High prevalence of functional dyspepsia in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a cross-sectional study

Abstract BACKGROUND: Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms are frequent complaints from individuals with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Dyspepsia is a universal clinical symptom and is among the most common GI complaints observed in the general population, but its prevalence in the population with NAFLD has not been previously investigated. OBJECTIVE: To compare the prevalence of functional dyspepsia (FD) between patients with NAFLD and controls without liver disease. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study at the Outpatient Liver Clinic, University Hospital, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. METHODS: We included 96 NAFLD patients and 105 controls without liver disease. All participants were assessed for GI symptoms in accordance with the Rome III criteria. Evaluation methods included a questionnaire for FD (validated in Brazil), laboratory tests and upper GI endoscopy. RESULTS: Mean age and sex were similar between the groups. The NAFLD group presented higher frequency of proton-pump inhibitor usage (31.3% vs 4.8%; P < 0.001) and prevalence of FD (25.0% versus 12.4%; P = 0.021). The symptom frequencies were as follows: postprandial distress, 22.9% versus 11.4% (P = 0.030); postprandial fullness, 18.8% versus 10.5% (P = 0.095); early satiation, 8.3% versus 5.7% (P = 0.466); and epigastric pain or burning, 18.8% versus 5.7% (P = 0.004), in NAFLD patients and controls, respectively. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that female sex (odds ratio, OR 6.97; 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.51-32.12; P = 0.013) and NAFLD diagnosis (OR 2.45; 95% CI: 1.14-5.27; P = 0.021) were independently associated with FD occurrence. CONCLUSION: FD occurs more frequently in individuals with NAFLD than in controls without hepatic disease.

High prevalence of functional dyspepsia in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: a cross-sectional study.

BACKGROUND: Gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms are frequent complaints from individuals with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Dyspepsia is a universal clinical symptom and is among the most common GI complaints observed in the general population, but its prevalence in the population with NAFLD has not been previously investigated. OBJECTIVE: To compare the prevalence of functional dyspepsia (FD) between patients with NAFLD and controls without liver disease. DESIGN AND SETTING: Cross-sectional study at the Outpatient Liver Clinic, University Hospital, Belo Horizonte, Brazil. METHODS: We included 96 NAFLD patients and 105 controls without liver disease. All participants were assessed for GI symptoms in accordance with the Rome III criteria. Evaluation methods included a questionnaire for FD (validated in Brazil), laboratory tests and upper GI endoscopy. RESULTS: Mean age and sex were similar between the groups. The NAFLD group presented higher frequency of proton-pump inhibitor usage (31.3% vs 4.8%; P < 0.001) and prevalence of FD (25.0% versus 12.4%; P = 0.021). The symptom frequencies were as follows: postprandial distress, 22.9% versus 11.4% (P = 0.030); postprandial fullness, 18.8% versus 10.5% (P = 0.095); early satiation, 8.3% versus 5.7% (P = 0.466); and epigastric pain or burning, 18.8% versus 5.7% (P = 0.004), in NAFLD patients and controls, respectively. Multivariate analysis demonstrated that female sex (odds ratio, OR 6.97; 95% confidence interval, CI: 1.51-32.12; P = 0.013) and NAFLD diagnosis (OR 2.45; 95% CI: 1.14-5.27; P = 0.021) were independently associated with FD occurrence. CONCLUSION: FD occurs more frequently in individuals with NAFLD than in controls without hepatic disease.

Underwater endoscopic mucosal resection of adenomas and colorectal serrated lesions: a prospective clinical study.

