Health in the Americas: Accelerating disease elimination. Executive summary

The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO/WHO) has published Health in the Americas (HIA) since 1954, focusing on one of the Organization's main mandates related to collecting and disseminating information on health conditions and trends in the countries and territories of the Americas and the Caribbean. The proposed topic for the 2024 Health in the Americas is to highlight the advances the Americas Region has made with the Elimination Initiative 30+, a policy for an integrated sustainable approach committed to eliminating more than 30 communicable diseases and related conditions by 2030. 

La santé dans les Amériques : Accélération de l'initiative d'élimination des maladies. Résumé d’orientation

L'Organisation panaméricaine de la santé publie La santé dans les Amériques depuis 1954, en se concentrant sur l'un des principaux mandats de l'Organisation lié à la collecte et à la diffusion d'informations sur les conditions et les tendances sanitaires dans les pays et territoires des Amériques et les Caraïbes. Le thème proposé pour la Santé dans les Amériques en 2024 est de mettre en lumière les progrès réalisés par la Région des Amériques avec l'Initiative d'élimination 30+, une politique pour une approche durable intégrée engagée à éliminer plus de 30 maladies transmissibles et affections associées d'ici 2030.  

Saúde nas Américas: Acelerando a eliminação de doenças. Resumo executivo

A Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde publica Saúde nas Américas desde 1954, concentrando-se em um dos principais mandatos da Organização relacionado à coleta e divulgação de informações sobre condições e tendências de saúde nos países e territórios das Américas e o Caribe. O tema proposto para o Saúde nas Américas 2024 é destacar os avanços que a Região das Américas obteve com a Iniciativa de Eliminação 30+, uma política para uma abordagem sustentável integrada comprometida em eliminar mais de 30 doenças transmissíveis e condições relacionadas até 2030.  

Salud en las Américas: Acelerar la eliminación de enfermedades. Resumen ejecutivo

La Organización Panamericana de la Salud publica Salud en las Américas desde 1954, centrándose en uno de los principales mandatos de la Organización relacionado con la recopilación y difusión de información sobre las condiciones y tendencias de salud en los países y territorios de las Américas y el caribe. El tema propuesto para Salud en las Américas 2024 es resaltar los avances que la Región de las Américas ha logrado con la Iniciativa de Eliminación 30+, una política para un enfoque integrado sostenible comprometido a eliminar más de 30 enfermedades transmisibles y condiciones relacionadas para 2030.  

Iniciativa para la eliminación del tracoma en las Américas. Primer año de implementación: informe anual 2023-2024

El informe anual 2023-2024 de la Iniciativa para la Eliminación del Tracoma en las Américas presenta los avances más importantes en los países participantes. En la región, el tracoma sigue siendo endémico en Brasil, Colombia, Guatemala y Perú, donde afecta a unos 5,6 millones de personas, especialmente en zonas rurales y remotas, y tiene un impacto desproporcionado en mujeres y niños. Entre los principales resultados, los países endémicos han avanzado en la implementación de la Estrategia SAFE (cirugía, antibióticos, higiene facial y saneamiento ambiental, por su sigla en inglés), en cuyo caso se destacan las jornadas quirúrgicas para tratar la triquiasis tracomatosa. En México, se realizaron dos jornadas de cirugía en Chiapas, mientras que en Guatemala y otros países se capacitó al personal de salud en técnicas quirúrgicas recomendadas para tracoma. En el componente de vigilancia, Bolivia, Ecuador y El Salvador completaron sus protocolos de evaluaciones rápidas de tracoma, y en Brasil se realizó una encuesta de prevalencia de tracoma de base poblacional, que incluyó la evaluación de más de 3000 personas. Estas actividades de vigilancia se apoyaron en capacitaciones para el reconocimiento de la enfermedad, lo que permitió determinar la presencia del tracoma en diferentes áreas. Se promovieron acciones con enfoque de diversidad cultural y de género en Guatemala y Bolivia, con capacitaciones orientadas a diálogos interculturales para aumentar la aceptación de las intervenciones. El componente WASH (agua, saneamiento e higiene) fue fundamental, con un enfoque en la educación comunitaria y el desarrollo de materiales adaptados para mejorar las prácticas de higiene. Finalmente, el informe destaca los esfuerzos de comunicación y visibilidad, lo cual abarca la realización de talleres de comunicación con enfoque de género e interculturalidad, la producción de materiales promocionales y la creación de un plan de comunicaciones, que integra las acciones que se implementarán en los países y a nivel regional.

