Relapse and failure rates between CAD/CAM and conventional fixed retainers: a 2-year follow-up of a randomized controlled clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Retention has been always considered a major challenge in orthodontics. Recently computer-aided design/computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) fixed retainers (FRs) have been introduced as a marked development in retainer technology, offering potential advantages. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to compare the differences in relapse and failure rates in patients treated with FRs using CAD/CAM technology, lab-based technique, and chairside method. TRIAL DESIGN: A double-blinded, prospective, randomized controlled clinical trial was conducted over a 2-year period at a single centre. INTERVENTIONS: These patients were divided into three groups: CAD/CAM group with multistranded Stainless Steel wires (CAD/CAM, n = 14), lab group with the same multistranded wires (lab, n = 15), and a chairside group with Stainless Steel Ortho-FlexTech wires (chairside, n = 14). OUTCOMES: Inter-canine width (ICW) and Little's irregularity index were digitally measured from scans at the orthodontic debonding (T1), 6-month retention (T2), 1-year retention (T3), and 2-year retention (T4) visits. All forms of failure were documented and analyzed. RANDOMIZATION: Participants were randomly assigned to the three groups using online randomization software (randomization.com) by a statistician who was not involved in the study. BLINDING: Patients were blinded in terms of the FR group to which they were each randomly assigned. The principal investigator was blinded upon data analysis since patients' records were coded to minimize observer and measurement bias. RESULTS: Initially 81 patients were assessed for eligibility. Seventy-five patients were randomly allocated into the three study groups. After 2-year follow-up, 43 patients came back for the follow-up and were analyzed. The CAD/CAM group showed significantly less reduction in ICW compared to the chairside group at all time intervals (P < .05) and compared to the lab group at 6 months (P = .038). In terms of LII, the CAD/CAM group exhibited significantly less change than the chairside and lab groups at all time intervals (P < .05). The CAD/CAM group had the lowest failure rate (21.4%), followed by chairside group (28.6%) and then lab group (33.3%), however the differences were insignificant. No harms were observed in the current study. CONCLUSION: Within 2 years of fixed retention, CAD/CAM FRs showed significantly less relapse than lab-based and chairside FRs. However, there was no significant difference in failure rates among the groups. TRIAL REGISTRATION: NCT05915273.

Does age influence deep overbite correction with Invisalign? A prospective study evaluating mandibular incisor intrusion in adolescents vs adults.

OBJECTIVE: To compare the accuracy of mandibular incisor intrusion with Invisalign (Align Technology, Santa Clara, Calif) in adolescents to that in adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This prospective clinical study included 58 patients treated with either Invisalign Teen or Invisalign Full. Mandibular central and lateral incisors were measured on digital models created from intraoral scans. Predicted values were determined by superimposing the initial and final ClinCheck models, and achieved values were determined by superimposing the initial ClinCheck models and the digital models from the final scans. Individual teeth were superimposed with a best-fit analysis and measured using Compare software (version 8.1; GeoDigm, Falcon Heights, Minn). RESULTS: The mean accuracies of mandibular incisor intrusion were 63.5% in adolescents and 45.3% in adults, and this difference was statistically significant. The amounts of achieved intrusion were 1.7 mm in adolescents and 0.9 mm in adults, and this difference was also statistically significant. Overall, there was a weak negative correlation between age and accuracy; as age advanced, the accuracy of mandibular incisor intrusion diminished slightly. CONCLUSIONS: Mandibular incisor intrusion with Invisalign is significantly more accurate in adolescents than in adults. Orthodontists could contemplate reducing the degree of overcorrection for mandibular incisor intrusion in adolescents with deep overbites undergoing Invisalign Teen but still implementing the reverse curve of Spee mechanics.

Quantifying maxillary anterior tooth movement in digital orthodontics: Does the choice of the superimposition software matter?

