Novel data visualization and risk analytic algorithm in a low-middle income country.

To discuss the use of T3™, a data aggregation, visualization, and risk analytic platform in a single centre and its framework for implementation of such a tool in clinical care. We share experience of a tool implemented in a tertiary care Intensive Care Unit (ICU) with limited resources. Superusers were identified and trained. Implementation involved monitoring, evaluation, and user engagement data for continuous emphasis on the use of this tool. Persistent display of T3 data enhanced nursing operational efficiency. Its use was expanded to use in nurses rounds and handover, mortality and morbidity meetings, clinical team teaching through selected teaching cases and analysis of stored data with different research questions. However, lack of infrastructure and technological comprehension, paucity of multidisciplinary teams makes it a challenge in its implementation. Clear framework of implantation and pre-designed studies to determine the clinical usage and effectiveness are important for wide-spread use of such tools.

Differences in clinical outcomes and resource utilization in pediatric traumatic brain injury between countries of different sociodemographic indices.

OBJECTIVE: The burden of traumatic brain injury (TBI) is disproportionately high in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). This study aimed to compare clinical outcomes and healthcare utilization for children with moderate to severe TBIs between LMICs and non-LMICs in Asia and Latin America. METHODS: The authors performed an observational multicenter study from January 2014 to February 2023 among children with moderate to severe TBIs admitted to participating pediatric intensive care units (PICUs) in the Pediatric Acute and Critical Care Medicine Asian Network (PACCMAN) and Red Colaborativa Pediátrica de Latinoamérica (LARed Network). They classified sites according to their 2019 sociodemographic index (SDI). Low, low-middle, and middle SDI sites were considered LMICs, while high-middle and high SDI sites were considered non-LMICs. The authors documented patient demographics and TBI management. Accounting for death, they recorded 14-day PICU-free and 28-day hospital-free days, with fewer free days indicating poorer outcome. The authors compared children who died and those who had poor functional outcomes (defined as Pediatric Cerebral Performance Category [PCPC] level of moderate disability, severe disability, or vegetative state or coma) between LMICs and non-LMICs and performed a multivariable logistic regression analysis for predicting poor functional outcomes. RESULTS: In total, 771 children with TBIs were analyzed. Mortality was comparable between LMICs and non-LMICs (9.6% vs 12.9%, p = 0.146). Children with TBIs from LMICs were more likely to have a poor PCPC outcome (31.0% vs 21.3%, p = 0.004) and had fewer ICU-free days (median [IQR] 6 [0-10] days vs 8 [0-11] days, p = 0.004) and hospital-free days (median [IQR] 9 [0-18] days vs 13 [0-20] days, p = 0.007). Poor functional outcomes were associated with LMIC status (adjusted OR [aOR] 1.53, 95% CI 1.04-2.26), a lower Glasgow Coma Scale score (aOR 0.83, 95% CI 0.78-0.88), and the presence of multiple trauma (aOR 1.49, 95% CI 1.01-2.19). Children with TBIs in LMICs required greater resource utilization in the form of early intubation and mechanical ventilation (81.6% vs 73.2%, p = 0.006), use of hyperosmolar therapy (77.7% vs 63.6%, p < 0.001), and use of antiepileptic drugs (73.9% vs 53.1%, p < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Within Asia and Latin America, children with TBIs in LMICs were more likely to have poor functional outcomes and required greater resource utilization. Further research should focus on investigating causal factors and developing targeted interventions to mitigate these disparities.

Initial dysnatremia and clinical outcomes in pediatric traumatic brain injury: a multicenter observational study.

