Ligamentum teres reconstruction using autogenous semitendinosus tendon with toggle technique in rabbits.

Background: Ligamentum teres (LT) has traditionally been considered a vestigial or redundant structure in humans; however, based on new studies and the evolution of hip arthroscopy, the LT injury has been viewed as a source of hip pain. Therefore, LT reconstruction can be beneficial in some cases. Rabbits have been frequently used as a model for cranial cruciate ligament reconstruction but few studies are available for ligamentum teres reconstruction. Objective: To evaluate the semitendinosus tendon to replace ligamentum teres with the toggle technique, using rabbits as an experimental model. Methods: Twenty-six female Norfolk rabbits with approximately 3 months of age were divided into two equal groups after excision of ligamentum teres (LT) from the right hip joint: G1-no reconstruction of LT and capsulorrhaphy; G2-double-bundle reconstruction of the LT using semitendinosus tendon autograft. In both groups, the LT was removed from the right hip joint. In G2 the autograft was harvested from the left hind limb of the same rabbit. The rabbits were evaluated clinically at different time intervals; before surgery (M1), 48 h (M2), 15 days (M3), 30 days (M4) and 90 days (M5) after surgery. Results: The rabbits supported their limbs on the ground in both the groups. As complications of the procedure, four hip joints showed subluxations in the radiographic evaluation of G1; three at M4 and one at M5. In G2; two luxations of hip joints at M3 and one subluxation at M4 were seen. On ultrasound, irregular articular surface was seen in 30.8% of the rabbits that had subluxation of hip joints. Gross evaluation identified tendon graft integrity in 76.92% of the rabbits. Histological analysis revealed graft adhesion to the bone in the early phase comprised of sharpey-like collagen fibers. Conclusion: The double-bundle reconstruction of the LT using autologous semitendinosus tendon associated with the toggle rod shows an early phase of tendon graft ligamentization at 90 days post-operatively in young rabbits, but biomechanical bias suffered by the tendon during gait must be considered.

O papel da nutrição na doença articular degenerativa do esqueleto apendicular de gatos / The role nutrition in the degenerative joint disease of appendicular skeleton in cats / El papel de la nutrición en la enfermedad articular degenerativa del esqueleto apendicular de los gatos

Estudos relativos ao reconhecimento e importância da doença articular degenerativa em gatos requerem maior divulgação, em virtude das particularidades associadas à espécie. Sendo assim, a presente revisão teve por objetivo discorrer sobre os métodos diagnósticos da doença articular degenerativa/osteoartrite do esqueleto apendicular e enfatizar os aspectos nutricionais associados à afecção. Para o diagnóstico da afecção é necessário inicialmente efetuar anamnese completa e exame físico geral e ortopédico específico. Entretanto, os sinais clínicos da afecção podem ser sutis em gatos, incluindo alterações comportamentais ou mudanças do estilo de vida, tais como manter-se mais tempo deitado, relutância em subir ou saltar, entre outros. Baseada nos achados clínicos, a confirmação da lesão deverá ser efetuada com o uso de métodos de imagem. Dentre os vários aspectos da doença, o papel da nutrição precisa ser evidenciado. A nutrição pode contribuir para o desenvolvimento de doenças que levam à osteoartrite, de forma direta ou indireta, entre elas a obesidade, que além da sobrecarga nas estruturas articulares, contribui para o processo inflamatório. Em contrapartida, a nutrição pode auxiliar no mecanismo de controle ou mesmo prevenção, pela modificação do processo degenerativo ou resposta inflamatória, contudo seus efeitos benéficos ainda não estão elucidados. Portanto, estudos das diferentes particularidades do papel da nutrição no manejo da doença articular degenerativa/osteoartrite do esqueleto apendicular em gatos são necessários.(AU)