BACKGROUND: To compare the agreement between predetermined angular and linear tooth movement measurements processed with three digital model registration software packages. METHODS: Twenty maxillary intraoral pretreatment scans of patients undergoing clear aligner therapy were randomly selected. Digital setups were generated using OrthoAnalyzer Clear Aligner Studio software to serve as the reference standard. Both pretreatment scans and setups were converted to STL files and exported to Geomagic, OrthoAnalyzer-Model Set Compare, and Compare model registration software packages. The amount of tooth movement of the maxillary incisors and canines was calculated in six degrees of freedom. RESULTS: Statistical significance of the obtained results was expressed at P < 0.01 to account for multiple comparisons. The maxillary central incisors showed the highest agreement for torque and rotation as measured by all software programs. Lateral incisors showed the least agreement in linear movements as measured by Geomagic and Compare, and for tip as measured by Geomagic and OrthoAnalyzer. Maxillary canines had the highest agreement for all linear movements as measured by Geomagic and Compare, and tip as measured by Geomagic and OrthoAnalyzer. Geomagic showed excellent agreement for all measurements except for torque, whereas Compare showed excellent agreement only for rotation and linear measurements. OrthoAnalyzer showed moderate agreement for all measurements except for rotation, which showed good agreement. CONCLUSIONS: Maxillary central incisor measurements showed higher agreement compared with measurements of the maxillary lateral incisors and canines. Although none of the software showed poor agreement, Geomagic seemed to have the highest accuracy.

Forces and moments generated by 3D direct printed clear aligners of varying labial and lingual thicknesses during lingual movement of maxillary central incisor: an in vitro study.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to measure the forces and moments exerted by direct printed aligners (DPAs) with varying facial and lingual aligner surface thicknesses, in all three planes of space, during lingual movement of a maxillary central incisor. MATERIALS AND METHODS: An in vitro experimental setup was used to quantify forces and moments experienced by a programmed tooth to be moved and by adjacent anchor teeth, during lingual movement of a maxillary central incisor. DPAs were directly 3D-printed with Tera Harz TC-85 (Graphy Inc., Seoul, South Korea) clear photocurable resin in 100-µm layers. Three multi-axis sensors were used to measure the moments and forces generated by 0.50 mm thick DPAs modified with labial and lingual surface thicknesses of 1.00 mm in selective locations. The sensors were connected to three maxillary incisors (the upper left central, the upper right central, and the upper left lateral incisors) during 0.50 mm of programmed lingual bodily movement of the upper left central incisor. Moment-to-force ratios were calculated for all three incisors. Aligners were benchtop tested in a temperature-controlled chamber at intra-oral temperature to simulate intra-oral conditions. RESULTS: The results showed that increased facial thickness of DPAs slightly reduced force levels on the upper left central incisor compared to DPAs of uniform thickness of 0.50 mm. Additionally, increasing the lingual thickness of adjacent teeth reduced force and moment side effects on the adjacent teeth. DPAs can produce moment-to-force ratios indicative of controlled tipping. CONCLUSIONS: Targeted increases in thickness of direct 3D-printed aligners change the magnitude of forces and moments generated, albeit in complex patterns that are difficult to predict. The ability to vary labiolingual thicknesses of DPAs is promising to optimize the prescribed orthodontic movements while minimizing unwanted tooth movements, thereby increasing the predictability of tooth movements.

Forces and moments generated during extrusion of a maxillary central incisor with clear aligners: an in vitro study.

