Genome-Wide Association Study of Phytic Acid in Wheat Grain Unravels Markers for Improving Biofortification.

Biofortification of cereal grains offers a lasting solution to combat micronutrient deficiency in developing countries where it poses developmental risks to children. Breeding efforts thus far have been directed toward increasing the grain concentrations of iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) ions. Phytic acid (PA) chelates these metal ions, reducing their bioavailability in the digestive tract. We present a high-throughput assay for quantification of PA and its application in screening a breeding population. After extraction in 96-well megatiter plates, PA content was determined from the phosphate released after treatment with a commercially available phytase enzyme. In a set of 330 breeding lines of wheat grown in the field over 3 years as part of a HarvestPlus breeding program for high grain Fe and Zn, our assay unraveled variation for PA that ranged from 0.90 to 1.72% with a mean of 1.24%. PA content was not associated with grain yield. High yielding lines were further screened for low molar PA/Fe and PA/Zn ratios for increased metal ion bioavailability, demonstrating the utility of our assay. Genome-wide association study revealed 21 genetic associations, six of which were consistent across years. Five of these associations mapped to chromosomes 1A, 2A, 2D, 5A, and 7D. Additivity over four of these haplotypes accounted for an ∼10% reduction in PA. Our study demonstrates it is possible to scale up assays to directly select for low grain PA in forward breeding programs.

Initial Health Assessments and HIV Screening under the Affordable Care Act.

BACKGROUND: The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that 156,300 (95% CI 144,100-165,900) Americans living with HIV in 2012 were unaware of their infection. To increase knowledge of HIV status, CDC guidelines seek to make HIV screening a routine part of medical care. This paper examines how routinely California primary care providers test for HIV and how providers' knowledge of California's streamlined testing requirements, use of sexual histories, and having an electronic medical record prompt for HIV testing, relate to test offers. METHODS: We surveyed all ten California health plans offered under health reform's Insurance Exchange (response rate = 50%) and 322 primary care providers to those plans (response rate = 19%) to assess use of HIV screening and risk assessments. RESULTS: Only 31.7% of 60 responding providers reported offering HIV tests to all or most new enrollees and only 8.8% offered an HIV test of blood samples all or most of the time despite the California law requiring that providers offer HIV testing of blood samples in primary care settings. Twenty-eight of the 60 providers (46.6%) were unaware that California had reduced barriers to HIV screening by eliminating the requirement for written informed consent and pre-test counseling. HIV screening of new enrollees all or most of the time was reported by 53.1% of the well-informed providers, but only 7.1% of the less informed providers, a difference of 46 percentage points (95% CI: 21.0%-66.5%). Providers who routinely obtained sexual histories were 29 percentage points (95% CI: 0.2%-54.9%) more likely to screen for HIV all or most of the time than those who did not ask sexual histories. CONCLUSION: Changing HIV screening requirements is important, but not sufficient to make HIV testing a routine part of medical care. Provider education to increase knowledge about the changed HIV testing requirements could positively impact testing rates.

Prevalencia de automedicación de antiinflamatorios y analgésicos en la práctica ambulatoria / Pravalence of self-medication of anti-inflamatory and analgesic in ambulatory practice

La automedicación con AINEs y analgésicos es una práctica extendida tanto en países desarrollados como en desarrollo. Existen pocas intervenciones educacionales para disminuir esta práctica común y riesgosa. El objetivo primario del presente estudio fue determinar la prevalencia de automedicación en pacientes que son atendidos en instituciones públicas o privadas de la Ciudad de Buenos Aires. Para ello se reclutaron 1486 pacientes ambulatorios y se determinó la prevalencia y factores asociados. Resultados: La prevalencia de automedicación en la Ciudad de Buenos Aires fue del 34,6% siendo mayor en las mujeres, ancianos y pacientes atendidos en el ámbito público.

Self-medication is extensively practised in both developed andunderdeveloped countries. There are few educational interventionsto diminish this common and risky practice. The primary objectiveof this trial was to determine the prevalence of self-medicationin patients of public and private institutions of Buenos Aires City.For that reason, 1486 outpatients were recruited to evaluate theprevalence and associated factors. Results: The prevalence of selfmedicationin Buenos Aires city was 34.6%. It was more importantin females, and in public institutions.