Health in the Americas: Accelerating disease elimination. Final report

The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) has published Health in the Americas (HIA) since 1954, focusing on one of the Organization's main mandates related to collecting and disseminating information on health conditions and trends in the countries and territories of the Americas and the Caribbean. The proposed topic for the 2024 Health in the Americas is to highlight the advances the Americas Region has made with the Elimination Initiative 30+, a policy for an integrated sustainable approach committed to eliminating more than 30 communicable diseases and related conditions by 2030.  

Wild rodent fleas carrying Bartonella and Rickettsia in an area endemic for vector-borne diseases from Argentina.

Vector-borne diseases account for nearly 20% of all globally recognised infectious diseases. Within the spectrum of flea-borne pathogens, Bartonella and Rickettsia bacteria are prominent, contributing to the emergence and resurgence of diseases on a global scale. This study investigates the presence of species of Bartonella and Rickettsia harboured by fleas collected from wild rodents in northwestern Argentina (NWA). A total of 28 fleas from three genera and seven species were assessed. DNA of Bartonella and Rickettsia spp. was found in 12 fleas (42.8%). Phylogenetic analysis of concatenated sequences of gltA and rpoB genes showed the presence of Bartonella quintana in eight fleas of two species, Craneopsylla minerva minerva and Polygenis acodontis. Phylogenetic analysis of concatenated sequences of gltA, ompA and ompB genes identified Rickettsia felis in ten fleas of five species, C. m. minerva, P. acodontis, Polygenis bohlsi bohlsi, Polygenis byturus and Tiamastus palpalis. These bacterial species mark the first report in all flea species studied. This study represents the first survey of flea-borne bacteria for NWA. The results provide information to address strategies for the control and prevention of bartonellosis and rickettsiosis that could have an impact on public health in one of the geographical areas of Argentina with the highest incidence of infections transmitted to humans by ectoparasites.

Technical note on accelerating P. falciparum elimination in the Americas

All malaria-endemic countries in the Region of the Americas have taken on the challenge of eliminating malaria and have focused their health programs and strategies on that goal. The risk of emergence of artemisinin resistance in the Americas, the characteristics of P. falciparum parasite, and the epidemiological evidence of subnational territories experiencing reintroduction of P. falciparum urge for a call to push for P. falciparum elimination as an intermediate goal of the elimination of all malaria human species. Derived from the elimination of P. falciparum, other important results are expected, such as the empowerment of different actors and entities for the elimination of malaria inspired by the achievements of the elimination of P. falciparum, using early victories as a catalyst. This technical note provides guidance on actions to accelerate P. falciparum elimination in areas close to achieving this goal without compromising unified malaria elimination efforts (P. vivax - P. falciparum), while contributing to the country's ultimate goal of eliminating malaria overall. The acceleration of P. falciparum elimination has several goals: mitigating the risk that resistance to artemisinin and associated drugs will emerge and spread; accelerating the reduction in the total number of malaria cases in areas with a significant proportion of P. falciparum; accelerating malaria elimination (both P. vivax and P. falciparum), considering that P. falciparum is one of the triggers of P. vivax relapses; developing capacities in interventions to accelerate malaria elimination by building on the experience of P. falciparum elimination; and empowering different actors, including high-level authorities, donors, municipalities, and other entities involved in malaria elimination, by inspiring them with the achievements of P. falciparum elimination.

Expanding access to malaria diagnosis and treatment

All malaria-endemic countries in the Region of the Americas have taken on the challenge of eliminating the disease and have focused their health programs and strategies on that goal. This technical note provides guidance on actions to expand access to malaria diagnosis and treatment. Access to diagnosis is the foundation of the entire response to the disease. Despite repeated calls and efforts emphasizing the importance of early diagnosis and treatment for malaria elimination in the Americas, significant gaps remain. Lack of detection and/or late detection of cases undoubtedly continue to be factors that perpetuate malaria transmission in the Region. In areas with malaria transmission, diagnosis and treatment need to be available as close to people as possible: at the first point of contact with the health system, and in hard-to-reach areas, within the community itself. The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) proposes a framework for action to improve access to malaria diagnosis and treatment based on expanded access to diagnosis, including expanded use of rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs) and immediate comprehensive treatment. This framework considers diagnostic methods and antimalarial drugs to be public goods. To achieve this change in malaria operations, it will be necessary to involve many more actors from the health system, affected communities, and society in general in malaria diagnosis and treatment. This strategy calls for an expansion of the diagnosis-treatment (DT) component of the Diagnosis, Treatment, Investigation, and Response (DT-IR) strategy that PAHO and partners in the Region have been promoting for malaria elimination in the Americas.

