ABSTRACT
Purpose: Athletes struggle with bone stress injuries despite the many risk factors reported in previous studies. However, the relationship between body weight measurement frequency and risk of stress fractures has yet to be investigated. Thus, the purpose of this study is to seek the link between body weight measurement frequency and the occurrence of stress fractures. Method: This cross-sectional study included female athletes who were requested to fill out an anonymous online survey regarding their personal background, including the history of amenorrhea and stress fractures. In addition, the frequency at which they measured their body weight and composition and whether they had to report the same to their coaches and seniors were asked. Results: A total of 172 collegiate female athletes for 28 different types of sports participated in this study. Among the included athletes, 35.7% had a history of amenorrhea, whereas 29.7% had a history of stress fractures. A total of 57.0% of the athletes answered that in their team, they measure their body weight on a regular basis, and 33.1% of the athletes answered that they reported the data to their coaches. Logistic regression analysis revealed that those who measured their body weight at least once a day had a higher risk of sustaining stress fractures than did those who measured their body weight less than once a day (OR = 2.36, 95% CI 1.06-5.27, p = .04). Conclusion: Body weight measurement frequency was associated with the risk of stress fractures in female collegiate athletes.
ABSTRACT
Fluvastatin, which is one of the hydroxymethylglutaryl-CoA (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors (statins), is primarily metabolized by CYP2C9 and to a lesser extent by CYP3A4 and CYP2C8. Predictions of drug-drug interactions (DDI) are important for the safety of combination therapies with statins, in particular drugs that are metabolized by CYP3A4. Little information is available regarding drug interactions with fluvastatin. Since CYP2C9 is a polymorphic enzyme, we investigated the effect of DDI via CYP2C9, CYP3A4, and CYP2C8 on fluvastatin pharmacokinetics by using a validated prediction method in relation to CYP2C9 variants. The predicted increases in the area under the concentration-time curve (AUC) ratios of fluvastatin in carriers with CYP2C9*1/*2, CYP2C9*1/*3, CYP2C9*2/*2, CYP2C9*2/*3, and CYP2C9*3/*3 versus that found in carriers with CYP2C9*1/*1 were 1.16, 1.35, 1.37, 1.65, and 2.06, respectively. Our in silico model predicted that administration of fluvastatin in conjunction with the potent inhibitors that completely inhibited CYP3A4 and CYP2C8 in carriers with the CYP2C9*3/*3 variant would cause a 3.23- and 2.60-fold increase in the AUC ratios, respectively, when compared to that for the carriers with the CYP2C9*1/*1 taking fluvastatin alone. We also predicted the effect of telmisartan when coadministered with fluvastatin. Our prediction results showed that the interaction between telmisartan and fluvastatin via CYP enzymes were negligible in clinical situations.