OBJECTIVE: To assess the possibility of extrusion of a maxillary central incisor with the use of buccal and lingual pressure columns in the absence of attachments, and to evaluate the forces and moments experienced by the teeth using both thermoformed and 3D-printed clear aligners. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A three-axis force and moment sensor (Aidin Robotics, Anyang, South Korea) was used to measure the forces and moments during extrusion of an upper left central incisor (UL1) and any forces experienced by the upper right central incisor (UR1) using thermoformed aligners and 3D-printed aligners. For the thermoformed aligners, the materials used were ATMOS® (American Orthodontics, Sheboygan, WI) and Zendura FLX® (Bay Materials LLC, Fremont, CA). 3D-printed aligners were fabricated using TC-85 clear photocurable resin (Graphy Inc., Seoul, South Korea). For each material type, three conditions were tested: Group 1: No attachment or pressure columns (control); Group 2: Attachment only; and Group 3: Pressure columns only. Each group was planned for 0.5 mm of extrusion on the UL1. RESULTS: All force readings collected demonstrated statistically significant differences when compared by materials and when compared by groups, with a P value of < 0.001. In the absence of attachment or pressure columns (Group 1), ATMOS® and TC-85 groups exerted extrusive force on the UL1. However, significantly lower forces and moments were exerted by the TC-85 group in comparison to the ATMOS® and Zendura FLX® groups. In the presence of attachment (Group 2), all three ATMOS®, Zendura FLX® and TC-85 groups exerted extrusive force on the UL1, with the TA group showing different directions of faciolingual force, mesiodistal force and faciolingual inclination on the UR1 when compared to the other two thermoformed groups. Whereas in the presence of pressure columns (Group 3), only the TC-85 3D-printed aligner group exerted extrusive force. Thermoformed aligners generated significantly higher mean forces and moments than 3D-printed aligners. Significant levels of unintended forces and moments were present in all groups. CONCLUSIONS: Force levels generated during extrusion with clear aligners are significantly lower with those 3D-printed using TC-85 than with those thermoformed using ATMOS® or Zendura FLX®. Attachments consistently generated extrusive forces, and may be an effective adjunct in achieving extrusion of incisors. Extrusion may be achieved without the use of attachments by utilizing pressure columns in 3D-printed aligners using TC-85. While different strategies can generate extrusive forces, there are significant unintended forces and moments.

Airway dimensional changes following bone anchored maxillary protraction: a systematic review.

BACKGROUND: The introduction of skeletal anchorage utilized for maxillary protraction with a face mask or class III elastics has been developed for the management of class III malocclusions with minimal dental effect. The objective of the present review was to evaluate the current evidence regarding airway dimensional changes following bone-anchored maxillary protraction. A search was conducted by two authors (S.A & B.A) in the following databases: MEDLINE via PubMed, Cochrane Library, Web of Science, Scopus, Google Scholar and Open Grey; besides a hand search in references of selected articles and developing a search alert in electronic databases. Selection criteria comprised randomized as well as prospective clinical trials evaluating airway dimensional changes following bone-anchored maxillary protraction. Relevant data were extracted after studies retrieval and selection. The risk of bias was thereafter evaluated using the revised RoB 2 tool for randomized clinical trials and the ROBINS-I tool was used for non-randomized clinical trials. The quality of studies was assessed using the modified Jadad score. After examining (eligibility) full-text articles, four clinical trials were ultimately included. These studies evaluated the airway dimensional changes, following bone-anchored maxillary protraction in comparison to different control study groups. Based on the available evidence, all the bone-anchored maxillary protraction devices used in the eligible studies in the present systematic review resulted in an improvement in the airway dimensions. However, due to the few numbers of studies available and the guarded evidence due to the low quality of evidence of three out of four included articles, there is no strong evidence to support a significant increase in the airway dimensions following bone-anchored maxillary protraction. Therefore, there is a need for more randomized controlled clinical trials with similar bone-anchored protraction devices and similar assessment methods for more valid comparisons, excluding any confounding factors, on airway dimensional changes.

Distalization using efficient attachment protocol in clear aligner therapy-A case report.

To describe an esthetic orthodontic treatment using aligners in an adult patient with dental class II malocclusion associated with crowding. A 25-year-old female patient with skeletal class I, bilateral class II relation, increased overjet and overbite and crowding in both arches presented for orthodontic treatment. The patient refused conventional fixed multibracket treatment in favor of aligners. Pre- and post-treatment records are presented. Treatment objectives were achieved in 10 months, and the patient was satisfied with the functional and esthetic outcomes. Combining aligners with appropriate attachment location and geometry is an efficacious means of resolving orthodontic issues such as class II malocclusion in a time frame comparable to that of conventional fixed orthodontics. Staging in distalization increases the predictability of movement. Furthermore, this system is associated with optimal oral hygiene and excellent esthetics.

Customized adjuncts with clear aligner therapy: "The Golden Circle Model" explained!

