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1.
PLOS Glob Public Health ; 4(6): e0003293, 2024.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-38900725

ABSTRACT

Achieving the global HIV, tuberculosis, and malaria targets will require innovative strategies to deliver high quality and person-centered health services. Community-led monitoring (CLM) is a rapidly proliferating health systems strengthening intervention for improving healthcare services and documenting human rights violations, through social empowerment and political accountability. Driven in part by increasing financial support from donors, a growing number of countries are implementing CLM programs. This study aimed to identify early challenges and lessons learned from CLM implementation, with the aim of informing and improving the implementation of CLM programs and ultimately achieving greater impact on the delivery of services. Twenty-five CLM implementors representing 21 countries participated in an interview. Early generation of buy-in from diverse stakeholders was noted as critical for CLM success. Leveraging existing networks of service users and community organizations to implement CLM also helped to maximize program reach and resources. Uncertainty around CLM's purpose and roles among CLM stakeholders resulted in challenges to community leadership and ownership of programs. Respondents also described challenges with underfunded programs, especially advocacy components, and inflexible donor funding mechanisms. Critical capacity gaps remain around advocacy and electronic data collection and use. With the rapid expansion of CLM, this study serves as an important first step in characterizing challenges and successes in the CLM landscape. Successful implementation of CLM requires prioritizing community ownership and leadership, donor commitment to sustainable and reliable funding, and strengthened support of programs across the data collection and advocacy lifecycle.

2.
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1436693

ABSTRACT

Introduction: In Brazil, interventions during labor and childbirth are harmful and, for the most part, unnecessary. In addition, there is a high prevalence of abuse and disrespect for women and babies during this period. Objective: To describe the prevalence of maternal and neonatal harm and harm-free care in a Brazilian maternity setting. Methods: Pilot application of the Portuguese version of Maternal Safety Thermometer (MST) by a cross-sectional study in a public setting. Data collection was made at two timepoints. Results: 140 women were included. Over 84% of women had a postpartum sutured wound, resulting from a caesarean section, an episiotomy, or a perineal trauma. Puerperal infection, especially on a caesarean wound, was the most frequent physical harm. Women's perception of safety, including being left alone in labour, and feeling their safety concerns were not taken seriously, decreased from 80.6% to 43.3% in the second timepoint. Using the MST helped to improve the quality of medical records since critical information about a patient's health status was not properly recorded, or even absent. Conclusion: MST is a concise tool and includes indicators related to harm-free care in a short time range. However, this study suggests that the MST can underestimate harm if it is used alone to assess harm-free care in maternities with excessive levels of intervention, and poor reporting of harms (i.e., blood loss), as in most Brazilian settings.


Introdução: No Brasil, as intervenções durante o parto e o nascimento são prejudiciais e, em sua maioria, desnecessárias. Além disso, é alta a prevalência de abusos e desrespeito à mulher e ao bebê neste período. Objetivo: Descrever a prevalência dos danos maternos e neonatais, e do cuidado livre de danos em uma maternidade brasileira. Método: Estudo transversal, com aplicação piloto, em português, do Termômetro de Segurança da Maternidade (TSM) em uma instituição pública. A coleta de dados foi realizada em dois momentos. Resultados: 140 mulheres foram incluídas. Mais de 84% delas deixaram a maternidade com algum tipo de ferida suturada, resultante de cesariana, episiotomia ou outro trauma perineal. Infecção puerperal, principalmente na incisão da cesariana, foi o dano físico mais frequente. A percepção de segurança das mulheres ­ incluindo ficar sozinha no trabalho de parto e sentir que suas preocupações com relação à segurança não foram consideradas ­ diminuiu de 80,6% para 43,3% no segundo momento. O uso do TSM ajudou a melhorar a qualidade dos registros em prontuário, dado que, informações importantes sobre a condição das pacientes não eram registradas adequadamente ou estiveram ausentes. Conclusão: O TSM é uma ferramenta concisa que possibilita descrever o cuidado livre de danos rapidamente. No entanto, este estudo sugere que, se usado isoladamente, o TSM pode subestimar danos em serviços com níveis excessivos de intervenção e com registros inadequados de danos (exemplo, perda sanguínea), como é o caso da maioria das maternidades brasileiras.

3.
Article in English | LILACS-Express | LILACS | ID: biblio-1437138

ABSTRACT

Objective: sex workers are configured as a historically marginalized group for deviate of the moral and social behavior pattern dictated by conservative dogmas on which Brazil was built. Such exclusion is also expressed in public health policies, where the group is mentioned only in actions and programs aimed at sexually transmitted infections (STIs), which violates basic principles proposed by SUS (Brazilian Unified Health System). This paper aims to analyze the care received in the context of health care from the perspective of sex workers.Methods: this is a descriptive and exploratory study, with a qualitative approach, that have as referential of analysis the Collective Subject Discourse (CSD), built from a half-structured interview realized with the group in question and a socioeconomic questionnaire. The DSC is a method that assemble opinions and individual expressions in a unique testimony, written in first person singular, that gives voice to this collectivity. The collect was helped by community health agents of Family Health Unit that includes the brothel's territory.Results and Discussion: were interviewed 22 sex workers, being 19 cis woman and 3 trans woman, most of whom in a situation of social vulnerability ­ brown or black, little schooling and low rent. The speeches identified the existence of health care that does not meet the specific demands of this population, in addition to the presence of fragmented care and focused on sexual and gynecological health. The trans or cis interviewed, moreover, strong resistance to gender identity and respect for the social name by the team. In addition, there were expressions of fear in revealing the profession during medical appointment, due to the stigma and preconception that fell on them. Even so, these professionals understand that their health needs are met in SUS, which connotes a resigned view of the gaps in the care network, requiring specific health actions, programs and policies for this population.Final Considerations: the sex workers are a society's cutout that suffer daily with stigma on their pattern of sexual behavior, living an important condition of social vulnerability. This reflects on fear to seek medical services and to reveal their profession, resulting in gaps on the access and right to health in this population. It is necessary, therefore, creation of health programs and policies specifics and requalification of the health teams for the management of this patients.


