Pioderma gangrenoso ulcerativo por consumo de cocaína / Ulcerative pyoderma gangrenosum associated with cocaine use

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Antihypertensive activity of angiotensin II AT1 receptor antagonists: a systematic review of studies with 24 h ambulatory blood pressure monitoring.

OBJECTIVE: To perform a systematic review of the antihypertensive activity of the angiotensin II AT1 receptor antagonists (ARB). METHODS: Studies in which blood pressure (BP) was measured using ambulatory BP monitoring for at least 24 h were collected from MEDLINE. Data for each treatment group, ARB, placebo or the drug used for its comparison were obtained from the selected studies. Only studies with a minimum of quality criteria were selected. The final study group contained 36 publications, with a total of 47 patient cohorts receiving ARB in monotherapy, 10 with placebo, 10 with amlodipine, and five with enalapril. The reduction in clinical and ambulatory BP during 24 h, day, night and the last 4-h period for each of the drugs analysed were calculated and adjusted by age, sex, number of participants and by the initial BP level. RESULTS: The global antihypertensive activity of ARB differs from that observed with amlodipine in the sense that the magnitude of the reduction in the BP values does not essentially depend on the initial BP values nor on the dose used. When only ARB were considered, the drug used was a determinant for systolic BP reduction, whereas for diastolic BP the influence was on the BP reduction and the duration of the antihypertensive activity. The dose used had a particular influence on the duration of the antihypertensive activity for both systolic and diastolic BP. CONCLUSION: Among the ARB, the influence is on duration more than on the magnitude of BP reduction. Dose, therefore, is an important factor in the duration of antihypertensive activity.

[Factors related to the differences in blood pressure values assessed by auscultatory or oscillometric methods]. / Factores que influyen en la diferencia de medida de presión arterial entre el método auscultatorio y el oscilométrico.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Measurement of blood pressure by using the auscultatory method coupled with mercury sphygmomanometer is rapidly being replaced for monitor using the oscillometric one. Discrepancies between the two methods and the factors related to them were analyzed in a large subset of adults. MATERIAL AND METHOD: Blood pressure values were obtained sequentially in the same arm by using a mercury sphygmomanometer and a Spacelabs monitor devices. The relationship between both kinds of measurements was assessed by the Pearson's correlation coefficients and the concordance by using the Bland and Altman method. Differences between the two methods were calculated and the factors related to the differences were sought by multiple regression models. RESULTS: A total of 1,742 adult subjects were analyzed. Pearson's correlation coefficients were 0.927, 0.922, 0.886, 0.962 for SBP, DBP, MBP and PR, respectively. Oscillometric method overestimate and infraestimate SBP values in the two extreme of SBP values, the lowest SBP the highest the values and vice versa. A similar trend was observed for DBP although the differences were minor. Pulse wave amplitude explains the 24% of the variance observed for SBP and arm circumference the 8% for DBP. CONCLUSIONS: Blood pressure values measured by oscillometric methods are influenced for pulse wave amplitude and by the arm circumference. These need to be taken in account when blood pressure assessment is obtained by using this method.

Factores que influyen en la diferencia de medida de presión arterial entre el método auscultatorio y el oscilométrico / Factors related to the differences in blood pressure values assessed by auscultatory or oscillometric methods

Fundamento y objetivo: El método auscultatorio mediante esfigmomanómetro de mercurio está siendo sustituido por otros métodos de medida de presión arterial, de los que el más utilizado es el oscilométrico. Se analiza las posibles discrepancias de medida entre ambos métodos y los factores que influyen en ellas. Material y método: Se obtuvieron medidas de presión arterial (PA) mediante esfigmomanómetro de mercurio, con un monitor Spacelabs, en el mismo brazo y mediante un método secuencial. La relación entre ambas medidas se analizó mediante los coeficientes de correlación de Pearson y el método de Bland y Altman. Se calcularon las diferencias entre ambos métodos de medida. Se analizó los factores que influyen en las diferencias mediante regresión lineal múltiple. Resultados: Se incluyó a 1.742 sujetos adultos. El coeficiente de correlación intraclase entre los valores obtenidos por método auscultatorio y los del oscilométrico fue 0,927 para la PA sistólica (PAS), 0,922 para la PA diastólica (PAD), 0,886 para la presión de pulso (PP) y 0,962 para la frecuencia de pulso (FP). Con el método oscilométrico se sobrestimó los valores medios de PAS más bajos, tendencia que se invirtió para valores elevados de PAS. Aunque hubo una tendencia similar para la PAD, fue de menor magnitud. El factor que explicaba un 24% de la variancia de las diferencias de la PAS fue la PP obtenida por esfigmomanómetro, mientras que para las diferencias de la PAD fue el perímetro del brazo lo que explicaba el 8% de la variancia. Conclusiones: Al utilizar monitores oscilométricos, se debe considerar que los valores extremos de amplitud de pulso y perímetro del brazo pueden inducir discrepancias importantes en las medidas de PA

Background and objective: Measurement of blood pressure by using the auscultatory method coupled with mercury sphygmomanometer is rapidly being replaced for monitor using the oscillometric one. Discrepancies between the two methods and the factors related to them were analyzed in a large subset of adults. Material and method: Blood pressure values were obtained sequentially in the same arm by using a mercury sphygmomanometer and a Spacelabs monitor devices. The relationship between both kinds of measurements was assessed by the Pearson's correlation coefficients and the concordanceby using the Bland and Altman method. Differences between the two methods were calculated and the factors related to the differences were sought by multiple regression models. Results: A total of 1,742 adult subjects were analyzed. Pearson's correlation coefficients were 0.927, 0.922, 0.886, 0.962 for SBP, DBP, MBP and PR, respectively. Oscillometric method overestimate and infraestimate SBP values in the two extreme of SBP values, the lowest SBP the highest the values and viceversa. A similar trend was observed for DBP although the differences were minor. Pulse wave amplitud explains the 24% of the variance observed for SBP and arm circumference the 8% for DBP. Conclusions: Blood pressure values measured by oscillometric methods are influenced for pulse wave amplitud and by the arm circumference. These need to be taken in account when blood pressure assessment is obtained by using this method