PURPOSE: We aimed to investigate the association between initial dysnatremia (hyponatremia and hypernatremia) and in-hospital mortality, as well as between initial dysnatremia and functional outcomes, among children with traumatic brain injury (TBI). METHOD: We performed a multicenter observational study among 26 pediatric intensive care units from January 2014 to August 2022. We recruited children with TBI under 18 years of age who presented to participating sites within 24 h of injury. We compared demographics and clinical characteristics between children with initial hyponatremia and eu-natremia and between those with initial hypernatremia and eu-natremia. We defined poor functional outcome as a discharge Pediatric Cerebral Performance Category (PCPC) score of moderate, severe disability, coma, and death, or an increase of at least 2 categories from baseline. We performed multivariable logistic regression for mortality and poor PCPC outcome. RESULTS: Among 648 children, 84 (13.0%) and 42 (6.5%) presented with hyponatremia and hypernatremia, respectively. We observed fewer 14-day ventilation-free days between those with initial hyponatremia [7.0 (interquartile range (IQR) = 0.0-11.0)] and initial hypernatremia [0.0 (IQR = 0.0-10.0)], compared to eu-natremia [9.0 (IQR = 4.0-12.0); p = 0.006 and p < 0.001]. We observed fewer 14-day ICU-free days between those with initial hyponatremia [3.0 (IQR = 0.0-9.0)] and initial hypernatremia [0.0 (IQR = 0.0-3.0)], compared to eu-natremia [7.0 (IQR = 0.0-11.0); p = 0.006 and p < 0.001]. After adjusting for age, severity, and sex, presenting hyponatremia was associated with in-hospital mortality [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 2.47, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.31-4.66, p = 0.005] and poor outcome (aOR = 1.67, 95% CI = 1.01-2.76, p = 0.045). After adjustment, initial hypernatremia was associated with mortality (aOR = 5.91, 95% CI = 2.85-12.25, p < 0.001) and poor outcome (aOR = 3.00, 95% CI = 1.50-5.98, p = 0.002). CONCLUSION: Among children with TBI, presenting dysnatremia was associated with in-hospital mortality and poor functional outcome, particularly hypernatremia. Future research should investigate longitudinal sodium measurements in pediatric TBI and their association with clinical outcomes.

A research definition and framework for acute paediatric critical illness across resource-variable settings: a modified Delphi consensus.

The true global burden of paediatric critical illness remains unknown. Studies on children with life-threatening conditions are hindered by the absence of a common definition for acute paediatric critical illness (DEFCRIT) that outlines components and attributes of critical illness and does not depend on local capacity to provide critical care. We present an evidence-informed consensus definition and framework for acute paediatric critical illness. DEFCRIT was developed following a scoping review of 29 studies and key concepts identified by an interdisciplinary, international core expert panel (n=24). A modified Delphi process was then done with a panel of multidisciplinary health-care global experts (n=109) until consensus was reached on eight essential attributes and 28 statements as the basis of DEFCRIT. Consensus was reached in two Delphi rounds with an expert retention rate of 89%. The final consensus definition for acute paediatric critical illness is: an infant, child, or adolescent with an illness, injury, or post-operative state that increases the risk for or results in acute physiological instability (abnormal physiological parameters or vital organ dysfunction or failure) or a clinical support requirement (such as frequent or continuous monitoring or time-sensitive interventions) to prevent further deterioration or death. The proposed definition and framework provide the conceptual clarity needed for a unified approach for global research across resource-variable settings. Future work will centre on validating DEFCRIT and determining high priority measures and guidelines for data collection and analysis that will promote its use in research.

A Multicenter Study on the Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes Among Children With Moderate to Severe Abusive Head Trauma.

INTRODUCTION: We aimed to identify clinical characteristics, risk factors for diagnosis, and describe outcomes among children with AHT. METHODS: We performed an observational cohort study in tertiary care hospitals from 14 countries across Asia and Ibero-America. We included patients <5 years old who were admitted to participating pediatric intensive care units (PICUs) with moderate to severe traumatic brain injury (TBI). We performed descriptive analysis and multivariable logistic regression for risk factors of AHT. RESULTS: 47 (12%) out of 392 patients were diagnosed with AHT. Compared to those with accidental injuries, children with AHT were more frequently < 2 years old (42, 89.4% vs 133, 38.6%, p < 0.001), more likely to arrive by private transportation (25, 53.2%, vs 88, 25.7%, p < 0.001), but less likely to have multiple injuries (14, 29.8% vs 158, 45.8%, p = 0.038). The AHT group was more likely to suffer subdural hemorrhage (SDH) (39, 83.0% vs 89, 25.8%, p < 0.001), require antiepileptic medications (41, 87.2% vs 209, 60.6%, p < 0.001), and neurosurgical interventions (27, 57.40% vs 143, 41.40%, p = 0.038). Mortality, PICU length of stay, and functional outcomes at 3 months were similar in both groups. In the multivariable logistic regression, age <2 years old (aOR 8.44, 95%CI 3.07-23.2), presence of seizures (aOR 3.43, 95%CI 1.60-7.36), and presence of SDH (aOR 9.58, 95%CI 4.10-22.39) were independently associated with AHT. CONCLUSIONS: AHT diagnosis represented 12% of our TBI cohort. Overall, children with AHT required more neurosurgical interventions and the use of anti-epileptic medications. Children younger than 2 years and with SDH were independently associated with a diagnosis of AHT. TYPE OF STUDY: Observational cohort study. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: III.