Studies related to recognition and importance of degenerative joint disease in cats must be better divulgation, due to some peculiarities related to the species. Therefore, the purpose of this article was to overview of diagnosis methods of degenerative joint disease/osteoarthritis of the appendicular skeleton, and to emphasize the nutritional aspects associated with the disease. For the diagnosis should be performed initially a complete medical history, and general physical examination followed by specific orthopedic examination. However, clinical signs of the disease can be subtle in cats, including behavioral changes, or lifestyle' changes such as spend more time lying down, and reluctance to climb or jump, among others. Based on clinical findings, the confirmation of the lesion requires the use of imaging techniques, but the poor correlation between radiographic severity and clinical signs should be considered. Among the several aspects of the disease, the role of nutrition must be highlighted. The nutrition can contribute to the development of diseases that lead to osteoarthritis in a direct or indirect manner. For example, the obesity that promotes overloading of the articular structures as well as contributes to inflammation. On the other hand, the nutrition can help in the control mechanism or even prevention of disease, by modification of degenerative process or inflammatory response. Among of the possible modifying agents for osteoarthritis are glucosamine, chondroitin and omega-3 fatty acids, but the beneficial effects are not fully understood. Therefore, multicenter trial or based on a large standard population are needed to validate the different aspects of the role of nutrition in the management of degenerative joint disease/osteoarthritis of the appendicular skeleton in cat.(AU)

Los estudios sobre el reconocimiento y la importancia de la enfermedad degenerativa de las articulaciones en los gatos requieren una mayor difusión debido a las particularidades asociadas con la especie. Por lo tanto, la presente revisión tuvo como objetivo discutir los métodos de diagnóstico de la enfermedad articular degenerativa / osteoartritis del esqueleto apendicular y enfatizar los aspectos nutricionales asociados con la afección. Para el diagnóstico de la afección, inicialmente es necesario realizar una anamnesis completa y un examen físico general y ortopédico específico. Sin embargo, los signos clínicos de la afección pueden ser sutiles en los gatos, incluidos cambios de comportamiento o cambios en el estilo de vida, como estar acostado por más tiempo, renuencia a trepar o saltar, entre otros. Según los hallazgos clínicos, la lesión debe confirmarse mediante métodos de imagen. Entre los diversos aspectos de la enfermedad, debe destacarse el papel de la nutrición. La nutrición puede contribuir al desarrollo de enfermedades que conducen a la osteoartritis, directa o indirectamente, incluida la obesidad, que además de sobrecargar las estructuras articulares, contribuye al proceso inflamatorio. Por otro lado, la nutrición puede ayudar en el mecanismo de control o incluso en la prevención, al modificar el proceso degenerativo o la respuesta inflamatoria, sin embargo, sus efectos beneficiosos aún no se han dilucidado. Por lo tanto, se necesitan estudios sobre las diferentes particularidades del papel de la nutrición en el tratamiento de la enfermedad articular degenerativa / osteoartritis esquelética apendicular en los gatos.(AU)

Symptomatic orthotopic ureterocele in a dog

Background: Ureteroceles are cystic dilatations of the terminal ureter and is a rare diagnosed condition in dogs. They can be classified as orthotopic when it is entirely within the bladder and the ureteral orifice emerges normally or ectopic if the ureteral orifice is not in the normal position in the trigone. Orthotopic are usually clinically silent. Ureterocele can contribute to lower urinary tract disease leading to infections and loss of the renal function. As long as this injury can arise slowly, it might be underdiagnosed in companion animals. This case aims to report a case of a bitch with diagnosed symptomatic orthotopic ureterocele efficacious surgical treatment. Case: A 5-month-old female mixed breed was referred to the veterinary hospital, with a major complaint of urinary incontinence since the birth date after the first attendance in a colleague who have suspected of ureterocele considering ultrasound report of a vesicle of 1.4 x 1.5 cm in lefts ureter bladders insertion topography with ipsilateral hydroureter and renal dilatation. Beside the urinary dysfunction, the animal presented good general status and normal vital signs. Complete blood count and biochemical analysis were within normal ranges. A new ultrasound exam and Computerized Urotomography with contrast gave the definitive diagnosis of left orthotopic ureterocele with twisted hydroureter (proximal 1.29 cm and distally 0.98 cm) and hydronephrosis (3.32 cm). The marsupialization was chosen scientifically based to correct the ureterocele and the patient presented good general condition since then with prompt improvement of clinical signs. The patient was submitted to serial image exams in six weeks following up to check the consequent urinary tract dilatation from the previous disease regression. After the last follow up animal received...(AU)

