Development of a multi-task learning V-Net for pulmonary lobar segmentation on CT and application to diseased lungs.

AIM: To develop a multi-task learning (MTL) V-Net for pulmonary lobar segmentation on computed tomography (CT) and application to diseased lungs. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The described methodology utilises tracheobronchial tree information to enhance segmentation accuracy through the algorithm's spatial familiarity to define lobar extent more accurately. The method undertakes parallel segmentation of lobes and auxiliary tissues simultaneously by employing MTL in conjunction with V-Net-attention, a popular convolutional neural network in the imaging realm. Its performance was validated by an external dataset of patients with four distinct lung conditions: severe lung cancer, COVID-19 pneumonitis, collapsed lungs, and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), even though the training data included none of these cases. RESULTS: The following Dice scores were achieved on a per-segment basis: normal lungs 0.97, COPD 0.94, lung cancer 0.94, COVID-19 pneumonitis 0.94, and collapsed lung 0.92, all at p<0.05. CONCLUSION: Despite severe abnormalities, the model provided good performance at segmenting lobes, demonstrating the benefit of tissue learning. The proposed model is poised for adoption in the clinical setting as a robust tool for radiologists and researchers to define the lobar distribution of lung diseases and aid in disease treatment planning.

Fully automated deep-learning section-based muscle segmentation from CT images for sarcopenia assessment.

AIM: To develop a fully automated deep-learning-based approach to measure muscle area for assessing sarcopenia on standard-of-care computed tomography (CT) of the abdomen without any case exclusion criteria, for opportunistic screening for frailty. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This ethically approved retrospective study used publicly available and institutional unselected abdominal CT images (n=1,070 training, n=31 testing). The method consisted of two sequential steps: section detection from CT volume followed by muscle segmentation on single-section. Both stages used fully convolutional neural networks (FCNN), based on a UNet-like architecture. Input data consisted of CT volumes with a variety of fields of view, section thicknesses, occlusions, artefacts, and anatomical variations. Output consisted of segmented muscle area on a CT section at the L3 vertebral level. The muscle was segmented into erector spinae, psoas, and rectus abdominus muscle groups. Output was tested against expert manual segmentation. RESULTS: Threefold cross-validation was used to evaluate the model. Section detection cross-validation error was 1.41 ± 5.02 (in sections). Segmentation cross-validation Dice overlaps were 0.97 ± 0.02, 0.95 ± 0.04, and 0.94 ± 0.04 for erector spinae, psoas, and rectus abdominus, respectively, and 0.96 ± 0.02 for the combined muscle area, with R2 = 0.95/0.98 for muscle attenuation/area in 28/31 hold-out test cases. No statistical difference was found between the automated output and a second annotator. Fully automated processing took <1 second per CT examination. CONCLUSIONS: A FCNN pipeline accurately and efficiently automates muscle segmentation at the L3 vertebral level from unselected abdominal CT volumes, with no manual processing step. This approach is promising as a generalisable tool for opportunistic screening for frailty on standard-of-care CT.

Introduction to the National Cancer Imaging Translational Accelerator (NCITA): a UK-wide infrastructure for multicentre clinical translation of cancer imaging biomarkers.

The National Cancer Imaging Translational Accelerator (NCITA) is creating a UK national coordinated infrastructure for accelerated translation of imaging biomarkers for clinical use. Through the development of standardised protocols, data integration tools and ongoing training programmes, NCITA provides a unique scalable infrastructure for imaging biomarker qualification using multicentre clinical studies.

Synthesis and evaluation of 3'-[18F]fluorothymidine-5'-squaryl as a bioisostere of 3'-[18F]fluorothymidine-5'-monophosphate.

The squaryl moiety has emerged as an important phosphate bioisostere with reportedly greater cell permeability. It has been used in the synthesis of several therapeutic drug molecules including nucleoside and nucleotide analogues but is yet to be evaluated in the context of positron emission tomography (PET) imaging. We have designed, synthesised and evaluated 3'-[18F]fluorothymidine-5'-squaryl ([18F]SqFLT) as a bioisostere to 3'-[18F]fluorothymidine-5'-monophosphate ([18F]FLTMP) for imaging thymidylate kinase (TMPK) activity. The overall radiochemical yield (RCY) was 6.7 ± 2.5% and radiochemical purity (RCP) was >90%. Biological evaluation in vitro showed low tracer uptake (<0.3% ID mg-1) but significantly discriminated between wildtype HCT116 and CRISPR/Cas9 generated TMPK knockdown HCT116shTMPK-. Evaluation of [18F]SqFLT in HCT116 and HCT116shTMPK- xenograft mouse models showed statistically significant differences in tumour uptake, but lacked an effective tissue retention mechanism, making the radiotracer in its current form unsuitable for PET imaging of proliferation.