A Near Real-Time Risk Analytics Algorithm Predicts Elevated Lactate Levels in Pediatric Cardiac Critical Care Patients.

BACKGROUND: Postoperative pediatric congenital heart patients are predisposed to develop low-cardiac output syndrome. Serum lactate (lactic acid [LA]) is a well-defined marker of inadequate systemic oxygen delivery. OBJECTIVES: We hypothesized that a near real-time risk index calculated by a noninvasive predictive analytics algorithm predicts elevated LA in pediatric patients admitted to a cardiac ICU (CICU). DERIVATION COHORT: Ten tertiary CICUs in the United States and Pakistan. VALIDATION COHORT: Retrospective observational study performed to validate a hyperlactatemia (HLA) index using T3 platform data (Etiometry, Boston, MA) from pediatric patients less than or equal to 12 years of age admitted to CICU (n = 3,496) from January 1, 2018, to December 31, 2020. Patients lacking required data for module or LA measurements were excluded. PREDICTION MODEL: Physiologic algorithm used to calculate an HLA index that incorporates physiologic data from patients in a CICU. The algorithm uses Bayes' theorem to interpret newly acquired data in a near real-time manner given its own previous assessment of the physiologic state of the patient. RESULTS: A total of 58,168 LA measurements were obtained from 3,496 patients included in a validation dataset. HLA was defined as LA level greater than 4 mmol/L. Using receiver operating characteristic analysis and a complete dataset, the HLA index predicted HLA with high sensitivity and specificity (area under the curve 0.95). As the index value increased, the likelihood of having higher LA increased (p < 0.01). In the validation dataset, the relative risk of having LA greater than 4 mmol/L when the HLA index is less than 1 is 0.07 (95% CI: 0.06-0.08), and the relative risk of having LA less than 4 mmol/L when the HLA index greater than 99 is 0.13 (95% CI, 0.12-0.14). CONCLUSIONS: These results validate the capacity of the HLA index. This novel index can provide a noninvasive prediction of elevated LA. The HLA index showed strong positive association with elevated LA levels, potentially providing bedside clinicians with an early, noninvasive warning of impaired cardiac output and oxygen delivery. Prospective studies are required to analyze the effect of this index on clinical decision-making and outcomes in pediatric population.

A multicenter observational study on outcomes of moderate and severe pediatric traumatic brain injuries-time to reappraise thresholds for treatment.

PURPOSE: Children with moderate traumatic brain injury (modTBI) (Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) 9-13) may benefit from better stratification. We aimed to compare neurocritical care utilization and functional outcomes between children with high GCS modTBI (hmodTBI, GCS 11-13), low GCS modTBI (lmodTBI, GCS 9-10), and severe TBI (sTBI, GCS ≤ 8). We hypothesized that patients with lmodTBI have higher neurocritical care needs and worse outcomes than patients with hmodTBI and are similar to patients with sTBI. METHODS: Prospective observational study from June 2018 to October 2022 in 28 pediatric intensive care units (PICU) in Asia, South America, and Europe. We included children (age < 18 years) with modTBI and sTBI admitted to PICU and measured functional outcomes at 3 months using the Glasgow Outcome Scale-Extended Pediatric Revision (GOS-E Peds, scale 1-8, 1 = upper good recovery, 8 = death). RESULTS: We analyzed 409 patients: 98 (24%) and 311 (76%) with modTBI and sTBI, respectively. Patients with lmodTBI (vs. hmodTBI) were more likely to have invasive ICP monitoring (32.3% vs. 4.5%, p < 0.001), longer PICU stay (days, median [IQR]; 5.00 [4.00, 9.75] vs 4.00 [2.00, 5.00], p = 0.007), and longer hospital stay (days, median [IQR]: 13.00 [8.00, 17.00] vs. 8.00 [5.00, 12, 25], p = 0.015). Median GOS-E Peds scores were significantly different (hmodTBI (1.00 [1.00, 3.00]), lmodTBI (3.00 [IQR 2.00, 5.75]), and sTBI (5.00 [IQR 1.00, 6.00]) (p < 0.001)). After adjusting for age, sex, presence of polytrauma and cerebral edema, lmodTBI, and sTBI remained significantly associated with higher GOS-E scores (adjusted coefficient (standard error): 1.24 (0.52), p = 0.018, and 1.27 (0.33), p < 0.001, respectively) compared with hmodTBI. CONCLUSIONS: Children with lmodTBI have higher rates of neurocritical care utilization and worse functional outcomes than those with hmodTBI but better than those with sTBI. Children with lmodTBI may benefit from guideline-based management similar to what is implemented in children with sTBI. This work was performed in hospitals within the PACCMAN and LARed networks. No reprints will be ordered.

