Mechanisms of heart failure and chronic kidney disease protection by SGLT2 inhibitors in nondiabetic conditions.

Sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i), initially developed for type 2 diabetes (T2D) treatment, have demonstrated significant cardiovascular and renal benefits in heart failure (HF) and chronic kidney disease (CKD), irrespective of T2D. This review provides an analysis of the multifaceted mechanisms underlying the cardiorenal benefits of SGLT2i in HF and CKD outside of the T2D context. Eight major aspects of the protective effects of SGLT2i beyond glycemic control are explored: (i) the impact on renal hemodynamics and tubuloglomerular feedback; (ii) the natriuretic effects via proximal tubule Na+/H+ exchanger NHE3 inhibition; (iii) the modulation of neurohumoral pathways with evidence of attenuated sympathetic activity; (iv) the impact on erythropoiesis, not only in the context of local hypoxia, but also systemic inflammation and iron regulation; (v) the uricosuria and mitigation of the hyperuricemic environment in cardiorenal syndromes; (vi) the multiorgan metabolic reprogramming including the potential induction of a fasting-like state, improvement in glucose and insulin tolerance and stimulation of lipolysis and ketogenesis; (vii) the vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGF-A) upregulation and angiogenesis, and (viii) the direct cardiac effects. The intricate interplay between renal, neurohumoral, metabolic, and cardiac effects underscore the complexity of SGLT2i actions and provides valuable insights into their therapeutic implications for HF and CKD. Furthermore, this review sets the stage for future research to evaluate the individual contributions of these mechanisms in diverse clinical settings.

Recommendations from the Brazilian Society of Nephrology regarding the use of cloth face coverings, by chronic kidney patients in dialysis, during the new coronavirus pandemic (Covid-19).

These recommendations were created after the publication of informative note 3/2020- CGGAP/DESF/SAPS/MS, of April 4, 2020, in which the Brazilian Ministry of Health recommended the use of a cloth mask by the population, in public places. Taking into account the necessary prioritization of the provision of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for patients with suspected or confirmed disease, as well as for healthcare professionals, the SBN is favorable concerning the wear of cloth masks by chronic kidney patients in dialysis, in public settings, except in the dialysis setting. The present recommendations have eleven items, related to this rationale, the procedures, indications, contraindications, as well as appropriate fabrics for the mask, and hygiene care to be adopted. These recommendations may change, at any time, in the light of new evidence.

Good Practice Recommendations from the Brazilian Society of Nephrology to Dialysis Units Concerning the Pandemic of the New Coronavirus (Covid-19).

Dialysis units are environments potentially prone to the spread of Covid-19. Patients cannot suspend treatment, and they often have comorbidities, which assigns them a higher risk and worse prognosis. The Brazilian Society of Nephrology prepared this document of good practices, whose technical recommendations deal with general measures that can be implemented to reduce the risk of transmission and prevent the spread of the disease in the unit.

Good practices recommendations from the Brazilian Society of Nephrology to Peritoneal Dialysis Services related to the new coronavirus (Covid-19) epidemic.

Considering the new coronavirus epidemic (Covid-19), the Brazilian Society of Nephrology, represented by the Peritoneal Steering Committee, in agreement with the and the Dialysis Department, developed a series of recommendations for good clinical practices for peritoneal dialysis (PD) clinics, to be considered during the period of the Covid-19 epidemic. We aim to minimize the disease spread, protecting patients and staff, and ensuring the quality of the treatment provided and adequate follow-up for PD patients. The recommendations suggested at this moment must be adapted to each clinic's reality and the conditions of the structural and human resources, dependent on the adequate financial provision of the public health system for its full implementation.

Technical note and clinical instructions for Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) in patients with Covid-19: Brazilian Society of Nephrology and Brazilian Association of Intensive Care Medicine.