Symptomatic orthotopic ureterocele in a dog

Background: Ureteroceles are cystic dilatations of the terminal ureter and is a rare diagnosed condition in dogs. They can be classified as orthotopic when it is entirely within the bladder and the ureteral orifice emerges normally or ectopic if the ureteral orifice is not in the normal position in the trigone. Orthotopic are usually clinically silent. Ureterocele can contribute to lower urinary tract disease leading to infections and loss of the renal function. As long as this injury can arise slowly, it might be underdiagnosed in companion animals. This case aims to report a case of a bitch with diagnosed symptomatic orthotopic ureterocele efficacious surgical treatment. Case: A 5-month-old female mixed breed was referred to the veterinary hospital, with a major complaint of urinary incontinence since the birth date after the first attendance in a colleague who have suspected of ureterocele considering ultrasound report of a vesicle of 1.4 x 1.5 cm in lefts ureter bladder’s insertion topography with ipsilateral hydroureter and renal dilatation. Beside the urinary dysfunction, the animal presented good general status and normal vital signs. Complete blood count and biochemical analysis were within normal ranges. A new ultrasound exam and Computerized Urotomography with contrast gave the definitive diagnosis of left orthotopic ureterocele with twisted hydroureter (proximal 1.29 cm and distally 0.98 cm) and hydronephrosis (3.32 cm). The marsupialization was chosen scientifically based to correct the ureterocele and the patient presented good general condition since then with prompt improvement of clinical signs. The patient was submitted to serial image exams in six weeks following up to check the consequent urinary tract dilatation from the previous disease regression. After the last follow up animal received...

Incubação artificial de ovos provenientes de cágado-pescoço-de-cobra (Hydromedusa tectifera) de vida livre – relato de caso / Incubation of eggs from a wild snake-necked turtle (Hydromedusa tectifera) – case report / Incubación artificial de huevos de tortuga cuello de serpiente (Hydromedusa tectifera) de vida libre – relato de caso

A Hydromedusa tectifera é um cágado encontrado no Sudeste e no Sul do Brasil, estendendo-se a outros países como Uruguai, Paraguai, Argentina e Bolívia. Os quelônios de forma geral apresentam reprodução sazonal e a eclosão dos filhotes se dá em períodos ambientais favoráveis. Para a incubação artificial obter sucesso, é necessário ter cuidados especiais na coleta dos ovos nos ninhos e no posicionamento da incubadora, pois eles não possuem calaza e a formação da câmara de ar acontece algum tempo depois da postura. Essa espécie tem o hábito de desovar longe de recursos hídricos. Durante a procura do melhor local para a desova, é comum que os cágados sofram acidentes como atropelamentos em beira de estradas e capturas. Este relato tem como objetivo demonstrar como se deram a incubação e a eclosão de ovos provenientes da celiotomia de uma H. tectifera encontrada na beira de uma estrada após possível atropelamento.

Hydromedusa tectifera is a tortoise found in southern and southeastern Brazil, as well as in other countries such as Uruguay, Paraguay, Argentina and Bolivia. Chelonians generally have seasonal reproduction and hatching during environmentally favorable periods. Successful artificial incubation requires special care during the retrieval of eggs from the nests and their subsequent positioning in the incubator, since they do not have a chalaza and formation of the air chamber happens some time after laying. This species lays eggs far from water resources due to predation and it is not uncommon that tortoises be ran over by vehicles during their search for nesting places. This report describes the celiotomy, incubation and hatching of eggs from a H. tectifera found almost dead by a roadside after being probably hit by a vehicle.