Life-threatening complication of retropharyngeal abscess in an infant: a case report.

BACKGROUND: Deep neck space infections are uncommon in infants. Retropharyngeal abscess (RPA) is a deep space neck infection that can present with subtle signs and symptoms. Delay in diagnosis can lead to life-threatening complications. Here we describe life-threatening complication of retropharyngeal abscess. CASE PRESENTATION: We report a life-threatening complication of retropharyngeal abscess in 10-month old Asian infant weighing 8.2 kg. The patient presented with fever, right-sided neck swelling, hoarseness of voice, and respiratory distress. The clinical and radiological findings were suggestive of airway obstruction complicated by retropharyngeal abscess. The patient was urgently taken to the operating room and underwent (grade 3) intubation. After stabilization, the patient underwent endoscopic trans-oral incision and drainage, during which 5 cc pus was aspirated. Antibiotics were prescribed for 2 weeks following the procedure based on the sensitivity result of the pus culture. CONCLUSION: In retropharyngeal abscess, a delay in diagnosis can result in life-threatening complications. This report highlights the importance of prompt recognition of a threatened airway and the management of retropharyngeal abscess by emergency physicians. If an emergency physician suspects RPA with airway obstructions, the airway should be immediately secured in a secure environment by otolaryngologist and an anesthesiologist.

Low-field magnetic resonance imaging in a boy with intracranial bolt after severe traumatic brain injury: illustrative case.

BACKGROUND: Conventional magnetic resonance imaging (cMRI) is sensitive to motion and ferromagnetic material, leading to suboptimal images and image artifacts. In many patients with neurological injuries, an intracranial bolt (ICB) is placed for monitoring intracranial pressure (ICP). Repeated imaging (computed tomography [CT] or cMRI) is frequently required to guide management. A low-field (0.064-T) portable magnetic resonance imaging (pMRI) machine may provide images in situations that were previously considered contraindications for cMRI. OBSERVATIONS: A 10-year-old boy with severe traumatic brain injury was admitted to the pediatric intensive care unit, and an ICB was placed. Initial head CT showed a left-sided intraparenchymal hemorrhage with intraventricular dissection and cerebral edema with mass effect. Repeated imaging was required to assess the brain structure because of continually fluctuating ICP. Transferring the patient to the radiology suite was risky because of his critical condition and the presence of an ICB; hence, pMRI was performed at the bedside. Images obtained were of excellent quality without any ICB artifact, guiding the decision to continue to manage the patient conservatively. The child later improved and was discharged from the hospital. LESSONS: pMRI can be used to obtain excellent images at the bedside in patients with an ICB, providing useful information for better management of patients with neurological injuries.

Evaluation of the Resources and Inequities Among Pediatric Critical Care Facilities in Pakistan.

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate nationwide pediatric critical care facilities and resources in Pakistan. DESIGN: Cross-sectional observational study. SETTING: Accredited pediatric training facilities in Pakistan. PATIENTS: None. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: A survey was conducted using the Partners in Health 4S (space, staff, stuff, systems) framework, via email or telephone correspondence. We used a scoring system in which each item in our checklist was given a score of 1, if available. Total scores were added up for each component. Additionally, we stratified and analyzed the data between the public and private healthcare sectors. Out of 114 hospitals (accredited for pediatric training), 76 (67%) responded. Fifty-three (70%) of these hospitals had a PICU, with a total of 667 specialized beds and 217 mechanical ventilators. There were 38 (72%) public hospitals and 15 (28%) private hospitals. There were 20 trained intensivists in 16 of 53 PICUs (30%), while 25 of 53 PICUs (47%) had a nurse-patient ratio less than 1:3. Overall, private hospitals were better resourced in many domains of our four Partners in Health framework. The Stuff component scored more than the other three components using analysis of variance testing ( p = 0.003). On cluster analysis, private hospitals ranked higher in Space and Stuff, along with the overall scoring. CONCLUSIONS: There is a general lack of resources, seen disproportionately in the public sector. The scarcity of qualified intensivists and nursing staff poses a challenge to Pakistan's PICU infrastructure.