Objetivo: as profissionais do sexo se configuram como um grupo historicamente marginalizado por se desviarem do padrão de comportamento moral e social ditado pelos dogmas conservadores sobre os quais o Brasil foi erguido. Tal exclusão está expressa também nas políticas públicas de saúde, nas quais o grupo é citado apenas em ações e programas voltados às infecções sexualmente transmissíveis (ISTs), o que fere os princípios doutrinários e organizativos propostos pelo SUS. O presente trabalho objetiva analisar o cuidado recebido no contexto assistencial à saúde a partir da ótica das profissionais do sexo.Método : Trata-se de um estudo descritivo e exploratório, de abordagem qualitativa, que teve como referencial de análise o Discurso do Sujeito Coletivo (DSC), construído a partir de entrevista semiestruturada realizada com o grupo em questão. O DSC é um método que reúne as opiniões e expressões individuais semelhantes em um depoimento único, redigido em primeira pessoa do singular, que dá voz a essa coletividade. A coleta foi auxiliada pelos agentes comunitários de saúde (ACS) da Unidade de Saúde da Família que abrange o território das casas de prostituição do município.Resultados e Discussão: Foram entrevistadas 22 prostitutas, sendo 19 mulheres cis e 3 mulheres trans ou travestis, as quais, em sua maioria, encontravam-se em situação de vulnerabilidade social ­ raça preta ou parda, pouca escolaridade e baixa renda. Identificou-se nos discursos a existência de uma assistência em saúde que não atende as demandas específicas dessa população, além da presença de um cuidado fragmentado e centrado na saúde sexual e ginecológica. As entrevistadas trans ou travestis relataram, além disso, forte resistência quanto à identidade de gênero e respeito ao nome social por parte da equipe. Ademais, houve expressões de medo em revelar a profissão durante as consultas, devido ao estigma e preconceito recaídos sobre elas. Ainda assim, essas profissionais entendem que suas necessidades em saúde são supridas no SUS, o que conota uma visão resignada frente às lacunas da rede de atenção, requerendo ações, programas e políticas de saúde voltadas a esta população.Considerações Finais: As profissionais do sexo fazem parte de um recorte da sociedade que sofre diariamente com estigma sobre seu padrão de comportamento sexual, vivendo em importante condição de vulnerabilidade social. Isto se reflete em medo de buscar atendimento médico e de revelar a profissão, acarretando lacunas no acesso e direito à saúde desta população. Faz-se necessário, portanto, criação de programas e políticas de saúde específicas e (re)qualificação das equipes de saúde para o manejo destas pacientes.

4.
Sex., salud soc. (Rio J.) ; (38): e22208, 2022. tab
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-1410182

ABSTRACT

Resumo: Este estudo objetiva analisar a compreensão das mulheres que vivenciaram a morbidade materna aguda grave (near-miss materno) sobre a assistência obstétrica recebida. Trata-se de uma pesquisa de abordagem qualitativa, com referencial metodológico da história oral temática, realizada por meio de entrevistas presenciais. Participaram do estudo doze mulheres de diferentes regiões brasileiras e que vivenciaram o near-miss materno, principalmente, por complicações de síndromes hipertensivas, hemorragias e infecções. Das memórias coletivas emergidas, identificou-se a violência obstétrica na forma de: I. abuso físico; II. intervenções não consentidas ou aceitas com base em informações parciais ou distorcidas; III. cuidado não confidencial ou privativo; IV. tratamento não digno e abuso verbal; e V. abandono, negligência ou recusa de atendimento. Em conclusão, a violência obstétrica pode somar-se aos eventos que culminarão no near-miss materno e, nesse sentido, é potencialmente ameaçadora da vida.


Abstract: This study aims to analyze the understanding of women who experienced the maternal near-miss about obstetric care received. It was a research of a qualitative approach, with a methodological reference of the thematic oral history, carried out through interviews with women who lived maternal near-miss. Twelve women from different Brazilian regions were interviewed and who experienced maternal near-miss, mainly due to complications of hypertensive syndromes, hemorrhages and infections. From the emerged collective memories, obstetric violence was identified in the form of: I. physical abuse; II. interventions not consented or accepted based on partial or distorted information; III. non-confidential or private care; IV. non-dignified care and verbal abuse; and V. abandonment, negligence or refusal of care. In conclusion, that obstetric violence can added to the events that will culminate in maternal near-miss and, in this sense, it is potentially life threatening.


Resumen: Este estudio tiene como objetivo analizar la comprensión de las mujeres que experimentaron morbilidad materna aguda severa (near-miss materno) sobre la atención obstétrica recibida. Se trata de una investigación con enfoque cualitativo, con un marco metodológico de historia oral temática, realizada a través de entrevistas presenciales. Participaron en el estudio 12 mujeres de diferentes regiones brasileñas que experimentaron near-miss materno, principalmente debido a complicaciones de síndromes hipertensivos, hemorragias e infecciones. A partir de las memorias colectivas surgidas, se identificó la violencia obstétrica en forma de: I. maltrato físico; II. intervenciones no consentidas o aceptadas con base en información parcial o distorsionada; III. atención no confidencial o privada; IV. trato indigno y abuso verbal; y V. abandono, negligencia o negativa a asistir. En conclusión, la violencia obstétrica puede se sumar a los eventos que culminarán en un casi accidente materno y, en este sentido, es potencialmente mortal.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Parenting , Near Miss, Healthcare , Obstetric Violence , Midwifery , Women's Health
5.
DST j. bras. doenças sex. transm ; 33: 1-6, dez.30, 2021.
Article in English | LILACS | ID: biblio-1348897

