ABSTRACT
We are showing that chlorothiazide, a diuretic, is an ABCG2 substrate. It is a Biopharmaceutics Classification System/Biopharmaceutics Drug Distribution and Classification System (BCS/BDDCS) Class IV drug with low bioavailability. Therefore, we tested if chlorothiazide interacts with major apically located intestinal efflux transporters. Our data show that chlorothiazide is transported by ABCG2 with a Km value of 334.6 µM and does not interact with ABCB1 or ABCC2. The chlorothiazide-ABCG2 interaction results in a vectorial transport in MDCKII-BCRP and Caco-2 cells with efflux ratios of 36 and 8.1 respectively. Inhibition of ABCG2 in Caco-2 cells reduced the efflux ratio to 1.4, suggesting that ABCG2 plays a role in limiting chlorothiazide bioavailability in humans.
Subject(s)
ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/metabolism , Cell Membrane Permeability , Chlorothiazide/metabolism , Diuretics/metabolism , Enterocytes/metabolism , Neoplasm Proteins/metabolism , Sodium Chloride Symporter Inhibitors/metabolism , ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B , ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/genetics , ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B, Member 1/metabolism , ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily G, Member 2 , ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/antagonists & inhibitors , ATP-Binding Cassette Transporters/genetics , Adenosine Triphosphate/antagonists & inhibitors , Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism , Animals , Biological Transport/drug effects , Caco-2 Cells , Cell Membrane Permeability/drug effects , Dogs , Enterocytes/drug effects , Estrone/analogs & derivatives , Estrone/metabolism , Humans , Intestinal Absorption/drug effects , Kinetics , Madin Darby Canine Kidney Cells , Membrane Transport Modulators/pharmacology , Multidrug Resistance-Associated Protein 2 , Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins/genetics , Multidrug Resistance-Associated Proteins/metabolism , Neoplasm Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors , Neoplasm Proteins/genetics , Recombinant Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors , Recombinant Proteins/metabolism , Transport Vesicles/drug effects , Transport Vesicles/metabolismABSTRACT
This study provides evidence that quinidine can be used as a probe substrate for ABCB1 in multiple experimental systems both in vitro and in vivo relevant to the blood-brain barrier (BBB). The combination of quinidine and PSC-833 (valspodar) is an effective tool to assess investigational drugs for interactions on ABCB1. Effects of quinidine and substrate-inhibitor interactions were tested in a membrane assay and in monolayer assays. The authors compared quinidine and digoxin as ABCB1 probes in the in vitro assays and found that quinidine was more potent and at least as specific as digoxin in ATPase and monolayer efflux assays employing MDCKII-MDR1 and the rat brain microcapillary endothelial cell system. Brain exposure to quinidine was tested in dual-/triple-probe microdialysis experiments in rats by assessing levels of quinidine in blood and brain. Comparing quinidine levels in dialysate samples from valspodar-treated and control animals, it is evident that systemic/local administration of the inhibitor diminishes the pumping function of ABCB1 at the BBB, resulting in an increased brain penetration of quinidine. In sum, quinidine is a good probe to study ABCB1 function at the BBB. Moreover, quinidine/PSC-833 is an ABCB1-specific substrate/inhibitor combination applicable to many assay systems both in vitro and in vivo.
Subject(s)
ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B/metabolism , Blood-Brain Barrier/drug effects , Brain/drug effects , Drug Evaluation, Preclinical/methods , Endothelial Cells/drug effects , Endothelium, Vascular/drug effects , High-Throughput Screening Assays , ATP Binding Cassette Transporter, Subfamily B/antagonists & inhibitors , Animals , Biological Products/analysis , Blood-Brain Barrier/metabolism , Brain/cytology , Brain/metabolism , Cell Line , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Coculture Techniques , Cyclosporins/pharmacology , Digoxin/pharmacology , Dogs , Drug Combinations , Drug Interactions , Endothelial Cells/cytology , Endothelial Cells/metabolism , Endothelium, Vascular/cytology , Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism , Enzyme Inhibitors/pharmacology , Immunosuppressive Agents/pharmacology , Male , Microdialysis , Quinidine/pharmacology , Rats , Rats, WistarABSTRACT
Five winter wheat cultivars--GK Othalom (HMW-GS composition 2*, 7+8, 5+10), Ukrainka (1, 7+8, 5+10), Palotás (2*, 7+9, 5+10), Ködmön (2*, 7+8, 5+10), and Csongrád (2*, 7+9, 2+12)--grown in Hungary and harvested in the year 2005 were studied. The biosynthesis of gluten-forming polypeptides was followed starting at the 12th day after anthesis to the 53rd. Fresh kernel weight, moisture, and dry matter content of fresh kernels and gliadin and glutenin contents were determined. Gliadin components, total amounts of HMW and LMW polypeptides, and individual HMW polypeptides were determined using a RP-HPLC technique. Although considerable quantitative differences were observed concerning the content of total protein, gliadin, glutenin, and individual gluten-forming polypeptides, the character of accumulation of protein components--determined on the basis protein mass/kernel--was the same for the all of the cultivars studied and could be presented by a sigmoid curve. Small quantities of the gliadin and glutenin monomers may be detected in early stages of kernel development, but the bulk of these proteins is synthesized in later stages of development. It is generally suggested by specialists that the formation and accumulation of glutenin polymers starts later than the synthesis of monomers. Experimental data presented in this paper confirm this suggestion and show that in the first phase of protein synthesis the monomers are in "free" form; polymeric glutenin is detected only later. HMW glutenin subunits are synthesized synchronously, and quantitatively the polypeptides coded by chromosomes D and B dominate.