Role of Lifestyle in Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: A Narrative Review.

INTRODUCTION: The presence of a positional compression of the neurovascular bundle in the outlet between the thorax and the upper limb during arm movements (mainly abduction) is common but remains asymptomatic in most adults. Nevertheless, a certain number of subjects with thoracic outlet positional compression will develop incapacitating symptoms or clinical complications as a result of this condition. Symptomatic forms of positional neurovascular bundle compression are referred to as "thoracic outlet syndrome" (TOS). MATERIALS AND METHODS: This paper aims to review the literature and discuss the interactions between aspects of patients' lifestyles in TOS. The manuscript will be organized to report (1) the historical importance of lifestyle evolution on TOS; (2) the evaluation of lifestyle in the clinical routine of TOS-suspected patients, with a description of both the methods for lifestyle evaluation in the clinical routine and the role of lifestyle in the occurrence and characteristics of TOS; and (3) the influence of lifestyle on the treatment options of TOS, with a description of both the treatment of TOS through lifestyle changes and the influence of lifestyle on the invasive treatment options of TOS. RESULTS: We report that in patients with TOS, lifestyle (1) is closely related to anatomical changes with human evolution; (2) is poorly evaluated by questionnaires and is one of the factors that may induce symptoms; (3) influences the sex ratio in symptomatic athletes and likely explains why so many people with positional compression remain asymptomatic; and (4) can sometimes be modified to improve symptoms and potentially alter the range of interventional treatment options available. CONCLUSIONS: Detailed descriptions of the lifestyles of patients with suspected TOS should be carefully analysed and reported.

Long-Term Functional Outcomes After Surgery of Functional Popliteal Artery Entrapment Syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Functional popliteal artery entrapment syndrome (fPAES) is a subtype of PAES without anatomic abnormalities entrapment of the popliteal artery. One of the management of symptomatic fPAES is surgical exploration of the popliteal region with popliteal artery release with lysis of fibrous bands. There is a lack of data regarding the long-term functional results of this surgery, most of the studies focusing on vascular patency in anatomical PAES. The aim of this study was to assess the efficacy of surgery in functional PAES, focusing on long-term physical activity return after surgery with the Tegner activity scale. METHODS: All patients who underwent surgery for fPAES from January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2020, were searched. After ethical approval, all patients were called to evaluate physical activity since surgery. The Tegner activity scale is a numerical scale with each value (0 to 10) representing specific activity. The aim was to evaluate everyday activity limitations and participation restriction after surgery. The results for each patient were recorded: "before symptoms," "before surgery," and "after surgery." RESULTS: Over the study period, 33 patients were included with 61 symptomatic legs. The mean time between surgery and phone call was 38.6 ± 21.9 months. The median score of the Tegner activity scale "before symptoms" was 7 (4-7), the median score "before surgery" was 3 (2-3), and the median score at the time of the phone call "after surgery" was 5 (3-7). P value was <0.0001 by comparing results "before surgery" and "after surgery." CONCLUSIONS: Results demonstrated that the sport activity and intensity level is significantly higher after surgery even if patients did not reach their initial sport activity level.

Ten-year Experience of Surgical Management of Paget-Schroetter Syndrome.

BACKGROUND: Paget-Schroetter syndrome (PSS) or effort-induced thrombosis is an acute (<14 days) venous thrombosis of the axillosubclavian vein. Early catheter-directed thrombolysis (CDT) is required to improve patency rate and avoid postthrombotic syndrome. This study aimed to report the management of PSS in our center across 10 years and compare it to the established guidelines. METHODS: Some of the selected patients were treated with CDT if the diagnosis of acute vein thrombosis was established 6 weeks after the appearance of the first symptoms and if a vascular surgeon was involved in the care and management of the patient. Patients underwent first rib removal 6 weeks after the CDT. Some patients with primary upper limb venous thrombosis were not immediately referred to a vascular surgeon after the initial diagnosis. They were instead discharged home with the prescription of oral anticoagulation therapy (OAT) alone for at least 3 months. RESULTS: Between 2010 and 2020, 426 first rib removal procedures were performed for 338 patients with thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) at our center. Among them, 18 (4.2%) patients with PSS were identified. 5 (27.8%) patients underwent CDT. The median duration between first symptoms and thrombolysis was 10 days (range, 1-32). Thirteen (72.2%) patients were discharged home with OAT alone and referred to a vascular surgeon with a median time of 365 days (range, 8-6,422) for TOS diagnosis. Postthrombotic syndrome was noticed in 5 (38%) patients in the OAT group and 1 (20%) patient in the CDT group. CONCLUSIONS: Despite the guidelines being in favor of early CDT in PSS, most patients are discharged home with OAT alone. The study findings demonstrate that better information about this specific complication must be provided to the concerned practitioners who are likely to encounter such patients.