Neutrophil Gelatinase-Associated Lipocalin as a Predictor of Acute Kidney Injury in Children With Shock: A Prospective Study.

BACKGROUND: The current definition of acute kidney injury (AKI) is based on serum creatinine (SrCr) and urine output, limited by delayed identification of such patients. Plasma neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) is considered an early diagnostic and highly predictive biomarker of AKI. OBJECTIVE: To determine the diagnostic accuracy of NGAL for AKI compared with creatinine clearance for early detection of AKI in children with shock receiving inotropic support. METHODS: Critically ill children requiring inotropic support in the pediatric intensive care unit were enrolled prospectively. SrCr and NGAL values were obtained three times at six, 12, and 48 hours after vasopressor initiation. Patients with AKI were defined as having loss of >25% renal function based on creatinine clearance within 48 hours. NGAL level of more than 150 ng/dl was suggestive of the diagnosis of AKI. Receiver operator characteristic curves were generated for NGAL and SrCr to compare the predictive ability of both at 0, 12, and 48 hours of starting vasopressor support.  Results: A total of 94 patients were enrolled. The mean age was 43±50.95 months. Most common primary diagnoses were related to the cardiovascular system (46%). Twenty-nine patients (31%) died during the hospital stay. Thirty-four patients (36%) developed AKI within 48 hours following shock. The area under the curve (AUC) for NGAL at a cutoff of 150 ng/ml was 0.70, 0.74, and 0.73 at six-hour, 12-hour, and 48-hour follow-up, respectively. NGAL had a sensitivity of 85.3% and specificity of 50% at 0 hours of follow-up for diagnosis of AKI. CONCLUSION: Serum NGAL has better sensitivity and AUC compared to SrCr for early diagnosis of AKI in children admitted with shock.

Clinical and epidemiological features of pediatric population hospitalized with COVID-19: a multicenter longitudinal study (March 2020-December 2021) from Pakistan.

Background: We aimed to explore the epidemiological, clinical, and phenotypic parameters of pediatric patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in Pakistan. Methods: This longitudinal cohort study was conducted in five tertiary care hospitals in Pakistan from March 2020 to December 2021. Data on various epidemiological and clinical variables were collected using Case Report Forms (CRFs) adapted from the WHO COVID-19 clinical data platform at baseline and at monthly follow-ups for 3 months. Findings: A total of 1090 children were included. The median age was 5 years (Interquartile range 1-10), and the majority presented due to new signs/symptoms associated with COVID-19 (57.8%; n = 631), the most common being general and respiratory symptoms. Comorbidities were present in 417 (38.3%) children. Acute COVID-19 alone was found in 932 (85.5%) children, 81 (7.4%) had multisystem inflammatory syndrome (MIS-C), 77 (7.0%) had overlapping features of acute COVID-19 and MIS-C, and severe disease was found in 775/1086 (71.4%). Steroids were given to 351 (32.2%) patients while 77 (7.1%) children received intravenous immunoglobulins. Intensive care unit (ICU) care was required in 334 (31.6%) patients, and 203 (18.3%) deaths were reported during the study period. The largest spike in cases and mortality was from July to September 2021 when the Delta variant first emerged. During the first and second follow-ups, 37 and 10 children expired respectively, and medical care after discharge was required in 204 (25.4%), 94 (16.6%), and 70 (13.7%) children respectively during each monthly follow-up. Interpretation: Our study highlights that acute COVID-19 was the major phenotype associated with high severity and mortality in children in Pakistan in contrast to what has been observed globally. Funding: The study was supported by the World Health Organization (WHO), which was involved in the study design but played no role in its analysis, writeup, or publication.

Safety huddles in paediatric intensive care unit: Implementation and staff perception in a resource limited setting.