ABSTRACT

Introduction: Sexually Transmitted Infections (STI) are configured as a public health problem, carrying a stigma, and often making the individual more vulnerable to other diseases. The perception of vulnerability does not motivate a preventive behavior towards STIs. Objective: To evaluate knowledge about STIs in relation to sociodemographic aspects and sexual and reproductive behaviors. Methods: This descriptive study was conducted in 2018 with 772 users of the voluntary Testing and Counseling Center (TCC) of Uberaba/MG, and included a questionnaire on their knowledge regarding STIs, addressing specific aspects of HIV, HPV, herpes, gonorrhea, chlamydia, hepatitis B and syphilis. Furthermore, data on the sexual and reproductive behavior of users was collected. Results: The study included 201 men and 571 women, of which 334 were pregnant. Less knowledge about STIs was observed among pregnant women, adolescents and the elderly people. Questions about chlamydia represented the highest rate of errors (75.9%) among respondents, while syphilis was the STI with greater knowledge (79.5% of the correct answers). Most participants reported they had never used condoms (60.5%) and identified "will not get any STI" as the main reason for not using them (52.7%). There were no significant associations between the degree of knowledge of STIs and sexual behavior. Conclusion: Among the population, especially teenagers and elderly people, there is a relevant lack of knowledge when it comes to STIs. Promoting universal access to diagnosis and prevention of STIs, as well as holistic care for vulnerable and at-risk populations, remain as challenges to be overcome


Introdução: Infecções Sexualmente Transmissíveis (IST) se configuram como um problema de saúde pública, pois carregam consigo estigma e tornam as pessoas mais vulneráveis a outras doenças. A percepção de vulnerabilidade não motiva o comportamento preventivo às IST. Objetivo: Avaliar o conhecimento sobre as IST em relação aos fatores sociodemográficos e o comportamento sexual e reprodutivo. Métodos: Estudo descritivo conduzido em 2018 com 772 usuários do Centro de Testagem e Aconselhamento (CTA) da cidade de Uberaba, estado de Minas Gerais, Brasil. Os participantes responderam a um questionário sobre conhecimento das IST, abordando questões específicas sobre vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV), papilomavírus humano (HPV), herpes, gonorreia, clamídia, hepatite B e sífilis. Foram coletados também dados sobre o comportamento sexual e reprodutivo dos usuários. Resultados: O estudo contou com 201 homens e 571 mulheres, das quais 334 estavam gestantes. Menor conhecimento sobre IST foi observado entre gestantes, adolescentes e idosos. As perguntas sobre clamídia representaram o maior índice de erros (75,9%), ao passo que a sífilis se mostrou uma IST de maior conhecimento (79,5% de acerto). A maioria dos participantes afirmou nunca usar preservativos (60,5%) e identificou como principal motivo para esse não uso uma percepção da impossibilidade de contrair uma IST (52,7%). Não foram observadas associações significativas entre o grau de conhecimento de IST e o comportamento sexual. Conclusão: Há, entre a população, especialmente adolescentes e idosos, um desconhecimento relevante acerca das principais IST. A promoção do acesso universal ao diagnóstico e à prevenção das IST, bem como a integralidade no cuidado da população vulnerável e de risco permanecem enquanto desafios a superar.


Subject(s)
Humans , Sexually Transmitted Diseases , Knowledge , Counseling , Public Health , Vulnerable Populations , Disease Prevention
6.
Psicol. ciênc. prof ; 38(spe2): 238-251, out./ dez.2018.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, Index Psychology - journals | ID: biblio-981583

ABSTRACT

O presente artigo pretende contribuir para o debate sobre segurança pública a partir da análise do caso da Praça Sete Jovens, situada na periferia da região Norte do município de São Paulo. A Praça é arena de disputa de sentidos na produção do espaço público e da memória coletiva e foi palco de uma chacina contra jovens da região em 2014. O nome da Praça é uma homenagem a sete jovens atingidos por outra chacina ocorrida em 2007 na mesma região.Esta pesquisa produziu uma narrativa da história das lutas pela ocupação da Praça tendo como objeto a trama discursiva relativa à chacina e como eixo analítico a problematização dos regimes de verdade, na perspectiva de Foucault. Para a construção desta narrativa, realizamos, durante o ano de 2016, entrevistas com nove moradores com base na metodologia da história oral e experimentações etnográficas na região, especialmente em torno da Praça. Tais incursões foram registradas em diário de campo. Neste percurso, foi identificado um conjunto de medidas de segurança para o controle da população pobre, principalmente negra, e da sua circulação,especialmente na forma de "operações urbanas" e "projetos sociais" que articulam "segurança e cidadania" e realizam o controle a céu aberto. Tais "operações" são objeto de discussão no artigo que articula as disputas locais à intersecção historicamente construída no Brasil entre periculosidade, raça e pobreza, e entre controle social e discurso do crime....(AU)


Based on the analysis of the case of Sete Jovens Square, located on the outskirts of the northern São Paulo city, this paper aims at contributing to the debate on public security. The Square, which was the stage of a massacre against local young people in 2014, is an arena of a dispute of senses associated to the production of public space and collective memory. The name of the Square is a tribute to the seven young people hit by another slaughter, in 2007, in the same neighborhood. This research produced a narrative of the struggle history for the occupation of the Square, having the discursive plot related to the slaughter as its object and the problematization of the regimes of truth, in Foucault's perspective, as its analytical axis. For the construction of this narrative, we conducted interviews with nine residents based on the methodology of oral history and ethnographic experiments in the region, especially in the surroundings of the Square, during 2016. These incursions were recorded in field journals. In this journey, a set of security measures for the control of the poor population, preponderantly black,and for its circulation, were observed, especially in the form of "urban operations" and "social projects" which articulate "security and citizenship" and open air control. Such "operations" are the subject of consideration in the article that articulates the local disputes to the historically built intersection in Brazil between dangerousness, race and poverty, and between social control and crime discourse....(AU)