BACKGROUND: Underwater endoscopic mucosal resection (UEMR) without submucosal injection has been described as an alternative technique to the endoscopic resection of adenomas and colorectal serrated lesions. We aimed to assess the feasibility, safety, and efficacy of UEMR in a Brazilian setting. METHODS: This was a prospective observational study of consecutive patients who underwent UEMR between January and July 2019, in a single tertiary care center. Inclusion criteria were lesions without endoscopic stigmata of deep submucosal invasion in patients referred for endoscopic resection of colorectal adenomas, and serrated lesions detected in a previous colonoscopy. The following features were assessed: complete resection rate, en bloc resection rate, resection time, adverse events, and resection infeasibility. RESULTS: A total of 36 patients underwent UEMR for 51 colorectal lesions. The mean/median lesion size was 16.24/13 mm and the mean/median resection time was 16.97/9.19 min. Histopathology revealed the following: tubular adenoma (43.1%), tubulovillous adenoma (13.7%), serrated lesions (41.2%), and intramucosal adenocarcinoma (2%). Complete resection was achieved in 86.3% of cases; 52.9% of the lesions were removed en bloc, while 47.1% were resected in a piecemeal fashion. UEMR was feasible in 96.1% of cases and failed on 2 occasions, requiring conversion to standard endoscopic mucosal resection. Minor intraoperative bleeding occurred in 5 patients (9.8%) and only 1 presented with delayed bleeding (2%), all controlled endoscopically. CONCLUSION: UEMR for removal of adenomas and colorectal serrated lesions was demonstrated to be feasible, safe and effective.

Endoscopic clipping for gastrointestinal bleeding: emergency and prophylactic indications.

Endoscopic clipping has become a common practice among endoscopists. Several models are available, most frequently being introduced via the working channel of the endoscope (through-the-scope); however, larger clips can also be mounted onto the distal tip of the endoscope (over-the-scope). The main indications for endoclip placement include providing effective mechanical hemostasis for bleeding lesions and allowing endoscopic closure of gastrointestinal perforations. Endoclips can also be used prophylactically after endoscopic resection; however, this practice is still controversial. This review discusses the main indications for endoscopic clipping in the esophagus, stomach, duodenum and colon to manage acute bleeding lesions, and the criteria to be used in the prevention of delayed post-polypectomy bleeding.

Does a history of head and neck cancer affect outcome of endoscopic submucosal dissection for superficial esophageal squamous cell carcinoma?

Background and study aims Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is the most common secondary tumor in patients with head and neck squamous cell cancer (HNSCC). Currently, endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) is the preferred approach to manage superficial ESCC, however, it remains to be elucidated whether patients with HNSCC and early ESCC managed by ESD have different outcomes. Patients and methods We retrospectively analyzed esophageal ESD for early ESCC from September 2009 to September 2017 and the following variables: demographics, tumor and specimen size, Paris classification, location, en bloc and R0 resection rates, overall survival (OS) and adverse events (AEs). To reduce selection bias, propensity score matching was applied to compare the results. Results Eighty-nine ESDs were performed in 81 consecutive patients (47 with HNSCC and 34 without HNSCC). Patients with HNSCC who developed superficial ESCC were found to be younger and to refer a more frequent history of alcohol ingestion and smoking. There was no difference in lesion size, number of lesions, procedure time, en bloc resection rate, R0 resection rate, local recurrence and adverse event rate between the two groups. The histological depth of invasion for patients with HNSCC was significantly shallower before ( P  = 0.016) and after ( P  = 0.047) matching. The overall survival rate was similar in both groups. Conclusions Patients with HNSCC have earlier detection of ESCC, probably due to endoscopic screening. Previous history of chemoradiation and surgery for HNSCC does not affect procedure time, AEs and OS.

Impact of coronavirus pandemic crisis in endoscopic clinical practice: Results from a national survey in Brazil.

Background and study aims In March 2020, the World Health Organization declared coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) as a pandemic, mobilizing all countries to contain the disease spread. Activity in endoscopy centers globally was severely affected. We conducted a national survey aiming to assess the impact of the COVID-19 outbreak on endoscopic clinical practice in Brazil. Methods In April 2020, 3,719 associate members of SOBED (Brazilian Society of Digestive Endoscopy) were invited to respond to an electronic survey. An Internet link was established to provide access to the online questionnaire with 40 questions regarding personal profile, endoscopy unit logistics and schedule, availability and use of personal protective equipment (PPE), financial impact, and exposure to COVID-19. Results A total of 2,131 individuals (67 %) accessed the questionnaire and 1155 responses were received. After review, 980 responses were considered valid. According to almost 90 % of respondents, endoscopy activity was restricted to urgent procedures, in both public and private hospitals. All respondents increased PPE use after the outbreak, however, institutions provided adequate PPE to only 278 responders (28.7 %). Significant income loss was universally reported. A total of 10 practitioners (1 %) reported COVID-19 infection and attributed the contamination to endoscopic procedures. Conclusions Based on this nationwide survey with almost 1,000 respondents, the COVID-19 pandemic substantially reduced the activity of endoscopy units in private and public settings. The pandemic increased awareness of PPE use, but its availability was not universal and 1 % of the respondents became infected with COVID-19, allegedly due to exposure during endoscopic procedures.