Objective: To evaluate the perception, knowledge, empowerment and comfort level of critical care staff in relation to the implementation of safety huddles in paediatric intensive care unit of a tertiary care hospital. METHODS: The descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at the Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, from September 2020 to February 2021, and comprised physicians, nurses and paramedics who were part of the safety huddle. Staff perception regarding this activity was evaluated using open-ended questions that were scored on a Likert scale. Data was analysed using STATA 15. RESULTS: Of the 50 participants, 27(54%) were females and 23(46%) were males. Overall, 26(52%) subjects were aged 20-30 years age, while 24(48%) were aged 31-50 years. Of the total, 37(74%) subjects strongly agreed that safety huddle had been routinely held in the unit since initiation; 42(84%) felt comfortable sharing their concerns about patient safety; and 37(74%) considered the huddles worthwhile. Majority 42(84%) felt more empowered through huddle participation. Moreover, 45(90%) participants strongly agreed that daily huddle helped them in becoming clearer about their responsibilities. For safety risk assessment, 41(82%) participants acknowledged that safety risks had been assessed and modified in routine huddles. Conclusion: Safety huddle was found to be a powerful tool to create a safe environment in a paediatric intensive care unit where all team members can speak up freely about patient safety.

Cardiac Children Hospital Early Warning ScoreVersus the Inadequate Oxygen Delivery Index for the Detection of Early Warning Signs of Deterioration.

To assess the utility of the Cardiac Children's Hospital Early Warning Score (C-CHEWS) in the early detection of deterioration. DESIGN: Single-center longitudinal pilot study. SETTING: Pediatric cardiac ICU (PCICU), Aga Khan University. INTERVENTIONS: C-CHEWS and Inadequate Oxygen Delivery (IDO2) Index calculation every 2 hours. PATIENTS: A total of 60 children (0 d to 18 yr old). MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: A single-center longitudinal pilot study was conducted at PCICU. All postoperative extubated patients were assessed and scored between 0 and 11, and these scores were then correlated with the IDO2 index data available from the T3 platform. Adverse events were defined as a need for cardiopulmonary resuscitation, or reintubation, and death. A total of 920 C-CHEWS and IDO2 scores were analyzed on 60 patients during the study period. There were 36 males and 24 females, and the median age of the study population was 34 months (interquartile range, 9.0-72.0 mo). Fourteen patients (23.3%) developed adverse events; these included 9 reintubations and 5 cardiopulmonary arrests, resulting in 2 deaths. The area under the curve (AUC) for C-CHEWS scores fell in an acceptable range of 0.956 (95% CI, 0.869-0.992), suggesting an optimal accuracy for identifying early warning signs of cardiopulmonary arrest. Whereas, IDO2 showed no discriminatory power to detect the adverse events with an AUC of 0.522 (95% CI, 0.389-0.652). CONCLUSIONS: The C-CHEWS tool provides a standardized assessment and approach to deteriorating congenital cardiac surgery patients in recognizing early postoperative deterioration.

Prehospital and emergency management of pediatric traumatic brain injury: a multicenter site survey.

OBJECTIVE: There is a paucity of information on pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI) care in Asia and Latin America. In this study, the authors aimed to describe the clinical practices of emergency departments (EDs) participating in the Saline in Asia and Latin-America Neurotrauma in the Young (SALTY) study, by comparing designated trauma centers (DTCs) and nontrauma centers (NTCs) in their networks. METHODS: The authors performed a site survey study on pediatric TBI management in the EDs in 14 countries. Two European centers joined other participating sites in Asia and Latin America. Questions were formulated after a critical review of current TBI guidelines and published surveys. The authors performed a descriptive analysis and stratified centers based on DTC status. RESULTS: Of 24 responding centers (70.6%), 50.0% were DTCs, 70.8% had academic affiliations, and all centers were in urban settings. Patients were predominantly transferred to DTCs by centralized prehospital services compared to those sent to NTCs (83.3% vs 41.7%, p = 0.035). More NTCs received a majority of their patients directly from the trauma scene compared to DTCs (66.7% vs 25.0%, p = 0.041). Ten centers (41.7%) reported the use of a TBI management guideline, and 15 (62.5%) implemented CT protocols. Ten DTCs reported implementation of intervention strategies for suspected raised intracranial pressure (ICP) before conducting a CT scan, and 6 NTCs also followed this practice (83.3% vs 50.0%, p = 0.083). ED management for children with TBI was comparable between DTCs and NTCs in the following aspects: neuroimaging, airway management, ICP monitoring, fluid resuscitation, anticoagulant therapy, and serum glucose control. Hyperventilation therapy for raised ICP was used by 33.3% of sites. CONCLUSIONS: This study evaluated pediatric TBI management and infrastructure among 24 centers. Limited differences in prehospital care and ED management for pediatric patients with TBI were observed between DTCs and NTCs. Both DTCs and NTCs showed variation in the implementation of current TBI management guidelines. There is an urgent need to investigate specific barriers to guideline implementation in these regions.

