ABSTRACT
Background: Data on stability and suitability to use normal saline stored under stress conditions in ambulances is lacking. Objective: We aimed to study the impact of exposure to extreme temperature variations on normal saline stability and compatibility with its packaging. Methods: Normal saline in 96 polyolefin bags were exposed to continuous temperature of 22, 50, and 70 °C or to a cyclic temperature of 70 °C per 8 h and 22 °C per 16 h. The bags were sampled at 12, 24, 48 and 72 h and at 1, 2, 3, and 4 weeks in the short- and long-term experiments, respectively. Solution inside the bags was evaluated for any evidence of crystallization, discoloration, turbidity, or pH changes. A sample of normal saline was withdrawn from each bag to analyze sodium and chloride levels. Results: Precipitation, discoloration, or turbidity were not observed in the solution inside normal saline bags. The average pH was 5.59 at 22 °C, 5.73 at 50 °C, 5.86 at 70 °C and 5.79 at cyclic exposure. In the short- and long-term experiments, sodium and chloride concentrations were within 100.2-111.27% and 99.04-110.95%, respectively. Leaching of the plastic components in the polyolefin bag into the normal saline solution was not detected. Conclusions: Sodium and chloride levels of normal saline were stable and compatible with polyolefin bags stored in simulated continuous and cyclic extreme temperatures for around one month. The effect of storage in the cabinet of operational ambulance vehicles during different seasons in arid countries is yet to be evaluated in real-world conditions, to further confirm our results.
ABSTRACT
A high-performance chromatography-photodiode array detection (HPLC-PAD) method has been developed and validated for the identification and quantification of ten phthalates; diethyl phthalate (DEP), diallyl phthalate (DAP), benzyl butyl phthalate (BBP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), dihexyl phthalate (DHP), dicyclohexyl phthalate (DCHP), di-2-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP), di-n-octyl phthalate (DOP), diisononyl phthalate (DINP) and diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP) in children's PVC toys. The phthalates were extracted from PVC toy sample using ultrasonic extraction with methanol. Quantification analysis was achieved by gradient elution mode using reversed-phase ODS-4 C18 column with PAD detection at 226 nm. The method has been validated for (BBP, DOP, DINP, and DIDP) and (DEP, DAP, DBP, DCHP, DHP, and DEHP) in the concentration range of 1-100 and 2-200 mg L-1, respectively. The accuracy determined as recovery were 82.85-107.40% with RSD values at 0.8-4.2%. The limits of detection for (DEP, DAP, BBP, DBP, DCHP, DHP, DEHP, DOP, DINP, and DIDP) were 0.02, 0.04, 0.01, 0.03, 0.02, 0.03, 0.03, 0.01, 0.08, and 0.10 mg L-1, respectively.
Subject(s)
Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid , Phthalic Acids/analysis , Play and Playthings , Age Factors , Calibration , Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid/standards , Consumer Product Safety , Environmental Exposure/adverse effects , Humans , Limit of Detection , Phthalic Acids/adverse effects , Reference Standards , Reproducibility of Results , Risk Assessment , Spectrum AnalysisABSTRACT
An HPLC method with ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry detection has been optimized and validated for the simultaneous determination of phenolic compounds, such as butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA) and butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT) as antioxidants, and octyl methyl cinnamate (OMC) as UVB-filter in several personal care products. The dynamic range was between 1 to 250 mg/L with relative standard deviation less than 0.25% (n = 4). Limits of detection for BHA, BHT, and OMC were 0.196, 0.170, and 0.478 mg/L, respectively. While limits of quantification for BHA, BHT, and OMC were 0.593, 0.515, and 1.448 mg/L, respectively. The recovery for BHA, BHT, and OMC was ranged from 92.1-105.9%, 83.2-108.9%, and 87.3-103.7%, respectively. The concentration ranges of BHA, BHT, and OMC in 12 commercial personal care samples were 0.13-4.85, 0.16-2.30, and 0.12-65.5 mg/g, respectively. The concentrations of phenolic compounds in these personal care samples were below than maximum allowable concentration in personal care formulation, that is, 0.0004-10 mg/g, 0.002-5 mg/g, and up to 100 mg/g for BHA, BHT, and OMC, respectively.