Helicobacter pylori and t(11;18)(q21;q21) translocation in gastric malt lymphoma.

CONTEXT: Gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma is clearly associated with Helicobacter pylori gastritis and can be cured with anti- H pylori therapy alone. The presence of t(11;18)(q21;q21) translocation is thought to predict a lower response rate to anti- H pylori treatment. OBJECTIVES: To study the presence of t(11;18)(q21;q21) genetic translocation and its clinical impact in low-grade gastric MALT lymphoma Brazilian patients. METHODS: A consecutive series of eight patients with gastric MALT lymphoma were submitted to gastroscopy, endoscopic ultrasound, histopathological examination, H pylori search and RT-PCR-based methodology. All patients received anti-H pylori treatment. Eradicated patients were followed-up every 3-6 months for 2 years. RESULTS: Eight patients were studied. All patients had tumor involvement restricted to the mucosa or submucosa and seven patients had low-grade gastric MALT lymphoma. All infected patients achieved H pylori eradication. Histological tumor regression was observed in 5/7 (71%) of the low-grade gastric MALT lymphoma patients. The presence of t(11;18)(q21;q21) translocation was found in 4 (57%) of these patients; among them only two had histological tumor regression following H pylori eradication. CONCLUSIONS: RT-PCR is a feasible and efficient method to detect t(11;18)(q21;q21) translocation, being carried out in routine molecular biology laboratories. The early detection of such translocation can be very helpful for better targeting the therapy to be applied to gastric MALT lymphoma patients.

HELICOBACTER PYLORI AND t(11;18)(q21;q21) TRANSLOCATION IN GASTRIC MALT LYMPHOMA / Helicobacter pylori e presença de translocação t(11;18)(q21;q21) em pacientes portadores de linfoma MALT gástrico

Context Gastric mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT) lymphoma is clearly associated with Helicobacter pylori gastritis and can be cured with anti- H pylori therapy alone. The presence of t(11;18)(q21;q21) translocation is thought to predict a lower response rate to anti- H pylori treatment. Objectives To study the presence of t(11;18)(q21;q21) genetic translocation and its clinical impact in low-grade gastric MALT lymphoma Brazilian patients. Methods A consecutive series of eight patients with gastric MALT lymphoma were submitted to gastroscopy, endoscopic ultrasound, histopathological examination, H pylori search and RT-PCR-based methodology. All patients received anti-H pylori treatment. Eradicated patients were followed-up every 3-6 months for 2 years. Results Eight patients were studied. All patients had tumor involvement restricted to the mucosa or submucosa and seven patients had low-grade gastric MALT lymphoma. All infected patients achieved H pylori eradication. Histological tumor regression was observed in 5/7 (71%) of the low-grade gastric MALT lymphoma patients. The presence of t(11;18)(q21;q21) translocation was found in 4 (57%) of these patients; among them only two had histological tumor regression following H pylori eradication. Conclusions RT-PCR is a feasible and efficient method to detect t(11;18)(q21;q21) translocation, being carried out in routine molecular biology laboratories. The early detection of such translocation can be very helpful for better targeting the therapy to be applied to gastric MALT lymphoma patients. .