Popliteal Entrapment Syndrome: Diagnostic, Surgical Management, and Short-Term Results of a Ten-Year Experience.

BACKGROUND: Popliteal artery entrapment syndrome (PAES) is a rare cause of lower limb claudication in young sportsperson without cardiovascular risk factor. We reported our diagnostic approach, surgical management, and short-term outcomes of this syndrome, over a 10-year period. METHODS: Sportsperson with intermittent claudication systematically received color duplex ultrasonography with dynamic maneuvers in the sport medicine department. In case of PAES suspicion, diagnosis was confirmed by dynamic computed tomography or dynamic magnetic resonance angiography. Each patient was then evaluated by a vascular surgeon and surgery was performed. We retrospectively screened patients who underwent PAES surgery between 2010 and 2020 in the Department of Surgery in Angers University Hospital. RESULTS: Between January 2010 and December 2020, 38 patients with 67 symptomatic legs underwent surgery for PAES. Twenty three (60.5%) were men. The mean age at the time of surgery was 24.7 +/- 9 years. Clinical presentation was bilateral in 30 patients (81.1%). Duplex ultrasound demonstrated severe stenosis or occlusion in 45 legs (77%). When performed, CT-scan demonstrated popliteal artery compression in all cases (100%). As per Whelan and Rich classification, 36 patients (94.7%) had type 6 PAES. There was no mortality or severe complication after surgery. Morbidity included 4 postoperative hematoma (6%) and 8 prolonged healing (13%). The mean time of follow-up was 2.3 months +/- 1.2 months. After surgery, D-scan showed no signs of remaining popliteal artery compression in 92.5% of the case. Twelve patients (33.3%) were able to resume sport, 18 (50%) partially, and 6 (16.6%) did not resume sport yet. CONCLUSIONS: We report a cohort of 38 patients who underwent surgery for PAES. Among them, 36 (94.7%) were functional PAES. Morbidity included 13% of prolonged healing. Two months follow-up demonstrated good results at dynamic D-scan without signs of remaining popliteal artery compression in 92.5% of the cases. These short-term results showed that one-third of patients were able to resume sport activity at an initial level.

Exercise Oximetry Correlates Better With Exercise-Induced Lactate Increase, than Ankle Brachial Index or Walking Time, in Vascular Claudicants.

In claudication, the correlation between walking-induced biomarkers and indices of clinical severity (e.g., walking distance or ankle brachial index (ABI)), is fair. We hypothesized that a correlation would be observed between the clinical estimation of ischemia severity with exercise transcutaneous oximetry (Ex-TcpO2) and lactate increase. A prospective study was performed among 377 patients with arterial claudication. We recorded age, sex, ABI, body mass index (BMI), systolic arterial blood pressure (SBP), and glycemia. Capillary blood lactate was measured at rest and 3 min after a constant load treadmill test. We recorded maximum walking time (MWT), heart rate (HRmax), the sum of minimal decrease from oxygen values for buttocks, thighs and calves Ex-TcpO2 (DROPmin), as well as the amplitude of chest-TcpO2 decrease. A multilinear regression model was used to assess the variables associated with lactate increase. BMI, SBP, HRmax, the amplitude of decrease in chest-TcpO2 and DROPmin, but not age, sex, ABI, MWT, diabetes mellitus nor glycemia, were significantly associated to lactate increase in the model. Because it accounts for the severity and diffusion of lower-limb exercise-induced ischemia and detects exercise induced hypoxemia, TcpO2 may be preferable to ABI or MWT to estimate the metabolic consequences of walking in claudicants.

Effects of a microprocessor-controlled ankle-foot unit on energy expenditure, quality of life, and postural stability in persons with transtibial amputation: An unblinded, randomized, controlled, cross-over study.