Development and validation of a clinical predictive model for severe and critical pediatric COVID-19 infection.

INTRODUCTION: Children infected with COVID-19 are susceptible to severe manifestations. We aimed to develop and validate a predictive model for severe/ critical pediatric COVID-19 infection utilizing routinely available hospital level data to ascertain the likelihood of developing severe manifestations. METHODS: The predictive model was based on an analysis of registry data from COVID-19 positive patients admitted to five tertiary pediatric hospitals across Asia [Singapore, Malaysia, Indonesia (two centers) and Pakistan]. Independent predictors of severe/critical COVID-19 infection were determined using multivariable logistic regression. A training cohort (n = 802, 70%) was used to develop the prediction model which was then validated in a test cohort (n = 345, 30%). The discriminative ability and performance of this model was assessed by calculating the Area Under the Curve (AUC) and 95% confidence interval (CI) from final Receiver Operating Characteristics Curve (ROC). RESULTS: A total of 1147 patients were included in this analysis. In the multivariable model, infant age group, presence of comorbidities, fever, vomiting, seizures and higher absolute neutrophil count were associated with an increased risk of developing severe/critical COVID-19 infection. The presence of coryza at presentation, higher hemoglobin and platelet count were associated with a decreased risk of severe/critical COVID-19 infection. The AUC (95%CI) generated for this model from the training and validation cohort were 0.96 (0.94, 0.98) and 0.92 (0.86, 0.97), respectively. CONCLUSION: This predictive model using clinical history and commonly used laboratory values was valuable in estimating the risk of developing a severe/critical COVID-19 infection in hospitalized children. Further validation is needed to provide more insights into its utility in clinical practice.

Changes Adopted in Asian Pediatric Hospitals during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Report from the Pediatric Acute and Critical Care COVID-19 Registry of Asia.

There is wide variation in the overall clinical impact of novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) across countries worldwide. Changes adopted pertaining to the management of pediatric patients, in particular, the provision of respiratory support during the COVID-19 pandemic is poorly described in Asia. We performed a multicenter survey of 20 Asian pediatric hospitals to determine workflow changes adopted during the pandemic. Data from centers of high-income (HIC), upper middle income (UMIC), and lower middle income (LMIC) countries were compared. All 20 sites over nine countries (HIC: Japan [4] and Singapore [2]; UMIC: China [3], Malaysia [3] and Thailand [2]; and LMIC: India [1], Indonesia [2], Pakistan [1], and Philippines [2]) responded to this survey. This survey demonstrated substantial outbreak adaptability. The major differences between the three income categories were that HICs were (1) more able/willing to minimize use of noninvasive ventilation or high-flow nasal cannula therapy in favor of early intubation, and (2) had greater availability of negative-pressure rooms and powered air-purifying respirators. Further research into the best practices for respiratory support are warranted. In particular, innovation on cost-effective measures in infection control and respiratory support in the LMIC setting should be considered in preparation for future waves of COVID-19 infection.

Pediatric Critical Care Nursing Research Priorities in Asia: An eDelphi Study.

