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1.
Viruses ; 16(4)2024 04 03.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38675899

ABSTRACT

Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) is a member of the capripoxvirus (CPPV) genus of the Poxviridae family. LSDV is a rapidly emerging, high-consequence pathogen of cattle, recently spreading from Africa and the Middle East into Europe and Asia. We have sequenced the whole genome of historical LSDV isolates from the Pirbright Institute virus archive, and field isolates from recent disease outbreaks in Sri Lanka, Mongolia, Nigeria and Ethiopia. These genome sequences were compared to published genomes and classified into different subgroups. Two subgroups contained vaccine or vaccine-like samples ("Neethling-like" clade 1.1 and "Kenya-like" subgroup, clade 1.2.2). One subgroup was associated with outbreaks of LSD in the Middle East/Europe (clade 1.2.1) and a previously unreported subgroup originated from cases of LSD in west and central Africa (clade 1.2.3). Isolates were also identified that contained a mix of genes from both wildtype and vaccine samples (vaccine-like recombinants, grouped in clade 2). Whole genome sequencing and analysis of LSDV strains isolated from different regions of Africa, Europe and Asia have provided new knowledge of the drivers of LSDV emergence, and will inform future disease control strategies.


Subject(s)
Genome, Viral , Lumpy Skin Disease , Lumpy skin disease virus , Phylogeny , Whole Genome Sequencing , Lumpy skin disease virus/genetics , Lumpy skin disease virus/classification , Lumpy skin disease virus/isolation & purification , Animals , Lumpy Skin Disease/virology , Lumpy Skin Disease/epidemiology , Cattle , Africa, Central/epidemiology , Africa, Western/epidemiology , Disease Outbreaks
2.
Viruses ; 15(5)2023 04 25.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-37243137

ABSTRACT

Lumpy Skin disease (LSD) is an economically important disease in cattle caused by the LSD virus (LSDV) of the genus Capripoxvirus, while pseudocowpox (PCP) is a widely distributed zoonotic cattle disease caused by the PCP virus (PCPV) of the genus Parapoxvirus. Though both viral pox infections are reportedly present in Nigeria, similarities in their clinical presentation and limited access to laboratories often lead to misdiagnosis in the field. This study investigated suspected LSD outbreaks in organized and transhumance cattle herds in Nigeria in 2020. A total of 42 scab/skin biopsy samples were collected from 16 outbreaks of suspected LSD in five northern States of Nigeria. The samples were analyzed using a high-resolution multiplex melting (HRM) assay to differentiate poxviruses belonging to Orthopoxvirus, Capripoxvirus, and Parapoxvirus genera. LSDV was characterized using four gene segments, namely the RNA polymerase 30 kDa subunit (RPO30), G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR), the extracellular enveloped virus (EEV) glycoprotein and CaPV homolog of the variola virus B22R. Likewise, the partial B2L gene of PCPV was also analyzed. Nineteen samples (45.2%) were positive according to the HRM assay for LSDV, and five (11.9%) were co-infected with LSDV and PCPV. The multiple sequence alignments of the GPCR, EEV, and B22R showed 100% similarity among the Nigerian LSDV samples, unlike the RPO30 phylogeny, which showed two clusters. Some of the Nigerian LSDVs clustered within LSDV SG II were with commonly circulating LSDV field isolates in Africa, the Middle East, and Europe, while the remaining Nigerian LSDVs produced a unique sub-group. The B2L sequences of Nigerian PCPVs were 100% identical and clustered within the PCPV group containing cattle/Reindeer isolates, close to PCPVs from Zambia and Botswana. The results show the diversity of Nigerian LSDV strains. This paper also reports the first documented co-infection of LSDV and PCPV in Nigeria.


Subject(s)
Capripoxvirus , Cattle Diseases , Lumpy skin disease virus , Poxviridae Infections , Animals , Cattle , Nigeria/epidemiology , Farms , Lumpy skin disease virus/genetics , Poxviridae Infections/epidemiology , Poxviridae Infections/veterinary , Poxviridae Infections/diagnosis , Cattle Diseases/epidemiology , Disease Outbreaks/veterinary , Zoonoses , Phylogeny
3.
Arch Virol ; 167(12): 2715-2722, 2022 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36138234

ABSTRACT

As pig production increases in Africa, it is essential to identify the pathogens that are circulating in the swine population to assess pig welfare and implement targeted control measures. For this reason, DNA samples collected from pigs in Nigeria in the context of African swine fever monitoring were further screened by PCR for porcine circovirus 2 (PCV-2), porcine circovirus 3 (PCV-3), and porcine parvovirus 1 (PPV1). Forty-seven (45%) pigs were positive for two or more pathogens. Sequence analysis identified PCV-2 genotypes a, b, and d, while limited genetic heterogenicity was observed among PCV-3 strains. All except one of the PPV1 sequences were genetically distinct from those previously identified in other countries.