Prevalence and transmission of the most relevant zoonotic and vector-borne pathogens in the Yucatan peninsula: A review.

BACKGROUND: Habitat modification and land use changes impact ecological interactions and alter the relationships between humans and nature. Mexico has experienced significant landscape modifications at the local and regional scales, with negative effects on forest cover and biological biodiversity, especially in the Yucatan peninsula in southeastern Mexico. Given the close relationship between landscape modification and the transmission of zoonotic and vector-borne diseases, it is essential to develop criteria for identifying priority zoonoses in the south of the country. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: We reviewed 165 published studies on zoonotic and vector-borne diseases in the region (2015-2024). We identified the most frequent vectors, reservoirs, and hosts, the most prevalent infections, and the factors associated with transmission risk and the anthropogenic landscape modification in urban, rural, ecotone, and sylvatic habitats. The most relevant pathogens of zoonotic risk included Trypanosoma cruzi, arboviruses, Leishmania, Rickettsia, Leptospira, and Toxoplasma gondii. Trypanosoma cruzi was the vector-borne agent with the largest number of infected vertebrate species across habitats, while Leishmania and arboviruses were the ones that affected the greatest number of people. Dogs, cats, backyard animals, and their hematophagous ectoparasites are the most likely species maintaining the transmission cycles in human settlements, while rodents, opossums, bats, and other synanthropic animals facilitate connection and transmission cycles between forested habitats with human-modified landscapes. Pathogens displayed different prevalences between the landscapes, T. cruzi, arbovirus, and Leptospira infections were the most prevalent in urban and rural settlements, whereas Leishmania and Rickettsia had similar prevalence across habitats, likely due to the diversity and abundance of the infected vectors involved. The prevalence of T. gondii and Leptospira spp. may reflect poor hygiene conditions. Additionally, results suggest that prevalence of zoonotic and vector-borne diseases is higher in deforested areas and agricultural aggregates, and in sites with precarious health and infrastructure services. CONCLUSIONS: Some hosts, vectors, and transmission trends of zoonotic and vector-borne diseases in the YP are well known but others remain poorly recognized. It is imperative to reinforce practices aimed at increasing the knowledge, monitoring, prevention, and control of these diseases at the regional level. We also emphasize the need to perform studies on a larger spatio-temporal scale under the socio-ecosystem perspective, to better elucidate the interactions between pathogens, hosts, vectors, environment, and sociocultural and economic aspects in this and many other tropical regions.

The vector-symbiont affair: a relationship as (im)perfect as it can be.

Vector-borne diseases are globally prevalent and represent a major socioeconomic problem worldwide. Blood-sucking arthropods transmit most pathogenic agents that cause these human infections. The pathogens transmission to their vertebrate hosts depends on how efficiently they infect their vector, which is particularly impacted by the microbiota residing in the intestinal lumen, as well as its cells or internal organs such as ovaries. The balance between costs and benefits provided by these interactions ultimately determines the outcome of the relationship. Here, we will explore aspects concerning the nature of microbe-vector interactions, including the adaptive traits required for their establishment, the varied outcomes of symbiotic interactions, as well as the factors influencing the transition of these relationships across a continuum from parasitism to mutualism.

Microplanning Manual for Malaria Elimination in the Region of the Americas. Version for field personnel

The purpose of this manual is to provide guidance on how to implement Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) recommendations for malaria elimination at the local level. It is a streamlined, more operational version of the Manual for Stratifying Malaria Risk and Elimination of Foci, aimed primarily at operational teams working in the field. The content has been prioritized and the steps of the process organized to facilitate greater understanding by local teams. Adjustments have also been made to underscore its versatility for all malaria transmission scenarios in the Region of the Americas. The adopted approach (which can be adapted to any transmission scenario) is based on microplanning to achieve malaria elimination. In countries with very few cases, microplanning addresses active foci, which are usually small, while ensuring adequate surveillance across the rest of the territory. In countries where transmission is still widespread (endemic areas of South America, certain countries in Central America, and Haiti) the approach is to divide territories into operational units: in these ‘microterritories’, foci, or ‘microareas’, interventions can then be tailored to interrupt transmission. Malaria elimination is a field operation in which the geographical scope must be clearly defined. This handbook calls for recognition of the importance of establishing operational units for interventions aimed at malaria elimination. All malaria-endemic countries in the Region of the Americas have taken on the challenge of eliminating the disease and taking actions to steer their health programs and strategies in that direction. This document is based on the need to identify and define operational areas (foci or microareas) where specific diagnosis, treatment, investigation, and response (DTI-R) interventions should be implemented. However, while these interventions may be standardized at the national level, they must be guided above all by a clear understanding of the transmission dynamics at local levels. A fundamental concept in the shift from a malaria control to a malaria elimination strategy is the need to constantly reformulate and adjust local operations in response to changes in transmission dynamics. Operations to combat malaria should not be viewed as a task to be performed, but as a problem to be solved. It is essential to have local information and a team with the necessary interest and training to clearly understand the problems and adapt the solutions accordingly.