La Hidromedusa tectifera es una tortuga que se distribuye por el sudeste y sur de Brasil, así como en otros países como Uruguay, Paraguay, Argentina y Bolivia. Los quelonios generalmente presentan reproducción estacional y la eclosión de las crías se da en períodos ambientales favorables. Para que la incubación artificial sea exitosa es necesario tener ciertos cuidados especiales durante la recolección de huevos en los nidos, así como su posición en la incubadora, ya que no poseen chalaza, y la formación de la cámara de aire se produce algún tiempo después de la postura. Esta especie tiene el hábito de desovar lejos de recursos hídricos. Durante la búsqueda por un mejor lugar para la desova, es frecuente que las tortugas sufran accidentes, como atropellamientos en las rutas, pudiendo ser también capturadas. Este relato tiene como objetivo demostrar como fue la incubación y eclosión de los huevos provenientes de una laparotomía de una H. tectifera que fue encontrada al costado de una ruta, después de probablemente haber sido atropellada.

Incubação artificial de ovos provenientes de cágado-pescoço-de-cobra (Hydromedusa tectifera) de vida livre relato de caso / Incubation of eggs from a wild snake-necked turtle (Hydromedusa tectifera) case report / Incubación artificial de huevos de tortuga cuello de serpiente (Hydromedusa tectifera) de vida libre relato de caso

A Hydromedusa tectifera é um cágado encontrado no Sudeste e no Sul do Brasil, estendendo-se a outros países como Uruguai, Paraguai, Argentina e Bolívia. Os quelônios de forma geral apresentam reprodução sazonal e a eclosão dos filhotes se dá em períodos ambientais favoráveis. Para a incubação artificial obter sucesso, é necessário ter cuidados especiais na coleta dos ovos nos ninhos e no posicionamento da incubadora, pois eles não possuem calaza e a formação da câmara de ar acontece algum tempo depois da postura. Essa espécie tem o hábito de desovar longe de recursos hídricos. Durante a procura do melhor local para a desova, é comum que os cágados sofram acidentes como atropelamentos em beira de estradas e capturas. Este relato tem como objetivo demonstrar como se deram a incubação e a eclosão de ovos provenientes da celiotomia de uma H. tectifera encontrada na beira de uma estrada após possível atropelamento.(AU)

Hydromedusa tectifera is a tortoise found in southern and southeastern Brazil, as well as in other countries such as Uruguay, Paraguay, Argentina and Bolivia. Chelonians generally have seasonal reproduction and hatching during environmentally favorable periods. Successful artificial incubation requires special care during the retrieval of eggs from the nests and their subsequent positioning in the incubator, since they do not have a chalaza and formation of the air chamber happens some time after laying. This species lays eggs far from water resources due to predation and it is not uncommon that tortoises be ran over by vehicles during their search for nesting places. This report describes the celiotomy, incubation and hatching of eggs from a H. tectifera found almost dead by a roadside after being probably hit by a vehicle.(AU)

La Hidromedusa tectifera es una tortuga que se distribuye por el sudeste y sur de Brasil, así como en otros países como Uruguay, Paraguay, Argentina y Bolivia. Los quelonios generalmente presentan reproducción estacional y la eclosión de las crías se da en períodos ambientales favorables. Para que la incubación artificial sea exitosa es necesario tener ciertos cuidados especiales durante la recolección de huevos en los nidos, así como su posición en la incubadora, ya que no poseen chalaza, y la formación de la cámara de aire se produce algún tiempo después de la postura. Esta especie tiene el hábito de desovar lejos de recursos hídricos. Durante la búsqueda por un mejor lugar para la desova, es frecuente que las tortugas sufran accidentes, como atropellamientos en las rutas, pudiendo ser también capturadas. Este relato tiene como objetivo demostrar como fue la incubación y eclosión de los huevos provenientes de una laparotomía de una H. tectifera que fue encontrada al costado de una ruta, después de probablemente haber sido atropellada.(AU)