Contexto A patogênese do linfoma MALT (tecido linfoide associado à mucosa) gástrico, também conhecido como linfoma de zona marginal de células B, está claramente associada à gastrite por infecção pelo Helicobacter pylori e, a maioria desses tumores pode ser curada apenas com a erradicação da bactéria. A presença da translocação t(11;18)(q21;q21) tem sido identificada como a anomalia citogenética mais comum do linfoma MALT gástrico e sua presença pode prever uma menor taxa de resposta ao tratamento anti-H pylori. Objetivos Estudo da translocação genética t(11;18)(q21;q21) e seu impacto na evolução clínica de pacientes portadores de linfoma MALT gástrico de baixo grau. Métodos Uma série consecutiva de oito pacientes com linfoma MALT gástrico foi submetida à endoscopia digestiva, ultra-sonografia endoscópica, exame histopatológico, pesquisa do H pylori e metodologia rotineira de transcrição reversa seguida de reação em cadeia da polimerase (RT-PCR) utilizando primers específicos para API2-MALT1. Todos os pacientes receberam tratamento anti-H pylori e retratamento, quando necessário. Após a erradicação, exames endoscópicos foram realizados a cada 3-6 meses durante 2 anos para acompanhamento da evolução do tumor. Resultados Foram estudados oito pacientes (seis mulheres, idade média: 57 anos). Todos apresentavam à ecoendoscopia envolvimento tumoral restrito à mucosa ou submucosa com aparência endoscópica variável. A histologia mostrou que sete pacientes tinham linfoma MALT gástrico de baixo grau e um de alto grau. A erradicação do H pylori foi obtida em todos os pacientes, embora a bactéria não tenha sido identificada em um deles. Foi observada regressão histológica ...

Complementação por coagulação com plasma de argônio após a ressecção endoscópica completa pela técnica de fatiamento para grandes adenomas colorretais / Complementation by argon plasma coagulation after endoscopic piecemeal resection of large colorectal adenomas

OBJETIVO: avaliar a eficácia da complementação por coagulação com plasma de argônio para reduzir a taxa de neoplasia residual ou recorrente após ressecção endoscópica completa fragmentada de grandes adenomas sésseis colorretais. MÉTODOS: critérios de inclusão: pacientes com grandes adenomas colorretais sésseis, > 20mm, sem sinais morfológicos de infiltração profunda, submetidos à ressecção endoscópica completa fragmentada estudada com cromoendoscopia e magnificação de imagens. Os pacientes foram randomizados em dois grupos: grupo 1 - nenhum procedimento adicional e, grupo 2 - complementação por coagulação com plasma de argônio. O seguimento por colonoscopia foi realizado em três, seis e 12 meses de pós-operatório. Foi avaliada a taxa de neoplasia residual ou recidiva local. RESULTADOS: foram incluídos no estudo um total de 21 lesões. Onze lesões no grupo 1 e dez no grupo 2. Ocorreram duas neoplasias residuais ou recorrências locais em cada grupo, detectadas em três meses de acompanhamento. CONCLUSÃO: a complementação por coagulação com plasma de argônio após uma aparente ressecção endoscópica completa em fragmentos de grandes adenomas sésseis colorretais não parece reduzir a ocorrência de lesão adenomatosa residual ou recidiva local.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of complement by argon plasma coagulation to reduce the rate of residual or recurrent tumor after complete endoscopic piecemeal resection of large sessile colorectal adenomas. METHODS: Inclusion criteria: patients with large sessile colorectal adenomas (e" 20 mm), without morphological signs of deep infiltration, submitted to complete endoscopic piecemeal resection studied with chromoendoscopy and magnification of images. Patients were randomized into two groups: group 1 - no additional procedure, and group 2 - complementation by argon plasma coagulation. follow-up colonoscopy was performed at three, six and 12 months postoperatively. We evaluated the rate of local recurrence or residual malignancy. RESULTS: The study included 21 patients, eleven in group 1 and ten in group 2. There were two local recurrences or residual tumors in each group, detected at three months follow-up. CONCLUSION: Complementation by argon plasma coagulation after apparent complete endoscopic piecemeal resection of large sessile colorectal adenomas does not seem to reduce the occurrence of residual adenomatous lesions or local recurrence.