Pranchas para o Diagnóstico Microscópico da Doença de Chagas

As pranchas para o diagnósbco parasitológico da doença de Chagas (DC) servem como guia para laboratoristas e técnicos de campo responsáveis pelo diagnósbco parasitológico da malária que, de forma integrada, sejam capazes de idenbficar os parasitas responsáveis pela doença de Chagas, através de imagens observadas no microscópio ópbco. Este material também pode ser útil a professores e alunos de disciplinas correlatas. As pranchas mostram imagens de fotos coloridas capturadas na observação de lâminas de sangue coradas e preparadas pelos métodos de esfregaço, gota espessa e “esfregota”. Inclui texto explicabvo sobre o Trypanosoma cruzi, agente ebológico da doença, incluindo descrições e instruções sobre o preparo e procedimentos para o exame de lâminas nos diferentes métodos de coloração (Giemsa e panóbco), bem como do uso de soluções tampão; inclui ainda imagens de outros parasitos que podem ser observados no exame da lâmina e outros elementos celulares observados no sangue, como contaminantes comuns em esfregaços de sangue periférico; e também boas prábcas de biossegurança para o manuseio de amostras de sangue. Para facilitar a consulta, as pranchas e o texto que as acompanham estão organizados seguindo a robna usual de um laboratório. São incluídas imagens de Trypanosoma cruzi, T. rangeli, Wuchereria bancrofti, Mansonella sp, Plasmodium spp. e de elementos figurados, que podem estar presentes na amostra coletada. As imagens de T. cruzi e T. rangeli, foram adquiridas a parbr de lâminas confeccionadas com material de sangue de paciente com DC e de material semeado e manbdo em cultura oriundo de sangue humano e conteúdo intesbnal de triatomíneos.

Chemical control of medically important arthropods in Panama: A systematic literature review of historical efforts.

Vector-borne diseases are a major source of morbidity in Panama. Herein, we describe historical usage patterns of synthetic insecticides to control arthropod disease vectors in this country. We examine the influence of interventions by vector control programs on the emergence of insecticide resistance. Chemical control has traditionally focused on two mosquito species: Anopheles albimanus, a major regional malaria vector, and Aedes aegypti, a historical vector of yellow fever, and current vector of dengue, chikungunya, and Zika. Countrywide populations of An. albimanus depict hyperirritability to organochlorine insecticides administered by indoor residual spraying, although they appear susceptible to these insecticides in bioassays settings, as well as to organophosphate and carbamate insecticides in field tests. Populations of Ae. aegypti show resistance to pyrethroids, particularly in areas near Panama City, but the spread of resistance remains unknown in Ae. aegypti and Aedes albopictus. A One Health approach is needed in Panama to pinpoint the insecticide resistance mechanisms including the frequency of knockdown mutations and behavioral plasticity in populations of Anopheles and Aedes mosquitoes. This information is necessary to guide the sustainable implementation of chemical control strategies and the use of modern vector control technologies such as genetically modified mosquitoes, and endosymbiont Wolbachia-based biological control.

Caso importado de malaria por Plasmodium vivax en El Salvador. Un abordaje epidemiológico / Imported Case of Malaria by Plasmodium vivax in El Salvador. An Epidemiological Approach

Presentación del caso. Paciente masculino de origen guatemalteco con historia de fiebre alta de tipo intermitente, mialgias, artralgias, debilidad generalizada, mareo y vómito de contenido gástrico. Fue tratado inicialmente en un hospital privado con diagnóstico de síndrome febril agudo y referido a un hospital de la red nacional con diagnóstico de dengue con signos de alarma, al tercer día de estancia hospitalaria se diagnostica como un caso de malaria importado por Plasmodium vivax. Intervención terapéutica. Se le dio tratamiento antimalárico con cloroquina y primaquina. Evolución clínica. Presentó mejoría clínica y las pruebas de laboratorio de control reportaron resultados negativos para Plasmodium vivax