El presente artículo pretende contribuir al debate sobre seguridad pública a partir del análisis del caso de la Plaza Sete Jovens, situada en la periferia de la región Norte del municipio de São Paulo. La plaza es una arena de disputa de sentidos en la producción del espacio público y de la memoria colectiva y fue escenario de una matanza contra jóvenes de la región en 2014. El nombre de la Plaza es un homenaje a siete jóvenes afectados por otra matanza ocurrida en 2007 en la misma región. Esta investigación produjo una narrativa de la historia de las luchas por la ocupación de la Plaza teniendo como objeto la trama discursiva relativa a la matanza y como eje analítico la problematización de los regímenes de verdad desde la perspectiva de Foucault. Para la construcción de esta narrativa, realizamos, durante el año 2016, entrevistas con nueve residentes locales con base en la metodología de la historia oral y experimentaciones etnográficas en la región, especialmente en torno a la Plaza. Tales incursiones fueron registradas en diario de campo. Se identificaron un conjunto de medidas de seguridad para el control de la población pobre, principalmente negra, y de su circulación especialmente en la forma de "operaciones urbanas" y "proyectos sociales" que articulan "seguridad y ciudadanía" y realizan el control a cielo abierto. Tales "operaciones" son objeto de discusión en el artículo que articula las disputas locales a la intersección históricamente construida en Brasil entre peligrosidad, raza y pobreza y entre control social y discurso del crimen....(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Psychology , Pharmaceutical Preparations , Adolescent
7.
Cad Saude Publica ; 32(9): e00161215, 2016 Sep 19.
Article in Portuguese | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-27653202

ABSTRACT

The collective memories of women that have experienced maternal near miss can help elucidate serious obstetric events, like maternal death. Their experience is authentic and representative, with the construction of a common identity. This identity lends quality to a group's memory, and such memory is thus a social phenomenon. The study analyzed the experience of twelve women who nearly died during the gestational and postpartum cycle. The thematic oral history method was used, from the perspective of health needs and human rights. Six collective memories comprised the discourses: unmet health needs; healthcare deficiencies; denial of contact with the newborn child; violation of rights; absence of demand for rights; and compensation for unmet rights and needs. To understand these women's health needs is to acknowledge the women as bearers of rights and to individualize care, respecting their autonomy, guaranteeing access to technologies, and establishing an effective bond with health professionals.


Subject(s)
Death , Maternal Mortality , Memory , Obstetric Labor Complications/mortality , Adult , Brazil/epidemiology , Female , Health Services Needs and Demand , Human Rights , Humans , Obstetric Labor Complications/classification , Obstetric Labor Complications/psychology , Pregnancy , Socioeconomic Factors , Women's Health , Young Adult
8.
São Paulo; s.n; 2016. 290 p.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: biblio-871067

ABSTRACT

Estima-se que aproximadamente 40 por cento das mulheres experimentam alguma forma de morbidade durante a gestação, parto ou puerpério. Algumas delas aproximam-se da morte - evento conhecido como near-miss materno. Vivenciar tal condição significa compartilhar fatores patológicos e circunstanciais diversos com mulheres que morrem por causas obstétricas. Assim, o relato da experiência de near-miss materno pode ajudar na compreensão dos eventos obstétricos graves, tal como a morte materna, evitável em quase 100 por cento dos casos. A experiência das pessoas é autêntica e representativa do todo por meio da construção de uma identidade comum. Esta identidade confere qualidade à memória de um grupo. Portanto, cada memória é um fenômeno social. Com isto, foram analisadas as experiências de doze mulheres que quase morreram em função do estado gravídico-puerperal, após seleção pela Internet e entrevistas presenciais. O método qualitativo utilizado foi o da História Oral de vida e o referencial teórico de análise baseou-se nos conceitos de Necessidades de Saúde e dos Direitos Humanos. Oito memórias coletivas compuseram os discursos: necessidades de saúde não atendidas; deficiências na assistência recebida; a assistência contribuindo com o quadro de near-miss; outras explicações para a vivência do near-miss; privação do contato com o filho; violação de direitos; ausência de reivindicação dos direitos; e caminhos percorridos para atenuar o sentimento de direitos e necessidades não atendidos.


It is estimated that approximately 40 per cent of women experience some form of morbidity during pregnancy, childbirth or the postpartum period. Some of these have even approached death - an event known as a maternal near-miss. To experience such a condition means sharing the pathological and environmental factors of women who died from obstetric causes. Thus, the accounting of maternal near-miss experiences can help in the understanding of severe obstetric events, such as maternal, preventable death in almost 100 per cent of cases. The experiences of the people involved are authentic and representative of all through the construction of a common identity. This identity confers quality to the memory of a group. Therefore, each memory is a social phenomenon. With this, the experiences of twelve women, who almost died due to pregnancy and childbirth problems, were analyzed after selection via Internet and in-person interviews. The qualitative method used was the oral life history and the theoretical analysis was based on the concepts of Health Needs and Human Rights. Eight collective memories composed of speeches: unmet health needs; deficiencies in care received; assistance contributing to the occurrence of the near-miss; other explanations for the experience of near-miss; deprivation of contact with the child; violation of rights; absence of rights of claim; and other paths taken to alleviate the sense of rights and needs not met.