The role of immunohistochemistry in the detection of vascular invasion in specimens of endoscopic submucosal dissection / O papel da imuno-histoquímica na detecção de invasão vascular em espécimes de dissecção endoscópica da submucosa

INTRODUCTION: Endoscopic submucosal dissection (ESD) of early neoplasias of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) has been increasingly applied as an alternative to invasive surgical procedures, with the aim to preserve the patient's organ and quality of life, although it does not allow the histopathological analysis of lymph nodes. Previous studies demonstrated that the presence of neoplastic emboli in lymphatic (lymphatic vascular invasion [LVI]) or blood vessels (blood vascular invasion [BVI]) is considered a positive predictive factor for the occurrence of lymph node metastasis. The assessment of vascular invasion carried out only by routine hematoxylin and eosin staining (HE) may yield both falsepositive and false-negative results. D2-40 is a specific monoclonal antibody to the lymphatic endothelium. Thus, it is useful for identifying LVI and distinguishing if tumor embolization is found in blood or lymphatic vessels. OBJECTIVE: To determine the role of immunohistochemistry (IHC) in the assessment of ESD specimens by comparing the detection of LVI and BVI by HE and IHC with D2-40 and CD34 immunolabeling. METHOD: We conducted the IHC study using D2-40 and CD34 markers (pan-endothelial) in 30 cases of ESD with histological diagnosis of carcinoma in order to assess the presence of LVI and BVI. RESULTS: The detection of LVI was more prevalent than BVI. Three out of six cases with LVI were false-positive by HE and six were false-negative by IHC. Regarding BVI, five cases were identified and one was false-negative by IHC. CONCLUSION: Our results indicated that the histopathological analysis of ESD specimens by exclusively routine HE staining does not allow proper evaluation of BVI or LVI.

INTRODUÇÃO: A dissecção endoscópica da submucosa (DES) de neoplasias precoces do trato gastrointestinal (TGI) tem sido cada vez mais aplicada como alternativa aos procedimentos cirúrgicos invasivos, visando a preservar o órgão e a qualidade de vida do paciente, contudo, não possibilita a avaliação histopatológica de linfonodos. Estudos anteriores demonstraram que a presença de êmbolos neoplásicos, em vasos linfáticos (invasão vascular linfática [IVL]) ou sanguíneos (invasão vascular sanguínea [IVS]), é considerada um fator preditivo positivo para ocorrência de metástase linfonodal. A avaliação da invasão vascular realizada apenas pela coloração de rotina hematoxilina e eosina (HE) pode gerar resultados falso-positivos e falso-negativos. O D2-40 é um anticorpo monoclonal específico para endotélio linfático, sendo, portanto, útil para identificar IVL e distinguir se a embolização tumoral encontra-se em vasos sanguíneos ou linfáticos. OBJETIVO: Determinar o papel do estudo imuno-histoquímico (IHQ) na avaliação de espécimes de DES, comparando a detecção de IVL e IVS, pelo HE e IHQ com marcação por D2-40 e CD34. MÉTODO: Foi realizado estudo IHQ utilizando os marcadores D2-40 e CD34 (pan-endotelial) em 30 casos de produtos de DES com diagnóstico histológico de carcinoma para avaliar a presença de IVL e IVS. RESULTADOS: A detecção de IVL foi maior que a de IVS. Dos seis casos com IVL ao HE, três eram falso-positivos e seis, falso-negativos à IHQ. Em relação à IVS, foram identificados cinco casos falsopositivos e um falso-negativo à IHQ. CONCLUSÃO: Nossos resultados indicaram que a análise histopatológica dos produtos de DES realizando apenas a coloração HE não permite a avaliação adequada da presença de IVS ou IVL.

Complementation by argon plasma coagulation after endoscopic piecemeal resection of large colorectal adenomas.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy of complement by argon plasma coagulation to reduce the rate of residual or recurrent tumor after complete endoscopic piecemeal resection of large sessile colorectal adenomas. INCLUSION CRITERIA: patients with large sessile colorectal adenomas (e" 20 mm), without morphological signs of deep infiltration, submitted to complete endoscopic piecemeal resection studied with chromoendoscopy and magnification of images. Patients were randomized into two groups: group 1 - no additional procedure, and group 2 - complementation by argon plasma coagulation. follow-up colonoscopy was performed at three, six and 12 months postoperatively. We evaluated the rate of local recurrence or residual malignancy. RESULTS: The study included 21 patients, eleven in group 1 and ten in group 2. There were two local recurrences or residual tumors in each group, detected at three months follow-up. CONCLUSION: Complementation by argon plasma coagulation after apparent complete endoscopic piecemeal resection of large sessile colorectal adenomas does not seem to reduce the occurrence of residual adenomatous lesions or local recurrence.

