The early warning model of track and field sports based on rbf neural network algorithm / O modelo de alerta precoce de esportes de pista e campo baseado no algoritmo de rede neural rbf / El modelo de alerta temprana de los deportes de pista y campo basado en el algoritmo de red neuronal rbf

ABSTRACT Background: Athletics plays a very important role in competitive sports. The strength of track and field directly represents the level of a country's sports competition. Objective: This work aimed to study the track and field sports forewarning model based on radial basis function (RBF) neural networks. One hundred outstanding athletes were taken as the research objects. The questionnaire survey method was adopted to count athletes' injury risk factors, and coaches were consulted to evaluate the questionnaire's overall quality, structure, and content. Methods: A track and field early warning model based on RBF neural network is established, and the results are analyzed. Results: The results showed that the number of people who thought the questionnaire was relatively complete (92%) was considerably higher than that of very complete (2%) and relatively complete (6%) (P<0.05). The number of people who thought that the questionnaire structure was relatively perfect (45%) was notably higher than that of the very perfect (18%) (P<0.05). The semi-reliability test result suggested that the questionnaire reliability was 0.85. Tests on ten samples showed that the RBF neural network model error and the actual results were basically controlled between −0.04~0.04. Conclusions: After the sample library test, the track and field sports forewarning model under RBF neural network can obtain relatively favorable results. Level of evidence II; Therapeutic studies - investigation of treatment results.

RESUMO Antecedentes: O atletismo desempenha um papel muito importante nos esportes competitivos. A força do atletismo representa diretamente o nível de competição esportiva de um país. Objetivo: Este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar o modelo de advertência em esportes de atletismo baseado em redes neurais de função de base radial (RBF). 100 atletas de destaque foram tomados como objetos de pesquisa. O método de pesquisa por questionário foi adotado para contar os fatores de risco de lesões dos atletas e os treinadores foram consultados para avaliar a qualidade geral, estrutura e conteúdo do questionário. Métodos: Um modelo de alerta precoce de pista e campo baseado na rede neural RBF é estabelecido e os resultados são analisados. Resultados: Os resultados mostraram que o número de pessoas que consideraram o questionário relativamente completo (92%) foi consideravelmente maior do que o de muito completo (2%) e relativamente completo (6%) (P <0,05). O número de pessoas que pensaram que a estrutura do questionário era relativamente perfeita (45%) foi notavelmente maior do que a das muito perfeitas (18%) (P <0,05). O resultado do teste de semifiabilidade sugeriu que a confiabilidade do questionário foi de 0,85. Testes em 10 amostras mostraram que o erro entre o modelo de rede neural RBF e os resultados reais foi basicamente controlado entre −0,04 ~ 0,04. Conclusões: Após o teste da biblioteca de amostras, o modelo de advertência em esportes de atletismo sob a rede neural RBF pode obter resultados relativamente favoráveis. Nível de evidência II; Estudos terapêuticos- investigação dos resultados do tratamento.

RESUMEN Antecedentes: el atletismo juega un papel muy importante en los deportes competitivos. La fuerza de la pista y el campo representa directamente el nivel de competición deportiva de un país. Objetivo: Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo estudiar el modelo de alerta de los deportes de pista y campo basado en redes neuronales de función de base radial (RBF). Se tomaron como objeto de investigación 100 atletas destacados. Se adoptó el método de encuesta de cuestionario para contar los factores de riesgo de lesiones de los atletas y se consultó a los entrenadores para evaluar la calidad general, la estructura y el contenido del cuestionario. Métodos: Se establece un modelo de alerta temprana de pista y campo basado en la red neuronal RBF y se analizan los resultados. Resultados: Los resultados mostraron que el número de personas que pensaban que el cuestionario era relativamente completo (92%) era considerablemente mayor que el de muy completo (2%) y relativamente completo (6%) (P <0,05). El número de personas que pensaba que la estructura del cuestionario era relativamente perfecta (45%) fue notablemente superior al de los muy perfectos (18%) (P <0,05). El resultado de la prueba de semifiabilidad sugirió que la confiabilidad del cuestionario era 0,85. Las pruebas en 10 muestras mostraron que el error entre el modelo de red neuronal RBF y los resultados reales se controló básicamente entre −0,04 ~ 0,04. Conclusiones: Después de la prueba de la biblioteca de muestras, el modelo de advertencia de deportes de pista y campo bajo la red neuronal RBF puede obtener resultados relativamente favorables. Nivel de evidencia II; Estudios terapéuticos- investigación de los resultados del tratamiento.

Track and Field Throwing Sports: Injuries and Prevention.

Throwing events in track and field are among the oldest sporting events in recorded history and include shot put, discus, hammer, and javelin. All throwing athletes use the kinetic chain to transfer energy from the lower extremities, through the pelvis, trunk, shoulder, arm, wrist, hand, and finally into the implement to generate maximum force. Throughout this sequential activation, mobilization, and stabilization of body segments, there is opportunity for breakdown in the chain, which can lead to injury. This review describes the biomechanics and kinetic chain components of each event and highlights injuries common among all throwers as well as injuries unique to each event. The cornerstone of prevention is practicing and competing with proper technique. It is important to understand the breadth of injuries that can affect these athletes to develop evidence based diagnosis, treatment, and prevention strategies.