Clear aligners are the most debated infusion of technology into the orthodontic stratosphere and currently account for a sizable chunk of the orthodontic commercial market. Data indicate that a series of plastic aligners alone cannot resolve all the variants of malocclusion routinely treated by our specialty. Current literary consensus exists that the discrepancy between the predicted and actual clinical outcomes with clear aligner therapy (CAT) is around 50% or more, necessitating midcourse corrections, refinement, or additional aligners, or even a conversion to fixed appliances before the end of treatment. A practical panacea to improve the predictability of CAT is the addition of creative and customized adjuncts to CAT. This article, inspired by the "Golden Circle Model", addresses questions such as the "WHY, HOW, and WHAT" of adjuncts used in combination with CAT and depicts an "inside out" approach (from WHY to WHAT) to present the rationale, stepwise clinical workflow, and the advantages of these adjuncts. The bootstrap, mini pin-supported mesialization or distalization, Yin-Yang attachments, Beneslider, Mesialslider, BMX Expander, and Computer-Aided Design (CAD) / Computer-Aided-Manufacturing (CAM)...based innovative appliance designs among others, are presented as adjuncts to CAT in this article. These adjuncts can either be used concomitantly with the aligners or planned as a separate phase of treatment before the commencement of the actual CAT, based on the type of tooth movement required and whether the planned tooth movement is indicated for a single tooth or a group of teeth. An astute clinician who wishes to expand the repertoire of malocclusions that can be successfully managed by CAT should judiciously plan the inclusion of such adjunct appliances in their aligner treatment planning.

Correction of anterior open bite of varying severity using clear aligner therapy-A case series.

In open bite cases, a comprehensive diagnostic differentiation is crucial in determining the best corrective therapy. In non-surgical open bite treatment, fixed appliances, either labial or lingual, are usually employed. With the addition of extra-radicular screws, more sophisticated orthodontic movements may now be performed without the necessity for orthognathic surgery. Clear aligner therapy, on the contrary, has grown in popularity as a treatment option for more complex cases, such as open bite malocclusions. This article discusses three cases with an anterior open bite that were treated using various mechanics as dictated by the malocclusion. Case 1 was addressed wholly using clear aligner therapy, with careful consideration of attachment geometry and mechanics. Case 2 with clear aligner therapy, attachment geometry selection, and vertical elastics; and Case 3 with clear aligner therapy, attachments, and temporary anchorage devices.

Invisalign treatment with mandibular advancement: A retrospective cohort cephalometric appraisal.

Objective: To examine the skeletal, dental, and soft-tissue cephalometric effects of class II correction using Invisalign's mandibular advancement feature in growing patients. Materials and Methods: A retrospective cohort clinical study was performed on cases that were started between 2017 and 2019. A total of 32 patients (13 females, 19 males), with an average age of 13 years old (9.9-14.8 years) had undergone Invisalign treatment (Align Technology, Inc., San Jose, CA) wherein the mandibular advancement phase was completed were included. Photos, digital study models, and cephalograms were taken once during the patients' initial visit and again upon completing the mandibular advancement phase of treatment. The number of aligners worn and the time of treatment in months was recorded for each subject. Cephalometric analysis was performed and overjet and overbite were measured. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS statistical software (version 25; SPSS, Chicago, Ill) and the level of significance was set at P <0.05. Descriptive statistics were performed to generate means and differences for each cephalometric measurement as well as patient data including age, treatment time, and aligner number. Differences between measurements from patients before treatment (T1) and after treatment (T2) with the mandibular advancement feature were evaluated using a paired t -test. Results: All 32 patients had multiple jumps staged for the precision wings, i.e., incremental advancement. The average length of treatment for the MA phase was 9.2 months (7.5-13.8 months) and the average number of aligners used during this time was 37 (30-55). Statistically significant differences between T1 and T2, in favor of class II correction, were observed in the ANB angle, WITS appraisal, facial convexity, and mandibular length. The nasolabial angle, overjet, and overbite also showed statistically significant changes between T1 and T2. Conclusion: Invisalign aligners with the mandibular advancement feature took approximately 9 months for 1.5 mm of overjet correction. The lower incisor angulation was maintained during class II correction. The minimal skeletal changes are in favor of class II correction.