Efeito da metilprednisolona sobre a tensäo anastomótica jejunal / Effect of methylprednisolone on jejunal anastomotic tension

O retardo cicatricial é uma das principais complicaçöes da corticoterapia. Com o propósito de avaliar o papel dos corticóides no processo cicatricial da parede intestinal, foram estudados 40 ratos submetidos a anastomoses jejunais. Os animais operados foram divididos em quatro grupos (n=10). Dois grupos receberam, por via intraperitoneal, metilprednisona (1o mg/Kg) e os outros dois (controles) receberam soluçäo a 0,9 por cento. Os ratos que receberam corticoides apresentaram decréscimo ponderal e menor resistência tênsil nas anastomoeses do que os controles. Em três animais que recebram metildinisolona ocorreu fístula no local da anastomose. A avaliaçäo histológica mostrou fibrose cicatricial mais tênue no grupo submetido à metilprednisolona. Os Resultados deste estudo indicam um possível retardo cicatricial nos ratos tratados com corticóides, bem como menor grau de resistência tênsil da área cicatricial e maior número de complicaçöes pós-operatórias

Insuficiencia renal aguda em pacientes cirroticos apos clister de antibioticos / Acute renal failure in cirrhotic patients following antibiotics clister

Objetivo de determinar se a lise bacteriana poderia estar envolvida na insuficiencia renal aguda(IRA) no paciente cirrotico, foram estudados retrospectivamente prontuariois de 79 pacientes cirroticos internados no Hospitaldas Clinicas da UFMG por descomposicao hepatica. Foram investigados o quadro clinico pre-tratamento, a terapeutica instituida e o desenvolvimento da IRA apos o uso ou nao de solucoes antibioticas administradas atraves de clisteres. Os resultados obtidos mostraram no paciente com encefalopatia portossistemica, nao houve diferenca na incidencia de insuficiencia renal aguda apos o uso ou nao do clister contendo antibioticos

Incidência de fístulas anastomóticas em cirurgias do esôfago / Incidence of anastomotic leakages in esophageal surgeries

As cirurgias esofageanas estäo frequentemente associadas a fistulas pós-operatórias. A patogênese dessa complicaçäo decorre de fatores como a natureza da doença do esôfago, o estado nutricional do paciente e o órgäo utilizado na reconstituiçäo do trânsito alimentar. Com o objetivo de determinar eventos relacionados ao desenvolvimento dessas fístulas, realizou-se um estudo retrospectivo de 83 prontuários de pacientes submetidos a cirurgias com anastomoses esofageanas. Os pacientes foram avaliados com relaçäo aos dados de identificaçäo, características das lesöes esofageanas, estado nutricional, tática cirúrgica, cuidados pós-operatórios e presença de fístulas anastomóticas pós-operatórias no esôfago (cervicais ou abdominais). Houve maior incidência de fístulas em pacientes portadores de câncer ou estenose cáustica do esôfago. A reconstruçäo do trânsito alimentar com o cólon também resultou em um número maior de fístulas. Esses resultados sugerem que a natureza da afecçäo primária, o órgäo utilizado na reconstruçäo do trânsito e eventuais condiçöes relacionadas à morfologia e fisiologia do esôfago säo os fatores mais importantes no desenvolvimento de fístulas anastomóticas no esôfago.

Avaliaçäo da morbidade e mortalidade pós-operatória no paciente idoso / Avaliation of morbidity and mortality in aged patient

A literatura e controversa em relacao as taxas de morbidade e de mortalidade cirurgicas relacionadas ao paciente idoso. Com o objetivo de verificar essa relacao, estudou-se aleatoria e retrospectivamente 303 pacientes divididos em 3 grupos (n=101), segundo as faixas etarias: I (30 a 49 anos) , II (70 a 79 anos) e III (acima de 80 anos). Os doentes foram submetidos a cirurgias de medio e grande porte no Hospital das Clinicas da UFMG de 1977 a 1990.Os resultados do presente estudo sugerem que a idade cronologica isoladamente nao predispoe a um maior risco cirurgico. Afeccoes sistemicas cronicas e intervencoes cirurgicas de urgencias sao os principais fatores associados com o aumento da morbi-mortalidade operatoria no paciente idoso