ABSTRACT
We depict recent agricultural nitrogen input and future loads to be expected in 2021 in the German Baltic Sea catchment to assess the feasibility of reaching water quality targets defined by the Marine Strategy Framework Directive (MSFD). We calculate recent and future nitrogen balances from agriculture by applying an interdisciplinary modelling system, also considering the effects of the Nitrate Directive. The nitrogen surpluses are transferred to a nutrient emission model to simulate nitrogen emissions, in-stream retention and resulting riverine loads to the sea until 2021. Finally, we analyse input reduction demands and agri-environmental measures necessary to attain water quality targets of the MSFD. The results are target-oriented mitigation options relevant for implementation, based on regional land use and nitrogen reduction demands. Furthermore, this paper discusses the effects of policies and measures implemented to reduce nitrogen loads.
Subject(s)
Agriculture/methods , Nitrogen/chemistry , Rivers/chemistry , Water Pollutants, Chemical/chemistry , Germany , Models, Theoretical , Nitrates/chemistry , Oceans and Seas , Water QualityABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: In recent years, positive effects of religiosity and spirituality on mental health can be found as well documented in the literature. However, very few studies have examined the effects of a spiritually based therapeutic intervention among psychiatric patients. METHOD: For this reason, in this pilot study we examined the effectiveness of a morning body-centered meditation in comparison to a conventional morning walk in regards to subjective well-being and stress coping styles in 44 (26 females) randomly assigned psychiatric in-patients (according to ICD 10). The patients' amount of subjective well-being as well as their coping ability was assessed at the beginning and at the end of a 6 weeks therapy. RESULTS: Thereby we found a significant increase in Religious/Spiritual Well-Being, Awareness and more adequate Coping strategies. This was paralleled by a decrease of psychiatric symptoms. Overall the general assumption of a positive association between spirituality and mental health was affirmed. However, we did not find any differences between the two treatment methods (meditation vs. morning walk). CONCLUSIONS: Both interventions showed the same positive efficacy. Based on these initial results, possibilities and boundaries for the integration of religious/spiritual issues into the treatment of psychiatric patients are discussed.
Subject(s)
Hospitalization , Meditation , Mental Disorders/psychology , Mental Disorders/rehabilitation , Mind-Body Relations, Metaphysical , Mindfulness , Religion and Psychology , Spirituality , Adaptation, Psychological , Adult , Austria , Female , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Quality of Life/psychology , Rehabilitation Centers , Walking/psychologyABSTRACT
The phenomenon of role transition for new nurses has been a topic of research and concern for practicing nurses, educators, and administrators for many years. This transition has an impact on the job retention of new nurses. Stress, lack of confidence, and unmet expectations have been found to influence patient safety and outcomes. Simulator programs have enhanced the experiences of students and nurses in the clinical setting. Within this safe environment of simulation, nurses find the opportunity to develop critical thinking, decision making, and clinical confidence. A simulator program was developed in Vassar Brothers Medical Center to assist in the transition of new graduate registered nurses to acute care practice. This article describes the process of developing a program and suggestions for instructors who are interested in developing a simulation program.