ABSTRACT
Flagellin is the major component of the flagellum, and a ligand for Toll-like receptor 5. As reported, recombinant flagellin (rFLA) from Vibrio anguillarum and its D1 domain (rND1) are able to promote in vitro an upregulation of pro-inflammatory genes in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) macrophages. This study evaluated the in vitro and in vivo stimulatory/adjuvant effect for rFLA and rND1 during P. salmonis vaccination in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar). We demonstrated that rFLA and rND1 are molecules able to generate an acute upregulation of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1ß, IL-8, IL-12ß), allowing the expression of genes associated with T-cell activation (IL-2, CD4, CD8ß), and differentiation (IFNγ, IL-4/13, T-bet, Eomes, GATA3), in a differential manner, tissue/time dependent way. Altogether, our results suggest that rFLA and rND1 are valid candidates to be used as an immuno-stimulant or adjuvants with existing vaccines in farmed salmon.
Subject(s)
Bacterial Vaccines/immunology , Cytokines/immunology , Flagellin/immunology , Piscirickettsia/immunology , Salmo salar/immunology , Vibrio/immunology , Animals , Bacterial Vaccines/administration & dosage , Binding Sites/genetics , Binding Sites/immunology , Cell Differentiation/drug effects , Cell Differentiation/genetics , Cell Differentiation/immunology , Cell Line , Cells, Cultured , Cytokines/genetics , Cytokines/metabolism , Fish Diseases/immunology , Fish Diseases/metabolism , Fish Diseases/microbiology , Flagellin/genetics , Flagellin/metabolism , Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects , Gene Expression Regulation/immunology , Host-Pathogen Interactions/immunology , Inflammation Mediators/immunology , Inflammation Mediators/metabolism , Leukocytes/drug effects , Leukocytes/immunology , Leukocytes/metabolism , Lymphoid Tissue/drug effects , Lymphoid Tissue/immunology , Lymphoid Tissue/metabolism , Piscirickettsia/physiology , Recombinant Proteins/immunology , Recombinant Proteins/metabolism , Recombinant Proteins/pharmacology , Salmo salar/metabolism , Salmo salar/microbiology , Vaccination/methods , Vibrio/genetics , Vibrio/metabolismABSTRACT
Bioremediation is an environmental sustainable and cost-effective technology for the cleanup of hydrocarbon-polluted soils and coasts. In spite of that longer times are usually required compared with physicochemical strategies, complete degradation of the pollutant can be achieved, and no further confinement of polluted matrix is needed. Microbial aerobic degradation is achieved by the incorporation of molecular oxygen into the inert hydrocarbon molecule and funneling intermediates into central catabolic pathways. Several families of alkane monooxygenases and ring hydroxylating dioxygenases are distributed mainly among Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes and Fungi strains. Catabolic routes, regulatory networks, and tolerance/resistance mechanisms have been characterized in model hydrocarbon-degrading bacteria to understand and optimize their metabolic capabilities, providing the basis to enhance microbial fitness in order to improve hydrocarbon removal. However, microbial communities taken as a whole play a key role in hydrocarbon pollution events. Microbial community dynamics during biodegradation is crucial for understanding how they respond and adapt to pollution and remediation. Several strategies have been applied worldwide for the recovery of sites contaminated with persistent organic pollutants, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and petroleum derivatives. Common strategies include controlling environmental variables (e.g., oxygen availability, hydrocarbon solubility, nutrient balance) and managing hydrocarbon-degrading microorganisms, in order to overcome the rate-limiting factors that slow down hydrocarbon biodegradation.
Subject(s)
Bacteria/metabolism , Environmental Pollutants/metabolism , Fungi/metabolism , Hydrocarbons/metabolism , Petroleum/metabolism , Bacteria/genetics , Biodegradation, Environmental , Fungi/genetics , Metabolic Networks and PathwaysABSTRACT
Objetivo. Describir la percepción de la calidad de la atención recibida por los usuarios en servicios ambulatorios de salud de México y analizar su relación con algunas características predisponentes y habilitadoras de la población usuaria. Material y métodos. La información analizada parte de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud II de 1994, que levantó información de 3 324 usuarios que acuedieron a los servicios de salud en las dos últimas semanas previas a la encuesta. Resultados. Se encontró que 81.2 por ciento de los usuarios percibió que la atención recibida fue buena y 18.8 por ciento mala. Los principales motivos que definen la calidad como buena fueron: el trato personal (23.2 por ciento) y mejoría en salud (11.9 por ciento); en tanto que los motivos de mala calidad aludidos fueron: los largos tiempos de espera (23.7 por ciento) y la deficiencia en las acciones de revisión y diagnóstico (11.7 por ciento). Los que utilizaron servicios de seguridad social perciben 2.6 veces más frecuentemente mala calidad de atención que los que acudieron a servicios privados. Para los usuarios, la calidad está representada por las características del proceso de atención (44.8 por ciento), el resultado (21.3 por ciento), de la estructura (18.0 por ciento), y de la accesibilidad (15.7 por ciento). Los motivos más importantes por los cuales los usuarios no regresarían al mismo lugar de atención fueron: no lo antendieron bien (18.2 por ciento) y los largos tiempos de espera (11.8 por ciento). Conclusiones. Los resultados sugieren profundizar en el conocimiento de la perspectiva poblacional, y determinar la necesidad de implementar en los servicios de salud acciones para la mejoría continua de la calidad de la atención