BACKGROUND: Microprocessor-controlled prostheses are designed to improve mobility and quality of life through better balance and energy restoration in persons with transtibial amputation. Quasi-active microprocessor-controlled ankles (MPA) adapt to variable terrain by ankle angle adjustment. OBJECTIVES: To compare energy expenditure, balance, quality of life, and satisfaction of Proprio-foot® (a quasi-active MPA model) with standard prescribed ankle prosthesis (prescribed ankle-foot units [PA]) (standard energy storage and return prosthesis). STUDY DESIGN: Multicenter, unblinded, randomized, controlled, cross-over study. METHODS: Energy expenditure (primary outcome) was assessed by oxygen uptake (VO2) measured at the maximum level reached with the 2 prostheses during treadmill walking at progressively increasing incline and speed. Balance was assessed by stabilometry in different static positions. Quality of life and satisfaction were assessed by "Short Form 36" questionnaire (0-100) and by Evaluation de la Satisfaction envers une Aide Technique (0-5) questionnaires after wearing each of the 2 prostheses for 34 days. RESULTS: Forty-five patients tested the 2 prostheses. No statistical difference in VO2 was observed. Significant improvement of balance was observed both during standing on an incline or decline with MPA and PA (p < 0.01). Short Form 36 questionnaire physical scores and Short Form 36 questionnaire mental scores were 68.5 ± 19.5 vs. 62.1 ± 19.6 (p < 0.01) and 72.0 ± 20.8 vs. 66.2 ± 20.9 (p < 0.01) in MPA and PA, respectively. Evaluation de la Satisfaction envers une Aide Technique score on the device was not statistically significant between the 2 groups (MPA 4.4 ± 0.5 vs. PA 4.3 ± 0.5, p = 0.360). CONCLUSION: Proprio-foot® improved balance, quality of life, and patient satisfaction despite no reduction or increase in energy expenditure in comparison with standard energy storage and return prosthesis.

Upper arm versus forearm transcutaneous oximetry during upper limb abduction in patients with suspected thoracic outlet syndrome.

Context: Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is common among athletes and should be considered as being of arterial origin only if patients have "clinical symptoms due to documented symptomatic ischemia." We previously reported that upper limb ischemia can be documented with DROPm (minimal value of limb changes minus chest changes) from transcutaneous oximetry (TcpO2) in TOS. Purpose: We aimed to test the hypothesised that forearm (F-) DROPm would better detect symptoms associated with arterial compression during abduction than upper arm (U-) DROPm, and that the thresholds would differ. Methods: We studied 175 patients (retrospective analysis of a cross-sectional acquired database) with simultaneous F-TcpO2 and U-TcpO2 recordings on both upper limbs, and considered tests to be positive (CS+) when upper limb symptoms were associated with ipsilateral arterial compression on either ultrasound or angiography. We determined the threshold and diagnostic performance with a receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis and calculation of the area under the ROC curve (AUROC) for absolute resting TcpO2 and DROPm values to detect CS+. For all tests, a two-tailed p < 0.05 was considered indicative of statistical significance. Results: In the 350 upper-limbs, while resting U-TcpO2 and resting F-TcpO2 were not predictive of CS + results, the AUROCs were 0.68 ± 0.03 vs. 0.69 ± 0.03 (both p < 0.01), with the thresholds being -7.5 vs. -14.5 mmHg for the detection of CS + results for U-DROPm vs. F-DROPm respectively. Conclusion: In patients with suspected TOS, TcpO2 can be used for detecting upper limb arterial compression and/or symptoms during arm abduction, provided that different thresholds are used for U-DROPm and F-DROPm. Clinical Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, identifier NCT04376177.

Quantitative analysis of venous outflow with photo-plethysmography in patients with suspected thoracic outlet syndrome.