Subject(s)
Human Rights/psychology , Maternal Welfare , Health Services Needs and Demand/standards , Pregnancy Complications , Memory , Qualitative Research
9.
Cad. Saúde Pública (Online) ; 32(9): e00161215, 2016. tab, graf
Article in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-795299

ABSTRACT

Resumo: Mulheres que vivenciaram o near miss materno podem, por meio de suas memórias coletivas, ajudar na compreensão dos eventos obstétricos graves, como a morte materna. A experiência das pessoas é autêntica e representativa do todo com a construção de uma identidade comum. É a identidade que dá qualidade à memória de um grupo. Assim, cada memória é um fenômeno social. Analisou-se a experiência de 12 mulheres que quase morreram em função do estado gravídico-puerperal. O método da história oral temática foi utilizado, na perspectiva das necessidades de saúde e direitos humanos. Seis memórias coletivas compuseram os discursos: necessidades de saúde não atendidas; deficiências assistenciais; privação do contato com o filho; violação de direitos; ausência de reivindicação dos direitos; e compensações dos direitos e necessidades não atendidos. Compreender as necessidades de saúde dessas mulheres é reconhecê-las como sujeitos de direitos; é individualizar a assistência, respeitando sua autonomia, garantindo o acesso às tecnologias e estabelecendo vínculo (a)efetivo com o profissional de saúde.


Abstract: The collective memories of women that have experienced maternal near miss can help elucidate serious obstetric events, like maternal death. Their experience is authentic and representative, with the construction of a common identity. This identity lends quality to a group's memory, and such memory is thus a social phenomenon. The study analyzed the experience of twelve women who nearly died during the gestational and postpartum cycle. The thematic oral history method was used, from the perspective of health needs and human rights. Six collective memories comprised the discourses: unmet health needs; healthcare deficiencies; denial of contact with the newborn child; violation of rights; absence of demand for rights; and compensation for unmet rights and needs. To understand these women's health needs is to acknowledge the women as bearers of rights and to individualize care, respecting their autonomy, guaranteeing access to technologies, and establishing an effective bond with health professionals.


Resumen: Las mujeres que experimentaron un near miss materno pueden, mediante sus memorias colectivas, ayudar a la comprensión de eventos obstétricos graves como la muerte materna. La experiencia de las personas es auténtica y representativa del todo con la construcción de una identidad común. Es la identidad la que da calidad a la memoria de un grupo. Así, cada memoria es un fenómeno social. Se analizó la experiencia de 12 mujeres que casi murieron en función del estado de embarazo-puerperio. Se utilizó el método de la historia oral temática, desde la perspectiva de las necesidades de salud y derechos humanos. Seis memorias colectivas compusieron los discursos: necesidades de salud no atendidas; deficiencias asistenciales; privación del contacto con el hijo; violación de derechos; ausencia de reivindicación de los derechos; y compensaciones de los derechos y necesidades no atendidas. Comprender las necesidades de salud de esas mujeres es reconocerlas como sujetos de derechos; es individualizar la asistencia, respetando su autonomía, garantizando el acceso a las tecnologías y estableciendo vínculo (a)efectivo con el profesional de salud.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Adult , Young Adult , Maternal Mortality , Death , Obstetric Labor Complications/mortality , Memory , Socioeconomic Factors , Brazil/epidemiology , Women's Health , Health Services Needs and Demand , Human Rights , Obstetric Labor Complications/classification , Obstetric Labor Complications/psychology
10.
Neurotox Res ; 28(1): 32-42, 2015 Jul.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25827781

ABSTRACT

Deposition of amyloid-ß (Aß) peptides into specific encephalic structures has been pointed as an important event related to Alzheimer's disease pathogenesis and associated with activation of glial cells, neuroinflammation, oxidative responses, and cognitive deficits. Aß-induced pro-oxidative damage may regulate the activity of glutamate transporters, leading to reduced glutamate uptake and, as a consequence, excitotoxic events. Herein, we evaluated the effects of the pretreatment of atorvastatin, a HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor, on behavioral and biochemical alterations induced by a single intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) injection of aggregated Aß1-40 in mice. Atorvastatin (10 mg/kg/day, p.o.) was administered through seven consecutive days before Aß1-40 administration. Aß1-40 caused significant cognitive impairment in the object-place recognition task (2 weeks after the i.c.v. injection) and this phenomenon was abolished by atorvastatin pretreatment. Ex vivo evaluation of glutamate uptake into hippocampal and cerebral cortices slices showed atorvastatin, and Aß1-40 decreased hippocampal and cortical Na(+)-dependent glutamate uptake. However, Aß1-40 increased Na(+)-independent glutamate uptake and it was prevented by atorvastatin in prefrontal cortex slices. Moreover, Aß1-40 treatment significantly increased the cerebrocortical activities of glutathione reductase and glutathione peroxidase and these events were blunted by atorvastatin pretreatment. Reduced or oxidized glutathione levels were not altered by Aß1-40 and/or atorvastatin treatment. These results extend the notion of the protective action of atorvastatin against neuronal toxicity induced by Aß1-40 demonstrating that a pretreatment with atorvastatin prevents the spatial learning and memory deficits induced by Aß in rodents and promotes changes in glutamatergic and antioxidant systems mainly in prefrontal cortex.