We produced this document to bring pertinent information to the practice of nephrology, as regards to the renal involvement with COVID-19, the management of acute kidney injury cases, and practical guidance on the provision of dialysis support.As information on COVID-19 evolves at a pace never before seen in medical science, these recommendations, although based on recent scientific evidence, refer to the present moment. The guidelines may be updated when published data and other relevant information become available.

Technical note and clinical instructions for Acute Kidney Injury (AKI) in patients with Covid-19: Brazilian Society of Nephrology and Brazilian Association of Intensive Care Medicine / Nota técnica e orientações clínicas sobre a Injúria Renal Aguda (IRA) em pacientes com Covid-19: Sociedade Brasileira de Nefrologia e Associação de Medicina Intensiva Brasileira

ABSTRACT We produced this document to bring pertinent information to the practice of nephrology, as regards to the renal involvement with COVID-19, the management of acute kidney injury cases, and practical guidance on the provision of dialysis support.As information on COVID-19 evolves at a pace never before seen in medical science, these recommendations, although based on recent scientific evidence, refer to the present moment. The guidelines may be updated when published data and other relevant information become available.

RESUMO Este documento foi desenvolvido para trazer informações pertinentes à prática nefrológica em relação ao conhecimento sobre o acometimento renal da COVID-19, conduta frente aos casos de injúria renal aguda e orientações práticas sobre a provisão do suporte dialítico.Como as informações sobre a COVID-19 evoluem a uma velocidade jamais vista na ciência médica, as orientações apresentadas, embora baseadas em evidências científicas recentes, referem-se ao momento presente. Essas orientaços poderão ser atualizadas à medida que dados publicados e outras informações relevantes venham a ser disponibilizadas.

Recommendations from the Brazilian Society of Nephrology regarding the use of cloth face coverings, by chronic kidney patients in dialysis, during the new coronavirus pandemic (Covid-19) / Recomendações da Sociedade Brasileira de Nefrologia quanto ao uso de máscaras de pano por pacientes renais crônicos em diálise, durante a pandemia pelo novo coronavírus (Covid-19)

ABSTRACT These recommendations were created after the publication of informative note 3/2020- CGGAP/DESF/SAPS/MS, of April 4, 2020, in which the Brazilian Ministry of Health recommended the use of a cloth mask by the population, in public places. Taking into account the necessary prioritization of the provision of Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) for patients with suspected or confirmed disease, as well as for healthcare professionals, the SBN is favorable concerning the wear of cloth masks by chronic kidney patients in dialysis, in public settings, except in the dialysis setting. The present recommendations have eleven items, related to this rationale, the procedures, indications, contraindications, as well as appropriate fabrics for the mask, and hygiene care to be adopted. These recommendations may change, at any time, in the light of new evidence.

RESUMO As presentes recomendações foram elaboradas após a publicação da Nota Informativa nº 3/2020 CGGAP/DESF/SAPS/MS, em 4 de abril de 2020, na qual o Ministério da Saúde recomenda o uso de máscara de pano por toda a população, em locais públicos. Levando-se em consideração a necessária priorização do fornecimento de Equipamentos de Proteção Individual (EPIs) para pacientes com suspeita ou confirmação da doença, assim como para profissionais de saúde, a Sociedade Brasileira de Nefrologia (SBN) posicionou-se favoravelmente ao uso de máscaras de pano por pacientes renais crônicos em diálise, em ambientes públicos, exceto no ambiente da diálise. As presentes recomendações englobam onze itens relativos ao que é racional para posicionamento, procedimentos, indicações, contraindicações, assim como tecidos apropriados para confecção e os cuidados de higiene a serem adotados. Essas recomendações poderão ser modificadas a qualquer momento, à luz de novas evidências.