Health and motivation as mediators of the effects of job demands, job control, job support, and role conflicts at work and home on sickness presenteeism and absenteeism.

PURPOSE: The first objective was to contribute to a better understanding of the contrasting and paradoxical results in studies of work environment factors and sickness presence and sickness absence. A second objective was to examine if, and under what conditions, employees choose to replace sickness absence with sickness presence, i.e., so-called substitution. METHODS: The study utilizes a large body of cross-sectional questionnaire data (n = 130,161) gathered in Sweden from 2002 to 2007 in connection with a comprehensive health promotion initiative. Health and motivation were analyzed as mediators of the effects of five job factors, job control, job support, job demand, role conflict and "work to family conflict" on sickness presence and absence. RESULTS: The results concerning job demands indicate substitution in that increased job demands are associated with increased presenteeism and reduced absenteeism. The direct effect of higher job support was increased absenteeism, but via the health and motivation paths, the total effect of more social support was health-promoting and associated with a reduction in sickness absence and sickness presence. High job control emerged as the most pronounced health-promoting factor, reducing sickness presenteeism as well as absenteeism. More role conflicts and work-to-family conflicts were directly and indirectly associated with decreased health and increased absenteeism as well as presenteeism. earlier research. CONCLUSION: The mediation analyzes shed light on some of the paradoxes in research on sickness presenteeism and sickness absenteeism, especially regarding job demands and job support. The substitution effect is important for workplace policy and occupational health practice.

Radio- and nano-chemistry of aqueous Ga(iii) ions anchored onto graphene oxide-modified complexes.

The gallium-68 radiolabelling of new functional graphene oxide composites is reported herein along with kinetic stability investigations of the radio-nanohybrids under different environments and insights into their surface characteristics by SEM and XPS. The present work highlights the potential of graphene oxides as nanocarriers for small molecules such as bis(thiosemicarbazonato) complexes to act as multifunctional platforms for rapid and effective radioimaging agent incorporation.

Concurrent occurrence of a wandering spleen, organoaxial gastric volvulus, pancreatic volvulus, and cholestasis - A rare cause of an acute abdomen.

The concurrence of wandering spleen, organoaxial gastric volvulus, and pancreatic volvulus is very rare. They have been associated with symptoms such as severe abdominal pain, abdominal distention, and vomiting. However, the diagnosis remains complicated and any delay can result in ischemia and necrosis of the organs involved. In this case presentation, we present a unique case involving a 14-year-old girl who presented initially with acute abdominal pain. Assessment with enhanced computed tomography scan led to the diagnosis of wandering spleen, organoaxial gastric volvulus, and pancreatic volvulus, in addition to cholestasis, making it the first study to report on the simultaneous occurrence of this triad and cholestasis.

Machine learning in whole-body MRI: experiences and challenges from an applied study using multicentre data.

Machine learning is now being increasingly employed in radiology to assist with tasks such as automatic lesion detection, segmentation, and characterisation. We are currently involved in an National Institute of Health Research (NIHR)-funded project, which aims to develop machine learning methods to improve the diagnostic performance and reduce the radiology reading time of whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans, in patients being staged for cancer (MALIBO study). We describe here the main challenges we have encountered during the course of this project. Data quality and uniformity are the two most important data traits to be considered in clinical trials incorporating machine learning. Robust data pre-processing and machine learning pipelines have been employed in MALIBO, a task facilitated by the now freely available machine learning libraries and toolboxes. Another important consideration for achieving the desired clinical outcome in MALIBO, was to effectively host the resulting machine learning output, along with the clinical images, for reading in a clinical environment. Finally, a range of legal, ethical, and clinical acceptance issues should be considered when attempting to incorporate computer-assisting tools into clinical practice. The road from translating computational methods into potentially useful clinical tools involves an analytical, stepwise adaptation approach, as well as engagement of a multidisciplinary team.