Sports injuries in paralympic track and field athletes with visual impairment.

PURPOSE: The aims of this study were to determine the epidemiology, nature, and pattern of sports injuries in Brazilian Paralympic track and field athletes with visual impairment and to assess differences between visual classes and sex. METHODS: Forty visually impaired elite Paralympic athletes participated in this study (28 males and 12 females). All athletes competed in International Paralympic competitions between 2004 and 2008. According to the visual classification, 14 athletes were T/F11, 15 were T/F12, and 11 were T/F13. A standardized report form was used to collect injury data during five competitions. RESULTS: Thirty-one athletes reported 77 sports injuries, with a prevalence of 78%, a clinical incidence of 1.93 injuries per athlete, and an incidence rate of 0.39 injuries per athlete per competition. Overuse injuries accounted for 82% and traumatic injuries 18% (P < 0.05). Small variations in the prevalence and clinical incidence of injury between sexes and visual classes were observed, but these were not statistically different (P > 0.05). The highest distribution of injury was in the lower limbs (87%), followed by spine (12%) and upper limbs (1%). The body regions most affected were the thighs (33.8%), lower legs (16.9%), and knees (9.1%). The most frequent diagnoses were spasms (26%), tendinopathies (23.4%), and strains (13%). CONCLUSIONS: Elite visually impaired track and field Paralympic athletes present a pattern of overuse injuries predominantly affecting the lower limbs, particularly the thighs, lower legs, and knees. These injuries are associated with tendinopathies, muscle spasms, and strains. There were no apparent differences in injury characteristics between visual classes or sex.

Prevalência de lesões musculoesqueléticas em ?atletas adolescentes / Prevalence of musculoskeletal injuries in young athletes

Introdução: As lesões esportivas em adolescentes variam em decorrência de fatores tais como tipo de esporte praticado, tempo despendido e nível de exigência. Objetivo: Verificar a prevalência de lesões musculoesqueléticas em atletas adolescentes. Métodos: Coleta de dados de prontuários (contendo idade, data de nascimento, estatura, massa corporal, modalidade esportiva, gênero, localização anatômica, classificação e origem da lesão) dos atletas atendidos no serviço de Fisioterapia do IME-UCS, que apresentaram lesões musculoesqueléticas de julho de 2005 a junho de 2009. Resultados: O gênero masculino apresentou maior número de lesões (67,6%). A maioria das lesões foi de origem traumática (69%). O voleibol apresentou maior número de lesões (28,0%). A lesão mais frequente foi entorse (24,8%) e o joelho teve maior prevalência de lesões (25,3%). Conclusão: É de grande importância a realização de estudos sobre prevalência de lesões musculoesqueléticas, pois possibilita aos profissionais que trabalham com esporte planejar seus treinamentos, podendo evitar possíveis lesões.

Introduction: Sports injuries in adolescents vary due to factors such as type of sport, time spent and level of demand. Objective: To investigate the prevalence of musculoskeletal injuries in adolescent athletes. Methods: Data collection of records (containing age, date of birth, height, body mass, sport, gender, anatomical location, classification and origin of the lesion) of the athletes met in the service of Physiotherapy of the EMI-UCS, who had musculoskeletal injuries July 2005 to June 2009. Results: Males had higher number of lesions (67.6%). Most injuries were traumatic (69%). Volleyball had a higher number of injuries (28.0%). The most frequent injury was ankle sprain (24.8%) and had higher prevalence of knee injuries (25.3%). Conclusion: It is of great importance for studies on the prevalence of musculoskeletal injuries because it enables professionals working with sports to plan your workouts and can prevent possible injury.

Injury and illness in high school track and field participants in Jamaica

A case control study, using a survey questionnaire was used to investigate the prevalence, causes and severity of injury and illness in junior level international aspirants in track and field. Comparisons were made between 53 case and 53 controls. Sprints (100, 200, 400) were the events responsible for injury, with training accounting for (77 percent) and competing (20.8 percent). Commonest injuries were hamstring (26 percent), while quadriceps and knees accounted for (24 percent). Injured runners differed significantly from non injured in that, they were more likely to do so while, (1) jogging, stretching, sprinting or jumping, (2) they trained more days per week, and (3) had sustained severe strain. A high percentage of injured received some medical attention. They were treated in order by physiotherapist, trainer, coaches and team physician. Illness accounted for 32 percent of injured athletes and 36 percent of non injured athletes, loosing time from training. Thirty percent (30 percent) of the injured and 32 percent of non injured lost time from school. The treatment received was provided by pharmacist 45 percent of the time, while general practitioners and team doctor 40 percent of the time. We concluded that injury was frequent, however that the condition was produced by jogging, sprinting, stretching and jumping and that the etiological factors were multifactorial (AU)