Teste rápido da fludrocortisona na identificação da sensibilidade ao sal / Quick test of fludrocortisone in the identification of salt sensitivity

Introdução: A sensibilidade ao sal possui implicações clínicas e prognósticas, porém seu diagnóstico não é habitualmente feito na prática clínica, tendo em vista que o teste de referência é longo e de difícil execução, envolvendo ciclos de dietas hipossódica e hipersódica. O objetivo principal do presente estudo foi avaliar a acurácia do teste da fludrocortisona, quando comparado ao teste de referência. O objetivo secundário foi estudar o teste de referência, avaliando em quanto tempo é possível ser realizado o diagnóstico. Métodos: Foi realizado estudo randomizado e crossover com homens e mulheres hipertensos, sem outras comorbidades, de 40 a 65 anos de idade. Após quatro semanas de washout os pacientes foram randomizados para iniciar pelo teste dos ciclos de dietas ou pelo teste da fludrocortisona. O primeiro consistiu na administração de 7 dias de dieta hipossódica (40 mEq/dia) seguidos por 7 dias de dieta hipersódica (200 mEq/dia), sendo considerados sensíveis os indivíduos com variação da pressão arterial média (PAM) superior a 5 mmHg. O segundo consistiu na administração de 0,4 mg / dia do acetato de fludrocortisona por 7 dias, durante ingestão alimentar habitual, sendo avaliada a variação da PAS ou PAM no quarto e sétimo dias do medicamento. O ponto de corte para esta variação foi estudado pela curva ROC, não sendo assumido arbitrariamente. A acurácia do teste foi medida pela área sob a curva ROC. Em relação ao objetivo secundário, foi estudado o comportamento diário da pressão arterial ao longo dos ciclos de dieta, através da MRPA. Resultados: Foram estudados trinta voluntários hipertensos (53,7 ± 7,6 anos; 72 ± 10,6 Kg; 26% negros, 10% pardos e amarelos), sendo 53% classificados como sensíveis pelo teste de referência. No quarto dia de fludrocortisona, as áreas sob a curva ROC (ASROC) foram de 0,761 ± 0,06 (p < 0,001) para a PAS, de 0,646 ± 0,072 (p < 0,05) para a PAM e de 0,554 ± 0,075 (p=0,469) para a Pressão arterial diastólica (PAD). No sétimo...

Introduction: The salt sensitivity has clinical and prognostic implications; however, its diagnosis is not done in clinical practice, having in mind that the reference test is long and difficult to perform, involving cycles of hyposodic and high salt diets. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of fludrocortisone test, when compared to the reference test. The secondary objective was to study the reference test, evaluating the necessary time for diagnosis to be carried out. Methods: It was perfomed a randomized and crossover study was conducted, with hypertensives, with no other comorbidities, 40-65 years old. After four weeks of washout patients were randomized to start, the test cycles diets, or the test of fludrocortisone. The first consisted of the administration of 7 days of low sodium diet (40 mEq / day) followed by seven days of high salt diet (200 mEq / day), being considered sensitive individuals when mean arterial pressure variation (MAP) was greater than 5 mmHg. The second consisted in administration of 0.4 mg / day of fludrocortisone acetate for 7 days, during usual dietary intake, being assessed the variation of the systolic (SBP) or MAP in the fourth and seventh days of drug administration. The cutoff point for this variation was studied by the ROC curve, not being taken arbitrarily. The test accuracy was measured by area under the ROC curve. Regarding the secondary objective, the daily blood pressure behavior pattern along the diet cycles was studied, through HBPM. Results: Thirty hypertensives were studied (53.7 ± 7.6 years; 72 ± 10.6 kg; 26% black, 10% brown and 14% asian), with 53% classified as sensitive by the reference test. On the fourth day of fludrocortisone, the areas under the ROC curve (ASROC) were of 0.761 ± 0.06 (p < 0.001) for SBP, of 0.646 ± 0.072 (p < 0.05) for the MAP and of 0.554 ± 0.075 (p = 0.469) for diastolic blood pressure (DBP). On the seventh day of fludrocortisone, the ASROC was...