Bilateral emphysematous pyelonephritis cured by antibiotics alone in a black African woman.

A 78-year-old black woman with a 10-year history of diabetes mellitus was admitted to the intensive care unit. Upon admission, she presented with chills, nausea, and left flank pain. The presence of hyperglycemia (fasting blood glucose, 19.7 mmol/L) and an altered consciousness required immediate treatment with insulin analog. Laboratory investigations and enhanced computed tomography scan led to the diagnosis of bilateral emphysematous pyelonephritis (EPN). The patient responded well to conservative treatment with antibiotics, and was finally discharged after 22 days when the computed tomography scan showed resolution of all the pockets of air. This case and associated literature review of 25 previously reported cases of bilateral EPN show the changing trend of EPN management from emergency nephrectomy toward conservative treatment with potent antibiotics and/or percutaneous drainage, and has been associated with higher survival rates compared to emergency nephrectomy.

Histogram analysis of apparent diffusion coefficient from whole-body diffusion-weighted MRI to predict early response to chemotherapy in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer: preliminary results.

AIM: To evaluate apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) histogram analysis parameters, acquired from whole-body diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (DW-MRI), as very early predictors of response to chemotherapy in patients with metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a single-institution prospective study, approved by the West Midlands-South Birmingham research ethics committee. All patients gave fully informed consent prior to imaging. Sixteen patients with histologically confirmed mCRC were enrolled to the study and 11 were successfully scanned with whole-body DW-MRI before (baseline) and 10.8±2.7 days after commencing chemotherapy (follow-up). Therapy response was assessed by RECIST 1.1. Mean ADC and histogram parameters (skewness, kurtosis, 25th, 50th, and 75th percentiles) were compared between progressors and non-progressors at baseline and follow-up. Receiver operating characteristics (ROC) analysis was performed for the statistically significant parameters. Data from metastases were also compared to normative tissue data acquired from healthy volunteers. RESULTS: Three patients had progressive disease (progressors) and eight had partial response/stable disease (non-progressors). Mean, 25th, 50th, and 75th percentiles were significantly lower for progressors at baseline (p=0.012, 0.012, 0.012 and 0.025 respectively) with areas under the ROC curves (AUC)=0.58, 0.50, 0.58 and 0.63, respectively. Skewness and kurtosis were significantly lower for non-progressors at follow-up (p=0.001 and 0.003 respectively) with AUC=0.67 and 0.79 respectively. CONCLUSION: ADC histogram analysis shows potential in discriminating progressive from non-progressive disease in patients with mCRC, who underwent whole-body DW-MRI. The technique can potentially be tested as a response assessment methodology in larger trials.

Towards an MMP-2-activated molecular agent for cancer imaging.

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) have been identified as biomarkers for cancer, offering prognostic potential; however, non-invasive detection protocols are currently lacking. Herein, we describe the synthesis of a DOTA-containing peptide sequence that can be radiolabelled easily with 68Gallium or can be incorporated with gadolinium for possible MRI applications with clear selectivity for MMP-2 over other members of the MMP family, giving MMP-2 selective cleavage of the labelled peptides.

Repeatability of quantitative 18F-FLT uptake measurements in solid tumors: an individual patient data multi-center meta-analysis.