Digital model superimpositions: are different software algorithms equally accurate in quantifying linear tooth movements?

BACKGROUND: To evaluate the accuracy of three different 3D digital model registration software packages for linear tooth movement measurements, with reference to a 3D digital virtual setup (DS). METHODS: Twenty maxillary and mandibular pre-treatment scans of patients undergoing clear aligner therapy were used. Digital Setups were generated from pre-treatment scans using OrthoAnalyzer software. Both the pretreatment digital scans (T1) and Digital Setups (T2) were converted to STL files to be imported to the three studied software packages: Geomagic, OrthoAnalyzer and Compare. Linear changes in tooth positions were calculated for all the registered pairs. RESULTS: The change in tooth position was compared between the calculated tooth movement using each of the registration software packages versus the actual generated tooth movement from the Digital Setups. Continuous data was expressed as mean and standard deviation. Intraclass Correlation Coefficients for agreements between Digital Simulation and each software was used. Intra and Inter-examiner reliabilities were also assessed using Intraclass Correlation Coefficients. Significance of the obtained results was expressed at p ≤ 0.01. Geomagic software showed agreements > 0.90 for maxillary linear tooth movements and between 0.75 and 0.90 for mandibular measurements. OrthoAnalyzer software showed agreements between 0.50 and < 0.75 for maxillary and mandibular measurements. Compare software showed agreements > 0.90 for maxillary and mandibular linear tooth movements, indicating the best consistency. CONCLUSIONS: Compare and Geomagic software packages consistently showed maximum accuracy in measuring the amount of tooth movement in the maxillary arch compared to the reference standard. Compare software showed the highest agreements in the mandibular arch. None of the three studied software packages showed poor agreement with the Digital Setup across all tooth movement measurements. Buccolingual tooth movements showed the highest agreements amongst linear measurements.

TIP, TORQUE & ROTATIONS: How accurately do digital superimposition software packages quantify tooth movement?

BACKGROUND: To investigate the accuracy of three different 3D digital model registration software for tip, torque and rotation measurements, with reference to a 3D digital virtual setup. Twenty maxillary and mandibular pre-treatment scans of patients undergoing clear aligner therapy were used. Digital setups were generated from pre-treatment scans using a tooth movement software. Both the pretreatment digital scans (T1) and digital setups (T2) were converted to STL files to be exported to the 3 studied software that employed: (1) Semiautomatic best fit registration (S-BF), (2) Interactive surface-based registration (I-SB), and (3) Automatic best fit registration (A-BF) respectively. Changes in tip, torque and rotation were calculated for all the registered pairs. RESULTS: The change in tooth position was compared between the calculated tooth movement using each of the registration software packages versus the actual generated tooth movement from the digital setups. Continuous data was expressed as mean and standard deviation. Intra Class Correlation Coefficient for agreement between digital simulation and each software was used. Intra and Inter-examiner reliabilities were also assessed using Intra Class Correlation Coefficient. Significance of the obtained results was expressed at p ≤ 0.01. Semiautomatic best fit registration software showed excellent agreement (> 0.90) for all tooth movements, except for good agreement for torque (0.808). Interactive surface-based registration software showed moderate agreement for all measurements (0.50 and < 0.75), except for good agreement for rotation (0.783). Automatic best fit registration software demonstrated excellent agreement (> 0.90) for rotation, good agreement for tip (0.890) and moderate agreement for torque (0.740). CONCLUSIONS: Overall, semiautomatic best fit registration software consistently showed excellent agreement in superimpositions compared to other software types. Automatic best fit registration software consistently demonstrated better agreement for mandibular superimpositions, compared to others. Accuracy of digital model superimpositions for tooth movements studied in superimposition studies, can be attributed to the algorithm employed for quantification.

Robotic Applications in Orthodontics: Changing the Face of Contemporary Clinical Care.