Case presentation. Male patient of Guatemalan origin with history of intermittent high fever, myalgia, arthralgia, generalized weakness, dizziness, and vomiting of gastric contents. He was initially treated in a private hospital with a diagnosis of acute febrile illness and referred to a national network hospital with a diagnosis of dengue with warning signs. On the third day of hospital stay a diagnosis of an imported malaria case by Plasmodium vivax was presented. Treatment. The patient was given antimalarial treatment consisting of chloroquine and primaquine. Outcome. The patient presented clinical improvement, and control laboratory tests were negative for Plasmodium vivax.

Nota técnica sobre la aceleración de la eliminación de P. falciparum en las Américas

Esta nota técnica busca guiar a los programas nacionales de malaria y a las organizaciones implicadas en el apoyo de los esfuerzos para la eliminación de la malaria en la Región de las Américas, a fin de que intensifiquen las acciones políticas/estratégicas e implementen los cambios operativos necesarios para acelerar la eliminación de P. falciparum como parte de las estrategias nacionales para la eliminación de la malaria. Con tal finalidad, orienta las acciones que deben llevarse a cabo para acelerar la eliminación de P. falciparum en zonas próximas a su eliminación, sin comprometer los esfuerzos unificados de eliminación del paludismo (P. vivax - P. falciparum) y contribuyendo al objetivo final del país de eliminar el paludismo en su conjunto. La aceleración de la eliminación de P. falciparum procura mitigar el riesgo de aparición y propagación de la resistencia a la artemisinina y de la resistencia a los fármacos asociados; acelerar la reducción del número total de casos de paludismo en zonas con una proporción importante de P falciparum; acelerar la eliminación de la malaria (P. vivax y P. falciparum) teniendo en cuenta que P. falciparum es uno de los desencadenantes de las recaídas de P. vivax; desarrollar capacidades en intervenciones para acelerar la eliminación de la malaria a partir de la experiencia de eliminación de P. falciparum, reduciendo el tiempo para alcanzar la eliminación de la malaria; y empoderar a diferentes actores, autoridades de alto nivel, donantes, municipios y otras entidades para la eliminación de la malaria con inspiración en los logros de la eliminación del P. falciparum.

Ampliación del acceso al diagnóstico y el tratamiento de malaria

Todos los países de la Región de las Américas en los que la malaria es endémica han asumido el reto de eliminar la enfermedad y de poner en marcha intervenciones para orientar sus programas y estrategias de salud en esa dirección. Esta nota conceptual brinda orientación en materia de acciones destinadas a ampliar el acceso al diagnóstico y tratamiento de la malaria, siendo al acceso al diagnóstico la base de toda la respuesta a la malaria. En las zonas con transmisión de malaria, el diagnóstico y el tratamiento tienen que estar disponibles lo más cerca posible de las personas, en el primer punto de contacto con el sistema de salud y, en las zonas de difícil acceso, en la propia comunidad. Por eso, la Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS) propone un marco de acción para mejorar el acceso al diagnóstico y el tratamiento de la malaria basado en la ampliación del acceso al diagnóstico que incluye la expansión del uso de pruebas de diagnóstico rápido y el tratamiento completo inmediato. El marco considera el diagnóstico y los antimaláricos como bienes públicos. Para lograr este cambio será necesario involucrar a muchos más actores del sistema de salud, de las comunidades afectadas y de la sociedad en general en el diagnóstico y el tratamiento de la malaria. Esta estrategia es un llamado a expandir en todas las áreas con malaria el componente diagnóstico-tratamiento (DT) de la estrategia de diagnóstico, tratamiento, investigación y respuesta (DT-I-R) que la OPS y los socios de la Región vienen promoviendo para la eliminación de la malaria en las Américas.