Subject(s)
Amyloid beta-Peptides/toxicity , Atorvastatin/administration & dosage , Cognition Disorders/chemically induced , Cognition Disorders/prevention & control , Hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA Reductase Inhibitors/administration & dosage , Peptide Fragments/toxicity , Acetylcholinesterase/metabolism , Animals , Glutamic Acid/metabolism , Hippocampus/drug effects , Hippocampus/metabolism , Infusions, Intraventricular , Male , Mice , Oxidative Stress , Prefrontal Cortex/drug effects , Prefrontal Cortex/metabolism , Recognition, Psychology/drug effects , Spatial Learning/drug effects , Spatial Memory/drug effects
11.
J Clin Med Res ; 7(3): 186-8, 2015 Mar.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-25584105

ABSTRACT

Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a hereditary disease of exocrine gland function that involves multiple systems but chiefly results in chronic respiratory infections, the major cause of death, pancreatic enzyme deficiency and severe malnutrition, mostly in untreated patients. The association between CF and other inherited diseases or congenital anomalies is rare. We describe for the first time the association of CF and Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome (BWS). BWS is a genetic disorder commonly characterized by overgrowth. The most common features of BWS include macrosomia, macroglossia, abdominal wall defects, an increased risk for childhood tumors, kidney abnormalities, hypoglycemia in the newborn period and unusual ear creases or pits.

12.
Rev. bras. crescimento desenvolv. hum ; 25(3): 377-384, 2015. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-772570

ABSTRACT

Disrespect and abuse (in Brazil called obstetric violence), described by different terms, is increasingly used in social activism, in academic research and public policy formulation, and was recently recognized as a public health issue by the World Health Organization. As an innovative theme, it requires a mapping its origins, definitions, typology, impacts on maternal health and proposals for its preventing and remedy. We present a critical-narrative review about this issue, including academic literature, productions of social movements and institutional documents, in Brazil and internationally. After a short historical overview, we map the definitions and types of violence. The complex causation of these forms of violence is discussed, including the role of professional training, the organization of health services, and the implications for maternal morbidity and mortality. Finally we present interventions in public health that have been used or proposed to prevent and mitigate obstetric violence, and an agenda for innovation and research in this area...


A violência obstétrica, descrita por diferentes termos, cada vez mais é utilizada no ativismo social, em pesquisas acadêmicas e na formulação de políticas públicas, sendo recentemente reconhecida como questão de saúde pública pela Organização Mundial da Saúde. Como tema inovador, requer um mapeamento de suas origens, definições, tipologia, impactos na saúde materna e propostas de prevenção e superação.Apresentamos esta revisão crítico-narrativa sobre o tema, abarcando literatura acadêmica, produções dos movimentos sociais e documentos institucionais, do Brasil e exterior. Após breve recuperação histórica do tema,mapeiam-se as definições e as tipologias de violência identificadas. Discute-se a complexa causalidade destas formas de violência, incluindo o papel da formação dos profissionais e da organização dos serviços de saúde e as implicações na morbimortalidade materna. Finaliza-se com intervenções em Saúde Pública que têm sido utilizadas ou propostas para prevenir e mitigar a violência obstétrica, e uma agenda de pesquisa de inovação nesta área...


Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Pregnancy , Health Personnel , Human Rights , Humanizing Delivery , Maternal Welfare , Patient Rights , Patient Safety , Public Health , Violence Against Women , Women's Rights
13.
Rev. bras. crescimento desenvolv. hum ; 25(3): 377-384, 2015. tab
Article in English | Index Psychology - journals | ID: psi-67298

ABSTRACT

Disrespect and abuse (in Brazil called obstetric violence), described by different terms, is increasingly used in social activism, in academic research and public policy formulation, and was recently recognized as a public health issue by the World Health Organization. As an innovative theme, it requires a mapping its origins, definitions, typology, impacts on maternal health and proposals for its preventing and remedy. We present a critical-narrative review about this issue, including academic literature, productions of social movements and institutional documents, in Brazil and internationally. After a short historical overview, we map the definitions and types of violence. The complex causation of these forms of violence is discussed, including the role of professional training, the organization of health services, and the implications for maternal morbidity and mortality. Finally we present interventions in public health that have been used or proposed to prevent and mitigate obstetric violence, and an agenda for innovation and research in this area.(AU)


A violência obstétrica, descrita por diferentes termos, cada vez mais é utilizada no ativismo social, em pesquisas acadêmicas e na formulação de políticas públicas, sendo recentemente reconhecida como questão de saúde pública pela Organização Mundial da Saúde. Como tema inovador, requer um mapeamento de suas origens, definições, tipologia, impactos na saúde materna e propostas de prevenção e superação.Apresentamos esta revisão crítico-narrativasobre o tema, abarcandoliteratura acadêmica, produções dos movimentos sociais e documentos institucionais, do Brasil e exterior. Após breve recuperação histórica do tema,mapeiam-se as definições e as tipologias de violência identificadas. Discute-se a complexa causalidade destas formas de violência, incluindo o papel da formação dos profissionais e da organização dos serviços de saúde e as implicações na morbimortalidade materna. Finaliza-se com intervenções em Saúde Pública que têm sido utilizadas ou propostas para prevenir e mitigar a violência obstétrica, e uma agenda de pesquisa de inovação nesta área.(AU)


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Humanizing Delivery , Women's Health , Human Rights , Violence Against Women
14.
Biomed Res Int ; 2013: 769295, 2013.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24324973

ABSTRACT

The molecular mechanisms mediating manganese (Mn)-induced neurotoxicity, particularly in the immature central nervous system, have yet to be completely understood. In this study, we investigated whether mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) could represent potential targets of Mn in striatal and hippocampal slices obtained from immature rats (14 days old). The aim of this study was to evaluate if the MAPK pathways are modulated after subtoxic Mn exposure, which do not significantly affect cell viability. The concentrations of manganese chloride (MnCl2; 10-1,000 µM) caused no change in cell viability in slices exposed for 3 or 6 hours. However, Mn exposure significantly increased extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) 1/2, as well as c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) 1/2/3 phosphorylation at both 3 and 6 hours incubations, in both brain structures. Furthermore, Mn exposure did not change the total content or phosphorylation of TH at the serine 40 site in striatal slices. Thus, Mn at concentrations that do not disrupt cell viability causes activation of MAPKs (ERK1/2 and JNK1/2/3) in immature hippocampal and striatal slices. These findings suggest that altered intracellular MAPKs signaling pathways may represent an early event concerning the effects of Mn in the immature brain.


