Awareness and knowledge about glaucoma among patients attending outpatient clinics of Jordan University Hospital.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the level of awareness and knowledge about glaucoma among Jordanians and determine the relationship between glaucoma knowledge and selected variables. METHODS: This was a descriptive and cross-sectional study conducted at a central hospital. Face-to-face interviews were performed to obtain sociodemographic data and information about glaucoma from Jordanian participants attending different outpatient clinics of Jordan University Hospital (JUH). A convenient sample of 488 participants aged 16 years and above were recruited. Consent form was signed by each participant before starting the interview. RESULTS: The mean age of the study population was 45.71 ± 15.44 years, ranging 16 to 89 years. There were 163 (33.4%) females and 325 (66.6%) males. 81.6% of participants had heard of glaucoma. Only 34.2% of participants defined glaucoma correctly. 52.4% of participants had a low level of knowledge about glaucoma. The main source of information was from family members, relatives, and friends (66.6%); however, this source inversely influenced the level of knowledge. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study indicate a high level of awareness of glaucoma among Jordanians but low-to-average knowledge about it. Health education programs should be activated at all levels of health- and eye-care services to increase knowledge about glaucoma and prevent the irreversible loss of vision due to the second main cause of blindness worldwide.

MTHFR gene polymorphisms in hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism among Jordanian females

ABSTRACT Objective Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) is involved in DNA methylation that is associated with autoimmune pathology. We investigated the association between MTHFR genetic polymorphisms at g.677C>T and g.1298A>C and their haplotypes, and the risk of thyroid dysfunction among Jordanian females. Subjects and methods A case-control study involving 98 hypothyroidism cases, 66 hyperthyroidism cases and 100 controls was conducted. Polymerase chain reaction/restriction fragment length polymorphism technique was performed to determine genotypes. Statistical analysis using SPSS software was performed. Results Genetic analysis showed a significant difference in genotype frequency of g.1298A>C between cases, and controls [hypothyroidism: AA (45.9%), AC (37.8%), CC (16.3%); hyperthyroidism: AA (9.1%), AC (69.7%), CC (21.2%); controls: AA (37.8%), AC (29.6%), CC (32.7%); CChypo vs. AAhypo: 2.55, 95% CI: (1.18-5.52); OR at least on Chypo: 1.79, 95% CI: (1.07-2.99)]; CChyper vs. AAhyper: 4.01, 95% CI: (1.79-9.01); OR at least on Chyper: 0.18, 95% CI: (0.07-0.48)]. There was no significant difference in genotype frequency of g.677C>T between cases and controls [hypothyroidism: CC (50.0%), CT (32.7%), TT (17.3%); hyperthyroidism: CC (77.3%), CT (15.2%), TT (7.6%); controls: CC (55.6%), CT (32.3%), TT (12.1%)]. There was a significant difference of MTHFR haplotypes among hypothyroidism cases and controls. TA and CC had a lower hypothyroidism risk whereas; TC showed a higher risk. Conclusions g.1298A>C genetic polymorphism of MTHFR may modulate the risk of thyroid disease. CC, TA, and TC haplotypes affect the risk of hypothyroidism. Larger samples should be included in the future to verify the role of MTHFR polymorphisms in thyroid diseases.

MTHFR gene polymorphisms in hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism among Jordanian females.

OBJECTIVE: Methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase (MTHFR) is involved in DNA methylation that is associated with autoimmune pathology. We investigated the association between MTHFR genetic polymorphisms at g.677C>T and g.1298A>C and their haplotypes, and the risk of thyroid dysfunction among Jordanian females. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: A case-control study involving 98 hypothyroidism cases, 66 hyperthyroidism cases and 100 controls was conducted. Polymerase chain reaction/restriction fragment length polymorphism technique was performed to determine genotypes. Statistical analysis using SPSS software was performed. RESULTS: Genetic analysis showed a significant difference in genotype frequency of g.1298A>C between cases, and controls [hypothyroidism: AA (45.9%), AC (37.8%), CC (16.3%); hyperthyroidism: AA (9.1%), AC (69.7%), CC (21.2%); controls: AA (37.8%), AC (29.6%), CC (32.7%); CChypo vs. AAhypo: 2.55, 95% CI: (1.18-5.52); OR at least on Chypo: 1.79, 95% CI: (1.07-2.99)]; CChyper vs. AAhyper: 4.01, 95% CI: (1.79-9.01); OR at least on Chyper: 0.18, 95% CI: (0.07-0.48)]. There was no significant difference in genotype frequency of g.677C>T between cases and controls [hypothyroidism: CC (50.0%), CT (32.7%), TT (17.3%); hyperthyroidism: CC (77.3%), CT (15.2%), TT (7.6%); controls: CC (55.6%), CT (32.3%), TT (12.1%)]. There was a significant difference of MTHFR haplotypes among hypothyroidism cases and controls. TA and CC had a lower hypothyroidism risk whereas; TC showed a higher risk. CONCLUSIONS: g.1298A>C genetic polymorphism of MTHFR may modulate the risk of thyroid disease. CC, TA, and TC haplotypes affect the risk of hypothyroidism. Larger samples should be included in the future to verify the role of MTHFR polymorphisms in thyroid diseases.

Induced pluripotent stem cells restore function in a human cell loss model of open-angle glaucoma.

Normally, trabecular meshwork (TM) and Schlemm's canal inner wall endothelial cells within the aqueous humor outflow pathway maintain intraocular pressure within a narrow safe range. Elevation in intraocular pressure, because of the loss of homeostatic regulation by these outflow pathway cells, is the primary risk factor for vision loss due to glaucomatous optic neuropathy. A notable feature associated with glaucoma is outflow pathway cell loss. Using controlled cell loss in ex vivo perfused human outflow pathway organ culture, we developed compelling experimental evidence that this level of cell loss compromises intraocular pressure homeostatic function. This function was restored by repopulation of the model with fresh TM cells. We then differentiated induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) and used them to repopulate this cell depletion model. These differentiated cells (TM-like iPSCs) became similar to TM cells in both morphology and expression patterns. When transplanted, they were able to fully restore intraocular pressure homeostatic function. This successful transplantation of TM-like iPSCs establishes the conceptual feasibility of using autologous stem cells to restore intraocular pressure regulatory function in open-angle glaucoma patients, providing a novel alternative treatment option.

Intraocular pressure homeostasis: maintaining balance in a high-pressure environment.

Although glaucoma is a relatively common blinding disease, most people do not develop glaucoma. A robust intraocular pressure (IOP) homeostatic mechanism keeps ocular pressures within relatively narrow acceptable bounds throughout most peoples' lives. The trabecular meshwork and/or Schlemm's canal inner wall cells respond to sustained IOP elevation and adjust the aqueous humor outflow resistance to restore IOP to acceptable levels. It appears that the cells sense IOP elevations as mechanical stretch or distortion of the actual outflow resistance and respond by initiating a complex extracellular matrix (ECM) turnover process that takes several days to complete. Although considerable information pertinent to this process is available, many aspects of the IOP homeostatic process remain to be elucidated. Components and mechanisms beyond ECM turnover could also be relevant to IOP homeostasis, but will not be addressed in detail here. Known aspects of the IOP homeostasis process as well as possible ways that it might function and impact glaucoma are discussed.