Subject(s)
African Swine Fever Virus , African Swine Fever , Circoviridae Infections , Circovirus , Coinfection , Parvovirus, Porcine , Swine Diseases , Swine , Animals , Circovirus/genetics , Parvovirus, Porcine/genetics , African Swine Fever Virus/genetics , Swine Diseases/epidemiology , Coinfection/epidemiology , Coinfection/veterinary , Nigeria/epidemiology , Circoviridae Infections/epidemiology , Circoviridae Infections/veterinary
4.
Open Vet J ; 12(4): 551-561, 2022.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-36118719

ABSTRACT

Background: Outbreaks of contagious ecthyma (CE) are frequently reported in sheep and goat flocks in Nigeria with severe clinical outcomes. CE is a debilitating and economically important disease primarily affecting sheep and goats caused by the Orf virus (ORFV). Despite field reports of CE in the country, there is no concise country-wide epidemiological data on the disease and limited genetic data of circulating Nigerian ORFV are available in the public domain. Aim: An epidemiological survey of CE and molecular characterization of ORFV circulating in Nigeria from 2014 to 2016. Method: Data were collected using designed questionnaires, administered to veterinarians and farmers in selected States of Nigeria. Samples were collected during passive surveillance for CE from 2014 to 2016 which were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The A32L and B2L genes of circulating ORFV were also characterized. Results: Analysis of the questionnaire showed that 69.54% (n = 82/118) of the farmers claimed to have experienced CE in their flocks with average morbidity and mortality rates of 25% and 15%, respectively. A total of 113 veterinarians participated in the study, with 69.9% (n = 79) familiar with CE and claimed CE causes morbidity rates of 25%-37% and mortality rates of 10%-15% in sheep and goats. Laboratory results revealed that ORFV was detected in 72% (18/25) of outbreak samples analyzed by real-time PCR. Phylogenetic analysis of A32L and B2L genes revealed that Nigerian ORFV sequences belong to clusters I and II and are similar to viruses from India, Ethiopia, and China. Conclusions: This study is the first nationwide epidemiological data on the status of CE in sheep and goats in Nigeria. It is also the first report of molecular characterization of two genes of ORFV circulating and causing outbreaks in small ruminants in the country. This study showed that CE is under-reported, widespread and of economic importance to sheep and goat farmers in Nigeria.


Subject(s)
Ecthyma, Contagious , Goat Diseases , Orf virus , Sheep Diseases , Animals , Ecthyma, Contagious/epidemiology , Goat Diseases/epidemiology , Goats , Nigeria/epidemiology , Orf virus/genetics , Phylogeny , Sheep , Sheep Diseases/epidemiology , Surveys and Questionnaires
5.
Transbound Emerg Dis ; 69(4): e1142-e1152, 2022 Jul.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-34812571

ABSTRACT

Porcine circovirus-2 (PCV-2) is associated with several disease syndromes in domestic pigs that have a significant impact on global pig production and health. Currently, little is known about the status of PCV-2 in Africa. In this study, a total of 408 archived DNA samples collected from pigs in Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Ethiopia, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Mozambique, Nigeria, Senegal, Tanzania and Zambia between 2000 and 2018 were screened by PCR for the presence of PCV-2. Positive amplicons of the gene encoding the viral capsid protein (ORF2) were sequenced to determine the genotypes circulating in each country. Four of the nine currently known genotypes of PCV-2 were identified (i.e. PCV-2a, PCV-2b, PCV-2d and PCV-2 g) with more than one genotype being identified in Burkina Faso, Ethiopia, Nigeria, Mozambique, Senegal and Zambia. Additionally, a phylogeographic analysis which included 38 additional ORF2 gene sequences of PCV-2s previously identified in Mozambique, Namibia and South Africa from 2014 to 2016 and 2019 to 2020 and available in public databases, demonstrated the existence of several African-specific clusters and estimated the approximate time of introduction of PCV-2s into Africa from other continents. This is the first in-depth study of PCV-2 in Africa and it has important implications for pig production at both the small-holder and commercial farm level on the continent.


Subject(s)
Circoviridae Infections , Circovirus , Swine Diseases , Animals , Circoviridae Infections/epidemiology , Circoviridae Infections/veterinary , Circovirus/genetics , DNA, Viral/genetics , Europe , Nigeria , Swine , Swine Diseases/epidemiology
6.
Vet Pathol ; 57(4): 550-553, 2020 07.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-32452273

ABSTRACT

Infection of small ruminants with peste des petits ruminants virus (PPRV) and goatpox virus (GTPV) are endemic and can have devastating economic consequences in Asia and Africa. Co-infection with these viruses have recently been reported in goats and sheep in Nigeria. In this study, we evaluated samples from the lips of a red Sokoto goat, and describe co-infection of keratinocytes with PPRV and GTPV using histopathology and transmission electron microscopy. Eosinophilic cytoplasmic inclusion bodies were identified histologically, and ultrastructural analysis revealed numerous large cytoplasmic viral factories containing poxvirus particles and varying sizes of smaller cytoplasmic inclusions composed of PPRV nucleocapsids. These histopathological and ultrastructural findings show concurrent infection with the 2 viruses for the first time as well as the detection of PPRV particles in epithelial cells of the mucocutaneous junction of the lip.