OBJECTIVES: To identify nursing research priorities in pediatric critical care in Asia. DESIGN: We conducted a modified three-round eDelphi survey with pediatric critical care nurses in Asia. The eDelphi technique has been extensively used within health research to achieve a common viewpoint from experts using questionnaires to gather research priorities. In round 1, participants were asked to list three to five research topics that they deemed important. These topics were thematically analyzed and categorized into a questionnaire. Participants rated the research topics in round 2 on a 6-point scale (1 = not important to 6 = extremely important). In round 3, the same questionnaire was used with addition of the calculated mean scores from round 2 for each topic. Research topics ranked among the top 10 were considered extremely important. SETTINGS: Twenty-two PICUs in eight Asian countries. SUBJECTS: Clinical nurses, managers, educators, and researchers. INTERVENTIONS: None. MEASUREMENTS AND MAIN RESULTS: In round 1, 146 PICU nurses across eight countries provided 520 research topics. Topics from round 1 were categorized into seven domains with 52 research topics. Prioritized research topics included early recognition of patient deterioration (mean 5.58 ± 0.61), prevention of healthcare-associated infections (mean 5.47 ± 0.70), and interventions to reduce compassion fatigue (mean 5.45 ± 0.80). The top three research domains were end-of-life care (mean 5.34 ± 0.68), professionalism (mean 5.34 ± 0.69), and management of pain, sedation, and delirium (5.32 ± 0.72). CONCLUSIONS: This first PICU nursing research prioritization exercise within Asia identified key nursing research themes that should be prioritized and provide a framework for future collaborative studies.

Performance of a Risk Analytic Tool (Index of Tissue Oxygen Delivery "IDO2") in Pediatric Cardiac Intensive Care Unit of a Developing Country.

Objective: To determine the performance of a commercially available risk analytic tool (IDO2) to estimate the risk for SVO2 < 40% in patients admitted in cardiac intensive care unit (CICU). Methods: Medical and T3 records of all patients (aged 1 day to 12 years, weight >2 kg) who received care in the CICU between October 1st, 2019 and October 1st, 2020, had SvO2 lab(s) drawn during CICU course and whose data was transmitted to T3, were included. The average IDO2 Index was computed in the 30-min period immediately prior to each SvO2 measurement and used as a predictor score for SvO2 < 40%. Results: A total of 69 CICU admissions from 65 patients, median age 9.3 months (interquartile range 20.8) were identified. Surgical and medical patients were 61 (88%) and 8 (12%) respectively; 4 (5.7%) patients had single ventricle physiology. Tetralogy of Fallot n = 23 (33.3%) and ventricular septal defects 17 (24.6%) were major cardiac diagnosis. Sixty-one (89.9%) of the admissions were successfully discharged from the hospital. Of the 187-total included SvO2 labs, 17 (9%) were <40%. The AUC of estimating SvO2 < 40% IDO2 was 0.87 [confidence interval (CI): 0.79-0.94]. Average IDO2 above 75 had the highest absolute risk (42.11, CI: 20.25-66.50) and highest RR (4.63, CI: 2.31-9.28, p-value < 0.0001) of SvO2 < 40%. Conclusion: IDO2 performed well in estimating low SvO2 (<40%) in pediatric patients presenting to a CICU in a low resource setting. Future work is needed to determine the effect of this risk analytic tool on clinical outcomes in such a setting.

Comparison Of Two Definitions (P-Rifle And Kdigo) For Prevalence Of Acute Kidney Injury And In Hospital Mortality In A Paediatric Intensive Care Unit Of Pakistan.

BACKGROUND: To compare the Paediatric RIFLE (p-RIFLE) and Kidney Disease Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) definitions of acute kidney injury (AKI) for frequency of (AKI) and in-hospital mortality in critically ill children. METHODS: Retrospective review of medical records of all patients (aged 1 month - 16 years) admitted in Paediatric Intensive Care Unit from January 2015-December 2016, with length of stay >48 hours, was done. Patients with chronic kidney disease were excluded. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves were used to evaluate the performance of the p-RIFLE and KDIGO criteria to predict the AKI related mortality. Logistic regression analysis was done to determine the association of different variables with mortality in AKI patient based on p-RIFLE, KDIGO. A p-value of <0.05 was considered significant. RESULTS: Out of total 823 patients admitted during the study period, 562 patients were included in the study. Median age was 2 years (Interquartile range 8 years). Acute kidney injury frequency according to p-RIFLE and KDIGO were 391 (70%), and 372 (66%) respectively. Overall, 106/823 (12.8%) children died during study period, 78 (19.9%) in AKI by p-RIFLE and 76 (20.4%) in AKI by KDIGO died. The area-under- curve for in-hospital mortality for p-RIFLE and KDIGO criteria were 0.525 (p=0.427), and 0.534 (p=0.276), respectively. CONCLUSIONS: P-RIFLE is more sensitive compared to KDIGO in diagnosing AKI in critically ill children; identifying a greater number of moderate staged AKI cases. Greater AKI severity is associated with higher mortality in critically ill children.