Subject(s)
Central Nervous System/drug effects , Manganese/toxicity , Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases/biosynthesis , Signal Transduction , Animals , Brain Mapping , Corpus Striatum/drug effects , Corpus Striatum/metabolism , Hippocampus/drug effects , Hippocampus/metabolism , Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Kinases/genetics , Rats
15.
Int J Antimicrob Agents ; 42(6): 519-23, 2013 Dec.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-24016798

ABSTRACT

New unconventional approaches to the development of antimicrobial drugs must target inhibition of infection stages leading to host colonisation or virulence itself, rather than bacterial viability. Amongst the most promising unconventional targets for the development of new antimicrobial drugs is bacterial adherence and biofilm formation as well as their control system, the quorum-sensing (QS) system, a mechanism of communication used to co-ordinate bacterial activities. Here we describe the evaluation of synthetic organic compounds as bacterial biofilm inhibitors against a panel of clinically relevant Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacterial strains. This approach has successfully allowed the identification of five compounds (GEt, GHex, GOctad, G19 and C33) active not only against bacterial biofilms but also displaying potential to be used as antagonists and/or inhibitors of bacterial QS.


Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Bacteria/drug effects , Bacterial Physiological Phenomena/drug effects , Biofilms/drug effects , Quorum Sensing/drug effects , Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry , Anti-Bacterial Agents/isolation & purification , Biofilms/growth & development , Microbial Sensitivity Tests
16.
São Paulo; s.n; 2012. 102 p.
Thesis in Portuguese | LILACS | ID: lil-643272

ABSTRACT

Introdução - As práticas obstétricas têm sido determinadas pela noção de risco, resultando em altas taxas de intervenções intraparto e de cesarianas no país. As indicações desta cirurgia não têm seguido um critério clínico-obstétrico fundamentado nos diferentes cenários de assistência, reduzindo o seu potencial protetor. Objetivos - Identificar e comparar as indicações de cesarianas intraparto em mulheres de baixo risco, a partir da assistência e das intercorrências que antecederam o nascimento, em dois modelos de assistência (Centro de Parto Normal e Centro Obstétrico); e caracterizar os locais de estudo quanto à equipe de saúde, às práticas protocolares e à estrutura física para assistência à mulher e ao bebê. Métodos - Estudo transversal, realizado por coleta de dados secundários, em dois hospitais públicos de São Paulo. Foram incluídas no estudo 158 parturientes de baixo risco submetidas à cesariana intraparto, em 2010. Para análise dos dados, estimou-se a Odds Ratio. Resultados - Os achados foram discutidos à luz da Medicina Baseada em Evidências. Os melhores resultados estiveram associados ao Hospital que dispõe de Centro de Parto Normal, com significância estatística na internação oportuna da parturiente, na presença de um acompanhante, no uso de partograma e nos métodos não farmacológicos para alívio das dores. Constataram-se alguns registros de práticas obstétricas realizadas de modo questionável em ambas as instituições, como uso de ocitocina e de amniotomia. Quanto às intercorrências, as mais frequentes foram: sofrimento fetal, presença de mecônio, distocia funcional e desproporção céfalo-pélvica, embora parte dessas indicações tenha divergido dos achados registrados no decorrer do trabalho de parto. Considerações finais: Fragilidades nas práticas obstétricas estiveram presentes em ambas as instituições, embora o Hospital com Centro de Parto Normal tenha demonstrado assistência menos restritiva e mais personalizada às mulheres. Evidenciou-se a presença de intervenções desnecessárias, com vistas à aceleração do trabalho de parto, o que demonstra resistência dos profissionais e das instituições às evidências científicas, bem como às recomendações e diretrizes do Ministério da Saúde e da Organização.


Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , Cesarean Section/standards , Obstetric Labor Complications , Professional Practice/standards , Cross-Sectional Studies , Delivery, Obstetric , Hospitals, Public/standards , Evidence-Based Medicine/methods
17.
Rev Esc Enferm USP ; 45(1): 62-70, 2011 Mar.
Article in Portuguese | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-21445490

ABSTRACT

In Brazil, the delivery and birth care model in Brazil has been the topic of many studies and discussions about introducing obstetric practices that take women's autonomy into account in the parturition process. Birthing Centers propose models that represent a new scenario to deliver such care. The objective of this was to understand the experience of women in labor in the context of a Birthing Center located in the city of São Paulo. Data was collected from March to October 2007 and analyzed according to the Alfred Schütz social phenomenology framework. Seven women participated in this study. Results showed that women choose the Birthing Center expecting to receive humanized care and that, within this context, they have positive and negative experiences. It is imperative to discuss public policies for delivery care, as well as its implementation and impact on perinatal health indicators.


Subject(s)
Birthing Centers , Patient Satisfaction , Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Pregnancy , Young Adult
18.
Rev. Esc. Enferm. USP ; 45(1): 62-70, mar. 2011.
Article in Portuguese | LILACS, BDENF - Nursing | ID: lil-579735

ABSTRACT

O modelo de assistência ao parto e nascimento no Brasil tem sido tema de muitas discussões e estudos sobre a incorporação de práticas obstétricas que considerem a autonomia da mulher no processo de parturição. O modelo proposto pelas Casas de Parto configura-se como um cenário para esses cuidados. Este estudo voltou-se para a compreensão da vivência da mulher parturiente no contexto de uma Casa de Parto situada em São Paulo. Os dados foram coletados no período de março a outubro de 2007 e analisados à luz do referencial da Fenomenologia Social de Alfred Schütz. Sete mulheres participaram da pesquisa. Os resultados evidenciaram que a mulher que escolhe a Casa de Parto para dar à luz busca pelo cuidado humanizado e que nesse contexto ela passa por experiências positivas e negativas. Faz-se necessário discutir as políticas públicas de assistência ao parto, sua implementação e seu impacto sobre os indicadores de saúde perinatal.