Subject(s)
Capripoxvirus/isolation & purification , Coinfection/veterinary , Goat Diseases/virology , Peste-des-petits-ruminants virus/isolation & purification , Animals , Goats/virology , Histocytochemistry/veterinary , Keratinocytes/virology , Lip/virology , Microscopy, Electron, Transmission/veterinary , Nigeria , Skin Diseases/virology
7.
Open Vet J ; 9(2): 151-156, 2019 07.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-31360655

ABSTRACT

Carcasses of an indigenous adult chicken and Japanese quail from different flocks were presented to a veterinary clinic for postmortem (PM) examination in 2014 in Jos, Plateau State, Nigeria. PM observations revealed cutaneous, hepatic, and splenic tumors in the Indigenous chicken. The quail carcass was emaciated with hepatic tumors. Histopathology revealed severe focally extensive non-encapsulated circumscribed large nodules with pleomorphic population of cells mainly composed of lymphoplasmacytic and mixed neutrophilic polymorphonuclear cells in the chicken. The pleomorphic infiltration of lymphohistioplasmacytic cells mixed with neutrophilic polymorphonuclear cells in the quail was consistent with Marek's disease virus (MDV) infection. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was carried out, and the Meq oncogene of the MDV was amplified in the samples collected from the chicken and quail to confirm the presence of the virulent MDV. The samples were also subjected to PCR for detection of MDV Rispens CVI988 vaccine strain which was detected in both chicken and quail samples. The findings in this study represent the first report of confirmatory diagnosis of MD using histopathology in an indigenous chicken and Japanese quail in Nigeria. It is also the first report of the detection of MDV Rispens CVI988 vaccine strain in unvaccinated chicken and quail in Nigeria.


Subject(s)
Chickens , Coturnix , Disease Outbreaks/veterinary , Marek Disease/epidemiology , Poultry Diseases/epidemiology , Animals , Marek Disease/virology , Nigeria/epidemiology , Poultry Diseases/virology
8.
Vet Med Sci ; 5(3): 412-418, 2019 08.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30993915

ABSTRACT

Peste-des-petits-ruminants (PPR) and Goat pox (GTP) are two devastating and economically important transboundary animal diseases of small ruminants in Africa and Asia that have been difficult to control. This study however, investigated an outbreak of PPR and GTP in a mixed flock of indigenous sheep and goats in Kanam, North Central Nigeria. A total of nine sera and seven tissues (lungs, spleen, scab and skin) samples were collected and analysed in the laboratory using competitive enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (cELISA) for PPR antibodies and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for detection of PPR virus (PPRV) and GTP virus (GTPV). Gene fragments of the nucleoprotein of PPRV and the G-protein-coupled chemokine receptor (GPCR) of GTPV were amplified and sequenced to confirm the presence of the causative viruses. Serologically, antibodies to PPRV were detected in all (9/9) sera collected. GTPV and PPRV was detected in corresponding samples (42.8% n = 3/7) of the scab/skin samples collected by both PCR and RT-PCR technique. The phylogenetic analysis of PPRV revealed that the virus belongs to lineage IV and clustered with viruses from Gabon and Cameroon. Similarly, the GTPV also clustered with other sequences from Burkina Faso and Yemen. The positive cELISA, RT-PCR and PCR results from samples collected from the same animals confirmed co-infection of PPR and GTP in this mixed flock of sheep and goats. This is the first report of concurrent infection of PPR and GTP in mixed flock of sheep and goats in Nigeria. Our findings underscore the need for farmers to vaccinate their flock to control spread and economic losses as result of these diseases.


