad de vida de la paciente infantil.

A alveólise é um condição não muito frequente e assintomática. Ocorre quando a raiz do dente torna-se suscetível à presença de biofilme e formação de cálculos, impedindo o processo de cicatrização espontânea da lesão, causando inflamação e irritação da mucosa circundante. As principais causas da alveólise são a cárie dentária e o trauma dentoalveolar. O tratamento da alveólise, geralmente é a exodontia do elemento dentário afetado. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar um relato de caso de uma criança do gênero feminino, de 5 anos de idade, que apresentou alveólise no elemento dentário 51, o qual foi extraído e apresentou processo de cicatrização normal com irrompimento do elemento 11 sem alterações. Cabe ao cirurgião-dentista a busca pelas informações sobre essa patologia, sabendo identificá-la e trata-la precocemente, para melhorar significativamente a qualidade de vida da criança.

Alveolysis is an asymptomatic and infrequent condition. It occurs when the root of the tooth becomes susceptible to the presence of biofilm and formation of calculi, preventing the process of spontaneous wound healing, causing inflammation and irritation of the surrounding mucosa. The main causes of alveolysis are dental caries and dentoalveolar trauma. In the treatment of alveolysis, immediate exodontia is usually indicated. The present study aims to present a case report of a 5 - year - old female child with alveolysis of primary tooth 51, which was extracted and showed a normal healing process with eruption of successor tooth 11 without alterations. It is up to the dentist to search for information about this pathology, knowing how to identify it and treat it early to significantly improve the child's quality of life.

Amelogenesis imperfecta: therapeutic strategy from primary to permanent dentition across case reports.

BACKGROUND: Hereditary enamel defect diseases are regrouped under the name "Amelogenesis Imperfecta" (AIH). Both dentitions are affected. Clinical expression is heterogeneous and varies between patients. Mutations responsible for this multigene disease may alter various genes and the inheritance can be either autosomal dominant or recessive, or X-linked. Until now, no therapeutic consensus has emerged for this rare disease. CASE PRESENTATION: The purpose of this article was to report treatments of AIH patients from childhood to early adulthood. Treatment of three patients of 3, 8 16 years old are described. Each therapeutic option was discussed according to patients' age and type of enamel alteration. Paediatric crowns and resin based bonding must be preferred in primary teeth. In permanent teeth, non-invasive or minimally invasive dentistry should be the first choice in order to follow a therapeutic gradient from the less invasive options to prosthodontic treatments. CONCLUSION: Functional and aesthetic issues require patients to be treated; this clinical care should be provided as early as possible to enable a harmonious growth of the maxillofacial complex and to prevent pain.