Background: Venous compression is the second most frequent form of thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS). Although venous photo-plethysmography (PPG) has been largely used to estimate the consequences of chronic thromboses (Paget Schroetter syndrome), systematic direct quantitative recording of hemodynamic consequences of positional venous outflow impairment in patients with suspected TOS has never been reported. Objective: We hypothesized that moving the arms forward (prayer: "Pra" position) while keeping the hands elevated after a surrender/candlestick position (Ca) would allow quantification of 100% upper limb venous emptying (PPGmax) and quantitative evaluation of the emptying observed at the end of the preceding abduction period (End-Ca-PPG), expressed in %PPGmax. Materials and methods: We measured V-PPG in 424 patients referred for suspected TOS (age 40.9 years old, 68.3% females) and retrieved the results of ultrasound investigation at the venous level. We used receiver operating characteristics curves (ROC) to determine the optimal V-PPG values to be used to predict the presence of a venous compression on ultrasound imaging. Results are reported as a median (25/75 centiles). Statistical significance was based on a two-tailed p < 0.05. Results: An End-Ca-PPG value of 87% PPGmax at the end of the "Ca" period is the optimal point to detect an ultrasound-confirmed positional venous compression (area under ROC: 0.589 ± 0.024; p < 0.001). This threshold results in 60.9% sensitivity, 47.6% specificity, 27.3% positive predictive value, 79.0% negative predictive value, and 50.8% overall accuracy. Conclusion: V-PPG is not aimed at detecting the presence of a venous compression due to collateral veins potentially normalizing outflow despite subclavicular vein compression during abduction, but we believe that it could be used to strengthen the responsibility of venous compression in upper limb symptoms in TOS-suspected patients, with the possibility of non-invasive, bilateral, recordable measurements of forearm volume that become quantitative with the Ca-Pra maneuver. Clinical trial registration: [ClinicalTrials.gov], identifier [NCT04376177].

Lower Extremity Arterial Disease and Lumbar Spinal Stenosis: A Study of Exercise-Induced Arterial Ischemia in 5197 Patients Complaining of Claudication.

Only few studies have analyzed the associations of lower extremity artery disease (LEAD) with lumbar spinal stenosis (LSS), although it is expected to be a frequent association. With exercise-oximetry, we determined the presence of exercise-induced regional blood flow impairment (ischemia) in 5197 different patients complaining of claudication and referred for treadmill testing. We recorded height, weight, age, sex, ongoing treatments, cardiovascular risk factor (diabetes, high blood pressure, current smoking habit), and history of suspected or treated LSS and/or lower limb revascularization. An ankle-brachial index at rest < 0.90 or >1.40 on at least one side was considered indicative of the presence of LEAD (ABI+). Ischemia was defined as a minimal DROP (Limb-changes minus chest-changes from rest) value < −15 mmHg during exercise oximetry. We analyzed the clinical factors associated to the presence of exercise-induced ischemia in patients without a history of LSS, using step-by-step linear regression, and defined a score from these factors. This score was then tested in patients with a history of LSS. In 4690 patients without a history of (suspected, diagnosed, or treated) LSS, we observed that ABI+, male sex, antiplatelet treatment, BMI< 26.5 kg//m2, age ≤ 64 years old, and a history of lower limb arterial revascularization, were associated to the presence of ischemia. The value of the score derived from these factors was associated with the probability of exercise-induced ischemia in the 507 patients with a history of LSS. This score may help to suspect the presence of ischemia as a factor of walking impairment in patients with a history of lumbar spinal stenosis.

A novel multi-objective medical feature selection compass method for binary classification.

The use of Artificial Intelligence in medical decision support systems has been widely studied. Since a medical decision is frequently the result of a multi-objective optimization problem, a popular challenge combining Artificial Intelligence and Medicine is Multi-Objective Feature Selection (MOFS). This article proposes a novel approach for MOFS applied to medical binary classification. It is built upon a Genetic Algorithm and a 3-Dimensional Compass that aims at guiding the search towards a desired trade-off between: Number of features, Accuracy and Area Under the ROC Curve (AUC). This method, the Genetic Algorithm with multi-objective Compass (GAwC), outperforms all other competitive genetic algorithm-based MOFS approaches on several real-world medical datasets. Moreover, by considering AUC as one of the objectives, GAwC guarantees the classification quality of the solution it provides thus making it a particularly interesting approach for medical problems where both healthy and ill patients should be accurately detected. Finally, GAwC is applied to a real-world medical classification problem and its results are discussed and justified both from a medical point of view and in terms of classification quality.

Relationship Between the Severity of Exercise Induced Ischaemia and the Prevalence of Exercise Induced Calf Symptoms During Treadmill Testing With Transcutaneous Oximetry.