Subject(s)
Coinfection/veterinary , Disease Outbreaks/veterinary , Goat Diseases/epidemiology , Peste-des-Petits-Ruminants/epidemiology , Poxviridae Infections/epidemiology , Sheep Diseases/epidemiology , Animals , Capripoxvirus/isolation & purification , Coinfection/epidemiology , Coinfection/virology , Goat Diseases/virology , Goats , Nigeria/epidemiology , Peste-des-Petits-Ruminants/virology , Peste-des-petits-ruminants virus/isolation & purification , Phylogeny , Poxviridae Infections/virology , Sheep , Sheep Diseases/virology
9.
Transbound Emerg Dis ; 66(4): 1631-1641, 2019 Jul.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30959552

ABSTRACT

Capripox virus infections are endemic diseases of livestock in Nigeria, but there are limited data on molecular characterization of circulating viruses. In this study, we investigated field outbreaks of Capripox virus infections in Nigeria via partial sequencing of viruses obtained from field samples. Eleven selected samples, collected from 2000-2016 from cattle (9), sheep (1) and goat (1) in three states in Nigeria and Capripox virus genome positive by PCR and real-time qPCR, were characterized using our newly developed partial sequencing protocol. This method for genetic characterization of Capripox virus strains allows a first, short molecular classification of strains responsible for the investigated field outbreaks in the country. Phylogenetically, the eight LSDV samples obtained from 2010 to 2016 are closely related to already published strains occurring in Greece and Serbia in the years 2015 and 2016, respectively, whereas the isolate from 2000 shows high similarity to the South African NI-2490 strain. These data indicate that there was a change of LSDV strains circulating in Nigeria between the years 2000 and 2010. The samples isolated from a goat and a sheep in different years seem to be related to already known GTPV strains, but clearly differ from all current published GTPV strains. Interestingly, both newly detected GTPV strains show up to 100% similarity compared to each other and led to clinical disease in sheep and goats. It is long known that some strains of GTPV and SPPV are able to infect both sheep and goats, but in most cases lead to more severe disease in only one of these species. Further genetic characterization of these isolates could provide more insight into pathogenesis and virulence factors of Capripox viruses, especially GTPV and SPPV.


Subject(s)
Capripoxvirus/isolation & purification , Cattle Diseases/epidemiology , Disease Outbreaks/veterinary , Goat Diseases/epidemiology , Poxviridae Infections/veterinary , Sheep Diseases/epidemiology , Animals , Capripoxvirus/genetics , Cattle , Cattle Diseases/virology , Goat Diseases/virology , Goats , Nigeria/epidemiology , Phylogeny , Polymerase Chain Reaction/veterinary , Poxviridae Infections/epidemiology , Poxviridae Infections/virology , Sheep , Sheep Diseases/virology , Skin/virology
10.
Open Vet J ; 8(2): 208-211, 2018.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-30425954

ABSTRACT

Camel contagious ecthyma (CCE) is a viral disease of camelids that is caused by a Parapoxvirus (PPV) which is a DNA virus of the viral family: Poxviridae. Diseases affecting camels in Nigeria are scarcely reported. CCE or the laboratory detection of camel PPV (CPPV) has not been reported in Nigeria. This study investigated and described the clinical presentation of CCE and molecular detection of CPPV in Nigeria. Suspected cases of CCE were reported in a farm, live animal market and abattoir, in three different states (Bauchi, Plateau and Zamfara) in Northern Nigeria. Skin scabs, lungs, liver and intestine samples were collected. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was carried out using the primers which targets the RPO30 gene fragment of the genus PPV. The clinical signs observed from the suspected cases of CCE were proliferative skin lesions, papules, scabs on the lips and nares. CPPV was detected in 80.0% (4/5) of the samples collected by PCR. CCE was diagnosed based on clinical signs and PCR results. This is the first report of CCE in Nigeria. Further studies should be carried out to genetically characterize the CPPV circulating in Nigeria.

11.
Afr J Infect Dis ; 11(2): 90-94, 2017.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-28670645

ABSTRACT

BACKGROUND: Sixty (60) male West African Dwarf goats were reported with clinical signs of enlarged lymph nodes, scabs on the mouth, nose and ears. Two of the goats died and post mortem examination reveals enlarged submandibular lymph nodes and vesicular lesions on the tongue. Clinical diagnosis of Orf has been reported in Nigeria but this report is the confirmatory diagnosis of Orf in a suspected outbreak in an experimental farm in Uyo, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria using molecular techniques. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Scabs, spleen and lymph node samples from goats suspected to have died from Orf were collected, transported on ice to the laboratory and homogenized. The DNA was extracted using QIAmp DNA minikit (Qiagen) according to the manufacturer's instructions. Orf virus (ORFV) was amplified using published ORFVspecific primers by PCR. RESULTS: Morbidity and mortality were 100% and 3.3% respectively, while ORFV was detected by PCR. Diagnosis of Orf was confirmed based on clinical signs of enlarged lymph nodes, scabs on the mouth, nose and ears, necropsy findings of enlarged submandibular lymph nodes and vesicular lesions on the tongue and PCR results. CONCLUSION: This may be the first report of molecular diagnosis of Orf in Nigeria. The 100% morbidity and 3.3% mortality rate is higher than previously reported thus Orf is becoming of greater economic importance than previously thought. It is therefore recommended that routine laboratory diagnosis of Orf be carried nationwide to determine the prevalence of Orf in Nigeria.

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