INTRODUCTION: 3'-deoxy-3'-[18F]fluorothymidine (18F-FLT) positron emission tomography (PET) provides a non-invasive method to assess cellular proliferation and response to antitumor therapy. Quantitative 18F-FLT uptake metrics are being used for evaluation of proliferative response in investigational setting, however multi-center repeatability needs to be established. The aim of this study was to determine the repeatability of 18F-FLT tumor uptake metrics by re-analyzing individual patient data from previously published reports using the same tumor segmentation method and repeatability metrics across cohorts. METHODS: A systematic search in PubMed, EMBASE.com and the Cochrane Library from inception-October 2016 yielded five 18F-FLT repeatability cohorts in solid tumors. 18F-FLT avid lesions were delineated using a 50% isocontour adapted for local background on test and retest scans. SUVmax, SUVmean, SUVpeak, proliferative volume and total lesion uptake (TLU) were calculated. Repeatability was assessed using the repeatability coefficient (RC = 1.96 × SD of test-retest differences), linear regression analysis, and the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC). The impact of different lesion selection criteria was also evaluated. RESULTS: Images from four cohorts containing 30 patients with 52 lesions were obtained and analyzed (ten in breast cancer, nine in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, and 33 in non-small cell lung cancer patients). A good correlation was found between test-retest data for all 18F-FLT uptake metrics (R2 ≥ 0.93; ICC ≥ 0.96). Best repeatability was found for SUVpeak (RC: 23.1%), without significant differences in RC between different SUV metrics. Repeatability of proliferative volume (RC: 36.0%) and TLU (RC: 36.4%) was worse than SUV. Lesion selection methods based on SUVmax ≥ 4.0 improved the repeatability of volumetric metrics (RC: 26-28%), but did not affect the repeatability of SUV metrics. CONCLUSIONS: In multi-center studies, differences ≥ 25% in 18F-FLT SUV metrics likely represent a true change in tumor uptake. Larger differences are required for FLT metrics comprising volume estimates when no lesion selection criteria are applied.

Evaluation of 18F-fluorothymidine positron emission tomography ([18F]FLT-PET/CT) methodology in assessing early response to chemotherapy in patients with gastro-oesophageal cancer.

BACKGROUND: 3'-Deoxy-3'-[18F]fluorothymidine ([18F]FLT) PET has limited utility in abdominal imaging due to high physiological hepatic uptake of a tracer. We evaluated [18F]FLT-PET/CT combined with a temporal-intensity information-based voxel-clustering approach termed kinetic spatial filtering (KSF) to improve tumour visualisation in patients with locally advanced and metastatic gastro-oesophageal cancer and as a marker of early response to chemotherapy. Dynamic [18F]FLT-PET/CT data were collected before and 3 weeks post first cycle of chemotherapy. Changes in tumour [18F]FLT-PET/CT variables were determined. Response was determined on contrast-enhanced CT after three cycles of therapy using RECIST 1.1. RESULTS: Ten patients were included. Following application of the KSF, visual distinction of all oesophageal and/or gastric tumours was observed in [18F]FLT-PET images. Among the nine patients available for response evaluation (RECIST 1.1), three patients had responded (partial response) and six patients were non-responders (stable disease). There was a significant association between Ki-67 and all baseline [18F]FLT-PET parameters. Area under the curve (AUC) from 0 to 1 min was associated with treatment response. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study indicate that application of the KSF allowed accurate visualisation of both primary and metastatic lesions following imaging with the proliferation marker, [18F]FLT-PET/CT. However, [18F]FLT-PET uptake parameters did not correlate with response. Instead, we observe significant changes in tracer delivery following chemotherapy suggesting that further [18F]FLT-PET/CT studies in this tumour type should be undertaken with caution.

AKT activation controls cell survival in response to HDAC6 inhibition.

HDAC6 is emerging as an important therapeutic target for cancer. We investigated mechanisms responsible for survival of tumor cells treated with a HDAC6 inhibitor. Expression of the 20 000 genes examined did not change following HDAC6 treatment in vivo. We found that HDAC6 inhibition led to an increase of AKT activation (P-AKT) in vitro, and genetic knockdown of HDAC6 phenocopied drug-induced AKT activation. The activation of AKT was not observed in PTEN null cells; otherwise, PTEN/PIK3CA expression per se did not predict HDAC6 inhibitor sensitivity. Interestingly, HDAC6 inhibitor treatment led to inactivating phosphorylation of PTEN (P-PTEN Ser380), which likely led to the increased P-AKT in cells that express PTEN. Synergy was observed with phosphatidylinositol 3'-kinases (PI3K) inhibitor treatment in vitro, accompanied by increased caspase 3/7 activity. Furthermore, combination of HDAC6 inhibitor with a PI3K inhibitor caused substantial tumor growth inhibition in vivo compared with either treatment alone, also detectable by Ki-67 immunostaining and (18)F-FLT positron emission tomography (PET). In aggregate AKT activation appears to be a key survival mechanism for HDAC6 inhibitor treatment. Our findings indicate that dual inhibition of HDAC6 and P-AKT may be necessary to substantially inhibit growth of solid tumors.

Significant metal enhanced fluorescence of Ag2S quantum dots in the second near-infrared window.