The last decade (2010-2021) has witnessed the evolution of robotic applications in orthodontics. This review scopes and analyzes published orthodontic literature in eight different domains: (1) robotic dental assistants; (2) robotics in diagnosis and simulation of orthodontic problems; (3) robotics in orthodontic patient education, teaching, and training; (4) wire bending and customized appliance robotics; (5) nanorobots/microrobots for acceleration of tooth movement and for remote monitoring; (6) robotics in maxillofacial surgeries and implant placement; (7) automated aligner production robotics; and (8) TMD rehabilitative robotics. A total of 1,150 records were searched, of which 124 potentially relevant articles were retrieved in full. 87 studies met the selection criteria following screening and were included in the scoping review. The review found that studies pertaining to arch wire bending and customized appliance robots, simulative robots for diagnosis, and surgical robots have been important areas of research in the last decade (32%, 22%, and 16%). Rehabilitative robots and nanorobots are quite promising and have been considerably reported in the orthodontic literature (13%, 9%). On the other hand, assistive robots, automated aligner production robots, and patient robots need more scientific data to be gathered in the future (1%, 1%, and 6%). Technological readiness of different robotic applications in orthodontics was further assessed. The presented eight domains of robotic technologies were assigned to an estimated technological readiness level according to the information given in the publications. Wire bending robots, TMD robots, nanorobots, and aligner production robots have reached the highest levels of technological readiness: 9; diagnostic robots and patient robots reached level 7, whereas surgical robots and assistive robots reached lower levels of readiness: 4 and 3, respectively.

Combined effect of Er,Cr:YSGG laser and casein phosphopeptide amorphous calcium phosphate on the prevention of enamel demineralization.

OBJECTIVES: To compare the effect of use of laser, casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (CPP-ACP), and their combination on prevention of enamel demineralization using polarized light microscopy to assess lesion depth. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighty premolars were randomly allocated to four equal groups (n = 20): Group I: Control group, no preventive measures. Group II: CPP-ACP. Group III: Er,Cr:YSGG laser. Group IV: Er,Cr:YSGG laser followed by CPP-ACP. Specimens were subjected to thermocycling and brushing protocols equivalent to 1 year intraorally. Then, all teeth were subjected to acid challenge. Teeth were then sectioned longitudinally and examined under a polarized light microscope and lesion depth was measured. RESULTS: Group IV resulted in the least lesion depth with a significant difference between it and all other groups. CPP-ACP alone and laser alone also showed a significant difference in white spot lesion (WSL) depth compared to the control group; however, no significant difference was found between them. CONCLUSIONS: The combined use of laser and CPP-ACP showed the best prevention against WSL development. The use of CPP-ACP or laser alone also resulted in a significant reduction in lesion depth but was significantly less than their combined use, with no significant difference between them.

Regression model, artificial neural network, and cost estimation for biosorption of Ni(II)-ions from aqueous solutions by Potamogeton pectinatus.

This study investigated the application of Potamogeton pectinatus for Ni(II)-ions biosorption from aqueous solutions. FTIR spectra showed that the functional groups of -OH, C-H, -C = O, and -COO- could form an organometallic complex with Ni(II)-ions on the biomaterial surface. SEM/EDX analysis indicated that the voids on the biosorbent surface were blocked due to Ni(II)-ions uptake via an ion exchange mechanism. For Ni(II)-ions of 50 mg/L, the adsorption efficiency recorded 63.4% at pH: 5, biosorbent dosage: 10 g/L, and particle-diameter: 0.125-0.25 mm within 180 minutes. A quadratic model depicted that the plot of removal efficiency against pH or contact time caused quadratic-linear concave up curves, whereas the curve of initial Ni(II)-ions was quadratic-linear convex down. Artificial neural network with a structure of 5 - 6 - 1 was able to predict the adsorption efficiency (R2: 0.967). The relative importance of inputs was: initial Ni(II)-ions > pH > contact time > biosorbent dosage > particle-size. Freundlich isotherm described well the adsorption mechanism (R2: 0.974), which indicated a multilayer adsorption onto energetically heterogeneous surfaces. The net cost of using P. pectinatus for the removal of Ni(II)-ions (4.25 ± 1.26 mg/L) from real industrial effluents within 30 minutes was 3.4 $USD/m3.