OBJECTIVE: It was hypothesised that there is a linear relationship between the severity of exercise induced calf ischaemia and the prevalence of calf claudication on a treadmill until a plateau is reached. It was expected that no pain would be present in the absence of ischaemia and all severely ischaemic calves would be symptomatic. METHODS: This was a retrospective analysis of a cross sectional acquired database recording. Transcutaneous oxygen pressure (TcPO2) on the chest and on each calf was used to evaluate calf ischaemia during treadmill tests with simultaneous recording of calf pain in 7 884 subjects (15 768 calves). The minimum value of calf changes from rest minus chest changes from rest (DROPm) was calculated. Regression analyses were used to determine the correlation between the proportion of exercise induced symptoms present in the calves and each unit of DROPm values. Analysis was repeated after objective determination of the cutoff point between the linear increase and the plateau. RESULTS: A linear relationship was found between the degree of ischaemia and the proportion of symptomatic calves for DROPm values ranging from 0 mmHg to -28 mmHg (proportion = -0.014 × DROPm + 0.32, r = 0.961, p <.001). For DROPm values lower than -28 mmHg (severe ischaemia), on average one of three limbs remained asymptomatic. The biphasic relationship between DROPm and prevalence of symptoms persists after exclusion of patients with diabetes mellitus, exercise induced hypoxaemia, and no evidence of lower extremity arterial disease (LEAD). CONCLUSION: The relationship between exercise induced pain and ischaemia is biphasic with a linear increase in the proportion of symptomatic limbs with ischaemia severity, until a plateau is reached for the more severely ischaemic limbs. The presence of exercise related calf symptoms should not automatically be reported as indicating the presence of LEAD; and the absence of exercise induced symptoms is not proof that ischaemia does not occur during exercise.

Evaluation of Quality of Life after Surgical Treatment of Thoracic Outlet Syndrome.

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the quality of life of surgically treated patients for TOS. METHODS: A prospective observational study, including patients treated surgically for TOS in 2018. Two standardized questionnaires: Disability of the Arm, Shoulder, and Hand (DASH) questionnaire and the Short-Form 12 (SF-12) were used. The SF-12 consists of a physical and mental component (PCS-SF-12 and MCS-SF-12). The questionnaires were completed during the preoperative and postoperative consultations and at 3, 6, and 12 months. RESULTS: We performed 53 interventions. The population was mostly female (n = 35, 66.0%) of 40.1 ± 10.0 years. The preoperative DASH score was 46.3 ± 19.7. It was 40.9 ± 21.7 at 6 weeks, 33.5 ± 22.7 at 3 months, 28.9 ± 22.6 at 6 months, and 21.1 ± 20 at 9 to 12 months. The improvement of DASH becomes statistically significant at 3 months (P = 0.036), 6 months (P = 0.002), and 12 months (P = 0.001). The preoperative MCS-SF-12 was 36.6 ± 9.4. It was 41.6 ± 10.9 at 6 weeks, 43.8 ± 11.1 at 3 months, 46.2 ± 11.8 at 6 months, and 51.4 ± 8 at 8 to 12 months. The improvement of MCS-SF-12 became significant at 3 months (P = 0.009), 6 months (P = 0.001), and 12 months (P = 0.001). The preoperative PCS-SF-12 was 35.5 ± 6.4. It was 37.1 ± 8.7 at 6 weeks, 39.9 ± 8.7 at 3 months, 41.6 ± 8.4 at 6 months, and 46.1 ± 8.1 to 12 months. The improvement of PCS-SF-12 became significant at 6 months (P = 0.005) and 12 months (P = 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The surgical management of TOS allows for an improvement in quality of life in the short and medium terms.

Relationship Between Inflow Impairment and Skin Oxygen Availability to the Upper Limb During Standardized Arm Abduction in Patients With Suspected Thoracic Outlet Syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: Thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) should be considered of arterial origin only if patients have clinical symptoms that are the result of documented symptomatic ischemia. Simultaneous recording of inflow impairment and forearm ischemia in patients with suspected TOS has never been reported to date. We hypothesized that ischemia would occur in cases of severely impaired inflow, resulting in a non-linear relationship between changes in pulse amplitude (PA) and the estimation of ischemia during provocative attitudinal upper limb positioning. DESIGN: Prospective single center interventional study. MATERIAL: Fifty-five patients with suspected thoracic outlet syndrome. METHODS: We measured the minimal decrease from rest of transcutaneous oximetry pressure (DROPm) as an estimation of oxygen deficit and arterial pulse photo-plethysmography to measure pulse amplitude changes from rest (PA-change) on both arms during the candlestick phase of a "Ca + Pra" maneuver. "Ca + Pra" is a modified Roos test allowing the estimation of maximal PA-change during the "Pra" phase. We compared the DROPm values between deciles of PA-changes with ANOVA. We then analyzed the relationship between mean PA-change and mean DROPm of each decile with linear and second-degree polynomial (non-linear) models. Results are reported as median [25/75 centiles]. Statistical significance was p < 0.05. RESULTS: DROPm values ranged -11.5 [-22.9/-7.2] and - 12.3 [-23.3/-7.4] mmHg and PA-change ranged 36.4 [4.6/63.8]% and 38.4 [-2.0/62.1]% in the right and left forearms, respectively. The coefficient of determination between median DROPm and median PA-change was r 2 = 0.922 with a second-degree polynomial fitting, but only r 2 = 0.847 with a linear approach. CONCLUSION: Oxygen availability was decreased in cases of severe but not moderate attitudinal inflow impairments. Undertaking simultaneous A-PPG and forearm oximetry during the "Ca + Pra" maneuver is an interesting approach for providing objective proof of ischemia in patients with symptoms of TOS suspected of arterial origin.