The amplification of light in NIR-II from Ag2S QDs via metal enhanced fluorescence (MEF) is reported for the first time. Significant fluorescence enhancement of over 100 times for Ag2S QDs deposited on Au-nanostructured arrays, paves the way for novel sensing and imaging applications based on Ag2S QDs, with improved detection sensitivity and contrast enhancement.

Validity and test-retest reliability of an at-work production loss instrument.

BACKGROUND: Besides causing ill health, a poor work environment may contribute to production loss. Production loss assessment instruments emphasize health-related consequences but there is no instrument to measure reduced work performance related to the work environment. AIMS: To examine convergent validity and test-retest reliability of health-related production loss (HRPL) and work environment-related production loss (WRPL) against a valid comparable instrument, the Health and Work Performance Questionnaire (HPQ). METHODS: Cross-sectional study of employees, not on sick leave, who were asked to self-rate their work performance and production losses. Using the Pearson correlation and Bland and Altman's Test of Agreement, convergent validity was examined. Subgroup analyses were performed for employees recording problem-specific reduced work performance. Consistency of pairs of HRPL and WRPL for samples responding to both assessments was expressed using Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) and tests of repeatability. RESULTS: A total of 88 employees participated and 44 responded to both assessments. Test of agreement between measurements estimates a mean difference of 0.34 for HRPL and -0.03 for WRPL compared with work performance. This indicates that the production loss questions are valid and moderately associated with work performance for the total sample and subgroups. ICC for paired HRPL assessments was 0.90 and 0.91 for WRPL, i.e. the test-retest reliability was good and suggests stability in the instrument. CONCLUSIONS: HRPL and WRPL can be used to measure production loss due to health-related and work environment-related problems. These results may have implications for advancing methods of assessing production loss, which represents an important cost to employers.

Design, synthesis and initial characterisation of a radiolabelled [(18)F]pyrimidoindolone probe for detecting activated caspase-3/7.

Evasion of apoptosis is one of the six initially proposed hallmarks of cancer, and as such, a method to detect apoptosis in a tumour would be of considerable interest in both clinical trials of new cancer therapeutics, as well as for routine patient management. Activation of caspase-3/7 is a key biomarker of cellular apoptosis. Herein we describe the design, synthesis and initial characterisation of the first pyrimidoindolone compound for detection of caspase-3/7 activation using positron emission tomography.

Mn-salen catalysed benzylic C-H activation for the synthesis of aryl [(18)F]CF3-containing PET probes.

The development of a Mn-salen complex catalysed oxidative benzylic fluorination of non-activated C-H bonds using [(18)F]fluoride is described for installation of [(18)F]CHRF, [(18)F]CR2F and particularly [(18)F]CF3 containing groups in the presence of other functional groups.

Epigenetic changes in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours.

An understanding of epigenetic drivers of tumorigenesis has developed rapidly during the last years. The identification of these changes including DNA methylation and histone modifications in gastroenteropancreatic neuroendocrine tumours (GEP-NETs) is a step forward in trying to define underlying biologic processes in this heterogeneous disease. The reversible nature of these changes represents a potential therapeutic target. We present an overview of the current knowledge of epigenetic alterations related to GEP-NETs, focusing on the influence and impact these changes have on pathogenesis and prognosis. The potential role of demethylating agents in the management of this patient population is discussed.

The anticancer gene ORCTL3 targets stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 for tumour-specific apoptosis.

ORCTL3 is a member of a group of genes, the so-called anticancer genes, that cause tumour-specific cell death. We show that this activity is triggered in isogenic renal cells upon their transformation independently of the cells' proliferation status. For its cell death effect ORCTL3 targets the enzyme stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (SCD1) in fatty acid metabolism. This is caused by transmembrane domains 3 and 4, which are more efficacious in vitro than a low molecular weight drug against SCD1, and critically depend on their expression level. SCD1 is found upregulated upon renal cell transformation indicating that its activity, while not impacting proliferation, represents a critical bottleneck for tumourigenesis. An adenovirus expressing ORCTL3 leads to growth inhibition of renal tumours in vivo and to substantial destruction of patients' kidney tumour cells ex vivo. Our results indicate fatty acid metabolism as a target for tumour-specific apoptosis in renal tumours and suggest ORCTL3 as a means to accomplish this.