[Factors related to the risk of thrombosis in patients with lupus and antiphospholipid antibodies]. / Factores relacionados con el riesgo de trombosis en pacientes con lupus y positividad para anticuerpos antifosfolipídicos.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) are frequently associated with eritematosus systemic lupus (SLE) and increases the risk of thrombosis. The aim of the study was to analize risk factors of thrombosis and its temporal profile in subjects with SLE. PATIENTS AND METHOD: One hundred and two SLE patients -mean age: 37.5 years (range: 8-85); 90 women; mean of follow-up: 72 months (range: 9-324); 41 (40.2%) with aPL positive- were included in the study. Actuarial Kaplan-Meier curves were used to assess the thrombosis risk and Cox proportional hazard model was used to evaluate factors associated with the risk. RESULTS: 13 thrombotic events occurred in the group with aPL positive (mean of follow up: 83.5 months) and 5 events in aPL negative group (mean of follow up: 72 months). The event-rates were 3.93 and 0.96/100 patients/year for each group, respectively. Survival curves showed a significantly higher risk of thrombotic events in the patients with positive aPL as compared to the aPL negative group, and the risk still present throughout the observational time. Activated partial thromboplastine time up to 37 s was significantly associated with thrombosis risk (p = 0.003). Furthermore, positivity of lupus anticoagulant and proteinuria > 2.5 g/day tended to increase thrombotic risk, although they did not achieve statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with SLE and aPL, risk of first thrombosis remains over the years, and a large activated partial thromboplastine time was the most important risk factor.

Factores relacionados con el riesgo de trombosis en pacientes con lupus y positividad para anticuerpos antifosfolipídicos / Factors related to the risk of thrombosis in patients with lupus and antiphospholipid antibodies

Fundamento y objetivo: Los anticuerpos antifosfolipídicos (AAF) aparecen con frecuencia asociados al lupus eritematoso sistémico (LES), con lo que aumenta el riesgo de trombosis. El objetivo del presente trabajo ha sido analizar el perfil temporal y los factores de riesgo de accidentes trombóticos en pacientes con LES. Pacientes y método: Se ha realizado un estudio retrospectivo en 102 pacientes con LES controlados en nuestra unidad ­edad media de 37,5 años (extremos, 8-85); 90 mujeres­, con una mediana de seguimiento de 72 meses (extremos, 9-324). Del total de la muestra, 41 (40,2%) presentaban AAF positivos. La probabilidad de presentar un accidente trombótico durante el seguimiento se calculó utilizando el método de Kaplan-Meier, y los factores asociados a este riesgo se determinaron según el método de riesgo proporcional de Cox. Resultados: Se registraron 13 accidentes trombóticos en el grupo de pacientes con AAF positivos (mediana de seguimiento, 83,5 meses) y 5 en el grupo con AAF negativos (mediana de seguimiento, 72 meses). La tasa de aparición de episodios fue de 3,93 y 0,96/100 pacientes/año, respectivamente. Las curvas de riesgo demostraron que los pacientes con LES y AAF tenían un elevado riesgo de trombosis desde el inicio y éste se mantenía a lo largo de los años. La presencia de un tiempo de tromboplastina parcial activada superior a 37 s fue el factor asociado significativamente al riesgo de accidentes trombóticos (test de rangos logarítmicos = 0,003), en estrecha relación con la positividad del anticoagulante lúpico. Los pacientes con proteinuria superior a 2,5 g/día y aquellos con anticoagulante lúpico también mostraron mayor tendencia a presentar trombosis. Conclusiones: En pacientes con LES y AAF positivos el riesgo de un primer episodio trombótico se mantiene sin cambios a lo largo de los años, y la determinación del tiempo de tromboplastina parcial activada fue el factor más determinante para el desarrollo de accidentes trombóticos

Background and objective: Antiphospholipid antibodies (aPL) are frequently associated with eritematosus systemic lupus (SLE) and increases the risk of thrombosis. The aim of the study was to analize risk factors of thrombosis and its temporal profile in subjects with SLE. Patients and method: One hundred and two SLE patients ­mean age: 37.5 years (range: 8-85); 90 women; mean of follow-up: 72 months (range: 9-324); 41 (40.2%) with aPL positive­ were included in the study. Actuarial Kaplan-Meier curves were used to assess the thrombosis risk and Cox proportional hazard model was used to evaluate factors associated with the risk. Results: 13 thrombotic events occurred in the group with aPL positive (mean of follow up: 83.5 months) and 5 events in aPL negative group (mean of follow up: 72 months). The event-rates were 3.93 and 0.96/100 patients/year for each group, respectively. Survival curves showed a significantly higher risk of thrombotic events in the patients with positive aPL as compared to the aPL negative group, and the risk still present throughout the observational time. Activated partial thromboplastine time up to 37 s was significantly associated with thrombosis risk (p = 0.003). Furthermore, positivity of lupus anticoagulant and proteinuria > 2,5 g/day tended to increase thrombotic risk, although they did not achieve statistical significance. Conclusions: In patients with SLE and aPL, risk of first thrombosis remains over the years, and a large activated partial thromboplastine time was the most important risk factor