In Brazil, the delivery and birth care model in Brazil has been the topic of many studies and discussions about introducing obstetric practices that take women's autonomy into account in the parturition process. Birthing Centers propose models that represent a new scenario to deliver such care. The objective of this was to understand the experience of women in labor in the context of a Birthing Center located in the city of São Paulo. Data was collected from March to October 2007 and analyzed according to the Alfred Schütz social phenomenology framework. Seven women participated in this study. Results showed that women choose the Birthing Center expecting to receive humanized care and that, within this context, they have positive and negative experiences. It is imperative to discuss public policies for delivery care, as well as its implementation and impact on perinatal health indicators.


El modelo de atención del parto y nacimiento en Brasil ha sido tema de muchas discusiones y estudios sobre la incorporación de prácticas obstétricas que consideren la anatomía de la mujer en el proceso de parición. El modelo propuesto por las Casas de Partos se configura como un escenario para tales cuidados. Este estudio apuntó a la comprensión de la experiencia de la mujer parturienta en el contexto de una Casa de Partos situada en San Pablo. Los datos fueron obtenidos en el período de marzo a octubre de 2007 y analizados a la luz del referencial de la Fenomenología Social de Alfred Schutz. Siete mujeres participaron de la investigación, y los resultados evidenciaron que la mujer que escoge la Casa de Partos para dar a luz lo hace por el cuidado humanizado y, en este contexto, tiene experiencias positivas y negativas.. Se hace necesario discutir las políticas públicas de atención del parto, su implementación y su impacto sobre los indicadores de salud perinatal.


Subject(s)
Adolescent , Adult , Female , Humans , Pregnancy , Young Adult , Birthing Centers , Patient Satisfaction
19.
J Neurosci Res ; 88(15): 3350-60, 2010 Nov 15.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20839308

ABSTRACT

Astrocytes clearly play a role in neuronal development. An indirect mechanism of thyroid hormone (T3) in the regulation of neuronal development mediated by astrocytes has been proposed. T3 alters the production and organization of the extracellular matrix (ECM) proteins and proteoglycans, producing a high-quality substrate for neuronal differentiation. The present study investigated the effect of hypothyroidism on the astrocyte production of fibronectin (FN) and laminin (LN) as well as their involvement in neuronal growth and neuritogenesis. Our results demonstrated that the amount of both FN and LN were significantly reduced in cultures of hypothyroid astrocytes from rat cerebellum compared with normal cells. This effect was accompanied by reduced numbers of neurons and neuritogenesis. Similarly, the proportions of neurons and neurons with neurites were reduced in cultures on ECM prepared from hypothyroid astrocytes in comparison with normal cells. The proportion of both normal and hypothyroid neurons is strongly reduced in astrocyte ECM compared with cocultures on astrocyte monolayers, suggesting that extracellular factors other than ECM proteins are involved in this process. Moreover, treatment of hypothyroid astrocytic cultures with T3 restored the area of both FN and LN immunostaining to normal levels and partially reestablished neuronal survival and neuritogenesis. Taken together, our results demonstrated that hypothyroidism involves impairment of the astrocytic microenvironment and affects the production of ECM proteins. Thus, hypothyroidism is implicated in impaired neuronal development.


Subject(s)
Astrocytes/metabolism , Congenital Hypothyroidism/pathology , Extracellular Matrix/metabolism , Neurogenesis/physiology , Neurons/pathology , Animals , Blotting, Western , Cells, Cultured , Cerebellum/metabolism , Cerebellum/pathology , Congenital Hypothyroidism/complications , Congenital Hypothyroidism/metabolism , Extracellular Matrix/chemistry , Fibronectins/biosynthesis , Fluorescent Antibody Technique , In Vitro Techniques , Laminin/biosynthesis , Rats , Rats, Wistar
20.
Neurochem Res ; 35(11): 1675-80, 2010 Nov.
Article in English | MEDLINE | ID: mdl-20635140

ABSTRACT

Methylphenidate is commonly used for the treatment of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. There are still few works regarding the effects of methylphenidate on brain energy metabolism. Thus, in the present study we evaluated the effect of chronic administration of methylphenidate on the activities of mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes I and III in the brain of young rats. The effect of acute administration of methylphenidate on mitochondrial respiratory chain complexes I, II, III and IV in the brain of young rats was also investigated. For acute administration, a single injection of methylphenidate was given to rats on postnatal day 25. For chronic administration, methylphenidate injections were given starting at postnatal day 25 once daily for 28 days. Our results showed that complexes I and III were not affected by chronic administration of methylphenidate. Moreover, the acute administration of methylphenidate decreased complex I activity in cerebellum and prefrontal cortex, whereas complexes II, III and IV were not altered.


Subject(s)
Electron Transport/drug effects , Methylphenidate/administration & dosage , Mitochondria/drug effects , Animals , Brain/drug effects , Brain/metabolism , Cerebellum/drug effects , Cerebellum/metabolism , Electron Transport Complex I/drug effects , Electron Transport Complex III/drug effects , Male , Methylphenidate/pharmacology , Mitochondria/metabolism , Prefrontal Cortex/drug effects , Prefrontal Cortex/metabolism , Rats
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