Manual de microplanificación para la eliminación de la malaria en la Región de las Américas: Versión para personal de campo

Todos los países de la Región de las Américas en los que la malaria es endémica han asumido el reto de eliminar la enfermedad y de poner en marcha intervenciones para orientar sus programas y estrategias de salud en esa dirección. Esta versión simplificada y más operativa del Manual para la estratificación según el riesgo de malaria y la eliminación de focos de transmisión, dirigida al personal de campo, orienta sobre cómo implementar las acciones básicas de eliminación de la malaria. Se propone orientar un cambio en la operación de malaria con la atención centrada en abordar los focos y la organización de la operación en el nivel más local. El documento parte de la necesidad de identificar y definir un ámbito operativo (el foco o microárea) en donde se pone en práctica una intervención programática concreta (DTI-R) que, si bien es estandarizada a nivel nacional, debe ser ante todo guiada por la comprensión de la dinámica de la transmisión a nivel local. Un concepto fundamental del cambio de la estrategia de control por la estrategia de eliminación es reconocer la necesidad de reformular y reajustar constantemente la operación a nivel local en virtud de los cambios que se produzcan en la dinámica de transmisión. La operación contra la malaria no debe entenderse como una tarea que deba realizarse, sino como un problema que ha de resolverse y, para ello, resulta fundamental el uso de información a nivel local y la existencia de un equipo con el interés y la capacitación necesarios para entender el problema y adaptar las soluciones.

Species diversity and spatial distribution of mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) from La Isla Amazon Park, Napo Province, Ecuador / Diversidad de especies y distribución espacial de mosquitos (Diptera: Culicidae) del Parque Amazónico La Isla, provincia de Napo, Ecuador

Abstract Introduction: Vector-borne diseases are prevalent in the Amazon and Coastal regions of Ecuador. However, there is a scarcity of mosquito ecology studies in these areas. The most recent list of species reported for the country comprises 8 tribes, 22 genera, and 200 species. Objectives: To document the Culicidae species found in La Isla Amazon Park, Napo, Ecuador, including those with epidemiological significance; and to analyze their composition, abundance, and diversity, focusing on larval habitats during the dry and rainy periods. Methods: We evaluated different larval habitats, considering collection duration as the primary criterion. We used CDC and Shannon traps to collect adult mosquitoes during both rainy and dry periods. To assess sampling effort, we used accumulation curves and non-parametric estimators of species richness, while we employed Hill numbers to determine diversity. Additionally, we used the Berger-Parker and Pielou indices to evaluate species dominance and evenness. We conducted cluster analysis and ANOSIM tests to assess the similarity between habitats and the differences in taxonomic composition between periods. Results: We collected a total of 802 individuals from 15 species and 4 taxonomic units, 5 genera, and 4 tribes. Notably, this may be the first records of Wyeomyia felicia Dyar & Núñez Tovar and Culex derivator Dyar & Knab from Ecuador. Additionally, the presence of Culex dunni Dyar and Psorophora ferox von Humboldt (both recognized as vectors) was correlated with increased rainfall. Conclusions: The abundance of mosquitoes, including potential vector species, increased during the rainy season, indicating a higher risk of pathogen transmission. However, the relationship between rainfall amount and diversity patterns is not well-defined.

Resumen Introducción: Las enfermedades vectoriales son prevalentes en las regiones amazónica y costera de Ecuador. Sin embargo, hay una escasez de estudios de ecología de mosquitos en estas áreas. En el país se ha reportado 8 tribus, 22 géneros y 200 especies. Objetivos: Documentar las especies de Culicidae encontradas en el Parque Amazónico La Isla, Napo, Ecuador, incluyendo aquellas con importancia epidemiológica; y analizar su composición, abundancia y diversidad, enfocándose en los hábitats de las larvas durante los períodos seco y lluvioso. Métodos: Evaluamos diferentes hábitats larvarios, con la duración de la recolecta como criterio. Las trampas CDC y Shannon recolectaron mosquitos adultos durante los períodos seco y lluvioso. Evaluamos la riqueza de especies con curvas de acumulación y estimadores no paramétricos, mientras que determinamos la diversidad con los números de Hill. Además, utilizamos los índices de Berger-Parker y Pielou para evaluar la dominancia y la uniformidad de las especies. Realizamos análisis de conglomerados y la prueba ANOSIM para evaluar la similitud entre hábitats y estaciones, así como las diferencias en la composición taxonómica, respectivamente. Resultados: Recolectamos un total de 802 individuos de 15 especies y 4 unidades taxonómicas, 5 géneros y 4 tribus. Este podría ser el primer registro de Wyeomyia felicia Dyar & Núñez Tovar y Culex derivator Dyar & Knab en Ecuador. Además, la presencia de Culex dunni Dyar y Psorophora ferox von Humboldt (ambos potenciales vectores) se correlacionó con el aumento de las precipitaciones. Conclusiones: El aumento de la abundancia de mosquitos durante el periodo lluvioso indica un mayor riesgo de transmisión de patógenos. Sin embargo, la relación entre la cantidad de precipitaciones y los patrones de diversidad no está bien definida.