The "Walking Estimated Limitation Stated by History" (WELSH) visual tool is applicable and accurate to determine walking capacity, even in people with low literacy level.

Determination of the self-reported walking capacity by interview or standardized questionnaire is important. However, the existing questionnaires require the patient to be able to read and write in a specific language. We recently proposed the WELSH (Walking Estimated Limitation Stated by History) tool to be administrable to illiterate people. The main objective was to assess the applicability of WELSH tool in the community and in a large group. We performed a prospective study in the city of Bobo-Dioulasso in Burkina Faso during June 2020. We recruited 630 interviewers among medical students. They were trained to administer the WELSH, and to conduct a 6-minute walk test. We performed a Pearson's "r" correlation between the WELSH and maximal walking distance (MWD). Of the 1723 participants available for the analysis, 757 (43.9%: 41.6-46.3) never went to school or attended only elementary school. The percentage of questionnaires with participant filling-in errors corrected by the investigator decreased with the decrease in educational level (p<0.001). The average WELSH score was 53 ± 22 and the average MWD was 383 ±142 meters. The Spearman correlation coefficient between the WELSH score and the MWD was r = 0.567 (p<0.001). Correlations ranged from 0.291 to 0.576 in males and females, (all p values < 0.05) and in different levels of education, with the highest coefficients found in illiterate people. The WELSH is feasible on the community by a wide variety of interviewers. It correlates with the MWD estimated by the 6-minutes' walk test even for people with little or no schooling.

Comparison between conventional duplex ultrasonography and the dual-gate Doppler mode for hemodynamic measurements of the carotid arteries.

PURPOSE: This study investigated the correlations of hemodynamic parameters measured to quantify stenosis between the gold-standard duplex ultrasonography and the dual-gate Doppler mode. METHODS: Patients examined due to suspicion of carotid artery stenosis or for surveillance of known stenosis were invited to participate in this prospective single-center study. Upon acceptance, the hemodynamic characteristics of the carotid arteries were determined successively in standard duplex and dual-gate Doppler modes. The correlations between the two modes were analyzed by computing Pearson coefficients (r2) and Lin concordance coefficients (ρc). The degree of agreement between the two methods was visualized using Bland-Altman graphical representations. RESULTS: The correlation between internal carotid artery peak systolic velocity measured by standard duplex ultrasonography and dual-gate Doppler mode was good (r2=0.642). The same high level of correlation was observed for the carotid ratio (r2=0.544). However, the Bland-Altman graphical representation and the Lin concordance coefficients (ρc=0.75 and ρc=0.74 for the internal carotid artery peak systolic velocity and carotid ratio, respectively) showed that a lack of precision generated some discrepancies between the two measurement methods. CONCLUSION: Although some discrepancies were observed, the hemodynamic measurements were closely correlated between the two ultrasonography modes. Therefore, the dual-gate Doppler mode may have obvious advantages over conventional ultrasonography, offering interesting development possibilities.

Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: Fingertip Cannot Replace Forearm Photoplethysmography in the Evaluation of Positional Venous Outflow Impairments.

