ABSTRACT
Background: Performing self-care behaviors by diabetic patients is essential to achieve optimal glycemic control, reduction of complications, and improvement in the quality of life. The Diabetes Self-care Questionnaire (DSMQ) is designed to assess self-care behaviors that can predict glycemic control. The present study aimed to evaluate the psychometric properties of the Persian version of the DSMQ in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: The present methodological cross-sectional study investigated 460 patients with T2DM referred to the Isfahan Endocrine and Metabolism Research Center, Isfahan, Iran through the convenience sampling procedure. The translation process of the DSMQ was carried out based on the guidelines suggested by Beaton et al. We assessed the reliability (internal consistency), content validity, convergent validity and construct validity. Construct validity was evaluated using exploratory factor analysis (calibration sample = 230) and confirmatory factor analysis (validation sample = 230). Furthermore, a linear regression analysis was used to determine the prediction power of self-care behaviors in explaining the variance of the HbA1c level. Results: In the EFA with Varimax rotation, we extracted four factors that could explain 67.46% of the total variance of the DSMQ scale. The CFA exhibited a satisfactory fit level for the four-factor structure extracted from EFA with the following measures. CFI: 0.980, IFI: 0.980, NFI: 0.956, TLI: 0.974, RMSEA: 0.042). Internal consistency was good (Cronbach's alpha coefficient for the whole scale: 0.84; the subscales: 0.75-0.91). The convergent validity showed significant negative correlations (GM: -0.53; DC: -0.22; PA: -0.16; HU: -0.17; SS: -0.45; p < 0.01) between DSMQ subscales and HbA1c. However, only two factors of glucose management and diet control in the statistical model obtained from regression analysis (stepwise) were able to explain 30% of the HbA1c level (P < 0.001). Conclusion: The Persian version of the DSMQ is a valid and reliable instrument to assess self-care behaviors associated with glycemic control in Iranian patients with T2DM. Therefore, this instrument can be used in both future research and clinical practices.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Self-regulation is one of the current psychological concepts that have been known as a determinant of leisure time physical activity. Due to cultural and social diversity in different societies and age groups, application of specific questionnaires is essential to perform investigations about physical activities. The aim of this study is development and evaluation of psychometric properties of a self-regulation questionnaire about leisure time physical activity in Iranian male adolescents. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2013, and data of 603 male students from 12 high schools in Isfahan were collected. A comprehensive literature review and similar questionnaire review were conducted and 25 items were selected or developed to measure self-regulation. Comprehensibility of items was evaluated in a pilot study and an expert panel evaluated face and content validity. Exploratory factors analysis (EFA) was used for evaluation of construct validity and extraction of sub-constructs of self-regulation. Leisure time physical activity was assessed using International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). RESULTS: The mean age of the participants was 16.3 years (SD =1.0) and the range was 15-19 years. Cronbach's α coefficient of the questionnaire in the pilot and main study was 0.84 and 0.90, respectively. EFA resulted in four sub-constructs including "enlistment of social support", "goal setting", "self-construction", and "self-monitoring", which explained 63.6% of the variance of self-regulation. CONCLUSIONS: Results of this investigation provide some support to the validity and reliability of the 16-item questionnaire of self-regulation abut leisure time physical activity in the target group.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Attention to different aspects of self-efficacy leads to actual evaluation of self-efficacy about physical activity. This study was carried out in order to design and determine psychometric characteristics of a questionnaire for evaluation of self-efficacy about leisure time physical activity (SELPA) among Iranian adolescent boys, with an emphasis on regulatory self-efficacy. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This descriptive-analytic study was conducted in 734 male adolescents aged 15-19 years in Isfahan. After item generation and item selection based on review of literature and other questionnaires, content validity index (CVI) and content validity ratio (CVR) were determined and items were modified employing the opinions of expert panel (N = 10). Comprehensibility of the questionnaire was determined by members of target group (N = 35). Exploratory factors analysis (EFA) was operated on sample 1 (N 1 = 325) and confirmatory factors analysis (CFA) on sample 2 (N 2 = 347). Reliability of SELPA was estimated via internal consistency method. RESULTS: According to EFA, barrier self-efficacy and scheduling self-efficacy are the two main aspects of SELPA with the total variance of 65%. The suggested model was confirmed by CFA and all fitness indices of the corrected model were good. Cronbach's alpha was totally estimated as 0.89 and for barrier and scheduling self-efficacy, it was 0.86 and 0.81, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The results provide some evidence for acceptable validity and reliability of SELPA in Iranian adolescent boys. However, further investigations, especially for evaluation of predictive power of the questionnaire, are necessary.
ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Outcome expectation (OE) is known as a psychosocial determinant of leisure time physical activity (LTPA). Despite importance of this construct evaluation, there is no evidence of special questionnaire for measuring OE in Persian speaking Iranian male adolescents. OBJECTIVES: This article reports development and psychometric evaluation process of a specific questionnaire that evaluates OE about LTPA among Iranian male adolescents. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Literature review and group discussions were used to select 26 items of this questionnaire based on 3 dimensions of OE (self-evaluation, social expectancy, and physical expectancy). All Participants (n = 720) were divided into two groups randomly after evaluating comprehensibility, face and content validity, and items analysis. Exploratory factor analysis (EFA) and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) were separately operated on one of these groups for evaluation of the construct validity of questionnaire. The reliability of the questionnaire was estimated by the Cronbach α. RESULTS: EFA extracted 3 main factors explained 45.80%, 10.31%, and 7.51% of OE variance, respectively. Almost all fit indexes in CFA were acceptable (CMIN = 107.39, CMIN/DF = 2.619, CFI = 0.938, PCFI = 0.699, RMSEA = 0.067, PCLOSE = 0.034). Finally 11 items remained in the questionnaire, which showed excellent reliability on main study (α = 0.85). CONCLUSIONS: This study provided evidence regarding the reliability and validity of the Iranian male adolescent outcome expectation about leisure time physical activity (IMAO-PAC) and illustrated that this new questionnaire can be used to measure the perceived exercise benefits among target group in observational and interventional studies.