Objective: Fingertip photoplethysmography (PPG) resulting from high-pass filtered raw PPG signal is often used to record arterial pulse changes in patients with suspected thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS). Results from venous (low-pass filtered raw signal) forearm PPG (V-PPG) during the Candlestick-Prayer (Ca + Pra) maneuver were recently classified into four different patterns in patients with suspected TOS, two of which are suggestive of the presence of outflow impairment. We aimed to test the effect of probe position (fingertip vs. forearm) and of red (R) vs. infrared (IR) light wavelength on V-PPG classification and compared pattern classifications with the results of ultrasound (US). Methods: In patients with suspected TOS, we routinely performed US imaging (US + being the presence of a positional compression) and Ca + Pra tests with forearm V-PPG IR . We recruited patients for a Ca + Pra maneuver with the simultaneous fingertip and forearm V-PPG R . The correlation of each V-PPG recording to each of the published pattern profiles was calculated. Each record was classified according to the patterns for which the coefficient of correlation was the highest. Cohen's kappa test was used to determine the reliability of classification among forearm V-PPG IR , fingertip V-PPG R , and forearm V-PPG R . Results: We obtained 40 measurements from 20 patients (40.2 ± 11.3 years old, 11 males). We found 13 limbs with US + results, while V-PPG suggested the presence of venous outflow impairment in 27 and 20 limbs with forearm V-PPG IR and forearm V-PPG R , respectively. Fingertip V-PPG R provided no patterns suggesting outflow impairment. Conclusion: We found more V-PPG patterns suggesting venous outflow impairment than US + results. Probe position is essential if aiming to perform upper-limb V-PPG during the Ca + Pra maneuver in patients with suspected TOS. V-PPG during the Ca + Pra maneuver is of low cost and easy and provides reliable, recordable, and objective evidence of forearm swelling. It should be performed on the forearm (close to the elbow) with either PPG R or PPG IR but not at the fingertip level.

Exercise-Induced Plasma Metabolomic Profiles in Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease.

Aim: A better knowledge of the biological consequences in the blood of these exercise-induced ischemic events in lower extremity artery disease (LEAD) may improve the prospects of disease management. We explored the preminus postexercise metabolomic difference in 39 patients with LEAD referred for a treadmill oximetry test [transcutaneous oximetry (TcPO2)]. Methods: Ischemia was estimated through the sum of decrease from rest of oxygen pressure (DROPs) (limb TcPO2 changes minus chest TcPO2 changes) at buttocks, thighs, and calves regions. Targeted metabolomic analyses measuring 188 metabolites were performed on a few microliters blood samples taken at the earlobe at rest and 3 min after exercise. Results: Maximum walking distance (MWD) was 290 m (120-652 m) and ankle brachial index (ABI) was 0.67 ± 0.17. Supervised paired partial least squares discriminant analysis based on 23,345 models showed good predictive performance for test sets with a median area under the receiver operating characteristic (AUROC) curve value of 0.99 and a p-value of 0.00049. The best discriminant metabolites contributing to the model included a subset of 71 (47%) of the 150 accurately measured metabolites in the plasma, comprising 3 acylcarnitines, 3 amino acids, 5 biogenic amines, 9 sphingomyelin, 7 lysophosphatidylcholines, and 44 phosphatidylcholines. In addition, 16 of these metabolites were found to correlate with one or more severity scores of the LEAD. Conclusion: Our results provide new insights into the biological changes that accompany exercise in LEAD and contribute to a better understanding of walking impairment pathophysiology in LEAD, highlighting new candidate biomarkers.

Arterial Digital Pulse Photoplethysmography in Patients with Suspected Thoracic Outlet Syndrome: A Study of the "Ca+Pra" Maneuver.

The level of pulse amplitude (PA) change in arterial digital pulse plethysmography (A-PPG) that should be used to diagnose thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) is debated. We hypothesized that a modification of the Roos test (by moving the arms forward, mimicking a prayer position ("Pra")) releasing an eventual compression that occurs in the surrender/candlestick position ("Ca") would facilitate interpretation of A-PPG results. In 52 subjects, we determined the optimal PA change from rest to predict compression at imaging (ultrasonography +/- angiography) with receiver operating characteristics (ROC). "Pra"-PA was set as 100%, and PA was expressed in normalized amplitude (NA) units. Imaging found arterial compression in 23 upper limbs. The area under ROC was 0.765 ± 0.065 (p < 0.0001), resulting in a 91.4% sensitivity and a 60.9% specificity for an increase of fewer than 3 NA from rest during "Ca", while results were 17.4% and 98.8%, respectively, for the 75% PA decrease previously proposed in the literature. A-PPG during a "Ca+Pra" test provides demonstrable proof of inflow impairment and increases the sensitivity of A-PPG for the detection of arterial compression as determined by imaging. The absence of an increase in PA during the "Ca" phase of the "Ca+Pra" maneuver should be considered indicative of arterial inflow impairment.