Prevalence and correlates of low physical activity in the Iranian population: National survey on non-communicable diseases in 2011.

To assess the prevalence and correlates of low physical activity among Iranian population aged 15-64 years. We used the data collected in National Surveillance of Risk Factors of Non-Communicable Diseases in Iran, 2011. Physical activity was categorized in 3 levels of low, moderate, and high based on a Persian version of Global Physical Activity Questionnaire. The multistage cluster sampling design was accounted for using complex survey analysis method. The sample included 10016 individuals; 41.7% (n = 4178) were men and 58.3% (n = 5837) were women. The mean (SD) age of participants was 38.8 (14.9) years also, and 69.8% (n = 6991) of the participants were from urban areas. The prevalence of low physical activity in the whole population was estimated to be 44.8% (95% CI: 41.7, 48.1). The odds of lower physical activity in the women were 3 times greater than men (OR = 3.14; 95% CI: 2.64, 3.57); in the wealthiest people was 25% lower than the poorest people (OR = 0.75; 95% CI: 0.60, 0.94). The odds of lower physical activity in the age groups 55-64 years were 44% greater than the youngest age groups 15-24 years (OR = 1.44; 95% CI: 1.23, 1.68). The odds of lower physical activity in the obese participants were 18% greater than normal-weight people (OR = 1.18; 95% CI: 1.01, 1.38).). The odds of lower physical activity in diabetic patients were 30% greater than healthy people (OR: 1.30; 95% CI: 1.07, 1.57). The prevalence of low physical activity in Iran, 2011 was high. The correlates of low physical activity in Iran are different to those of Western populations. The main associated factors with low physical activity were female gender, urban area, low socioeconomic status, obesity, diabetes, and older age. Public health policies should target the groups at highest risk of low physical activity.

Effect of dietary mannan oligosaccharide (MOS) on growth performance, survival, body composition, and some hematological parameters in giant sturgeon juvenile (Huso huso Linnaeus, 1754).

The effect of dietary mannan oligosaccharide (MOS; activeMOS®) on growth, survival, and body composition in giant sturgeon juvenile (Huso huso) with initially average weight 46.89 ± 2.57 was investigated for a period of 46 days. Basal diet were supplemented with 0 (control), 2, and 4 g kg(-1) MOS in a totally randomized design trial in triplicate groups. The results showed no significant differences in growth and feeding parameters between control and treatment groups (MOS supplementation diets) (P > 0.05). There was a statistically significant decrease (P < 0.05) in feed per fish level in only group treated with 4 g kg(-1) MOS. The highest and the lowest growth performances were observed in 2 and 4 g kg(-1) MOS, respectively. There were no significant differences in survival rate among all treatment groups (P > 0.05). In group treated with 2 g kg(-1) MOS was a significant difference in lipid carcass (P < 0.05), whereas protein, ash, and moisture remained unaffected (P > 0.05). However, no significant difference was observed in intestinal lactic acid bacteria between all treatment groups (P > 0.05). There were no significant differences in hematological parameters between control and MOS treatment groups (P > 0.05). These results suggested that the prebiotic mannan oligosaccharide did not influence the growth performance in giant sturgeon juvenile, and it is not appropriate for supplementation in the diet of cultured juvenile giant sturgeon.

[Wound infection and its treatment. In thoracic and cardiovascular surgery]. / Wundinfektion und ihre Behandlung. In der Thorax-, Herz- und Gefässchirurgie.

Wound infections following aseptic operations are considered to be hospital infections. Among 4,166 patients operated on between 1973 and 1980 for cardiovascular diseases, there have been wound infections in 58 cases (1.4%) and associated sternal or mediastinal infection in 11 cases (0.26%). One-third of the infections were caused by staphylococci. In superficial infections therapy consisted in healing by second intention. In deep infections surgical intervention with débridement and irrigation was the method of choice.

[Urea and ammonia metabolism as partial aspects of nitrogen metabolism after surgery using the heart-lung machine]. / Harnstoff- und Ammoniakstoffwechsel als Teilaspekte des Stickstoffmetabolismus nach Operationen mit der Herz-Lungen-Maschine.

22 patients undergoing open heart surgery for mitral valve dysfunction using extracorporeal circulation were studied pre- and postoperatively. Our study revealed a hypercatabolic situation with increased excretion of total nitrogen, urea and less significant excretion of ammonia on the day of surgery and during the 1-4th postoperative days. The portion of urea in percent of the total nitrogen excretion rose up to 95%. Ammonia excretion, however, did not exceed 4% during the whole period of investigation (7 days preoperatively, the day of surgery and 13 days postoperatively). Obviously the combined enteral and parenteral nutrition containing an average of 59.5 g protein, 207.0 g carbohydrate and 47.8 g fat per day which gave a total caloric intake of 1,536 kcal/day was not sufficient to compensate for the postoperative catabolism, but excessive situations could be avoided. The values of urea and nitrogen excretion in relation to the nitrogen intake indicate that a sudden shift of enteral and parenteral nutrition is associated with a considerable loss of body nitrogen. Therefore we suggest simultaneous enteral and parenteral nutrition which should be shifted only gradually over a period of 10-12 days to complete enteral nutrition for the postoperative treatment of patients undergoing open heart surgery with the use of extracorporeal circulation.

[Preoperative localization of myocardial areas requiring revascularization in coronary artery disease (author's transl)]. / Zur präoperativen Lokalisation bypass-bedürftiger Myokardregionen bei der koronaren Herzkrankheit.

At the time of preoperative coronary angiography in 44 patients left ventricular angiograms immediately after high frequency stimulation and after administration of nitroglycerin were performed. For interpretation we used the shortening (in percentage) of 8 vertical semi-diameters and of longitudinal axis in biplane angiograms. The data found in 15 healthy persons were used for comparison. Looking at the rate of shortening after high frequency stimulation myocardial areas endangered by hypoxia could be unmasked. By giving nitroglycerin thereafter we were able to differentiate between reversibly and irreversibly damaged areas. In 7 patients this has already been proven by postoperative examination. In preoperatively reversibly damaged myocardial areas no hypokinesis could be observed any more after successful revascularization. In contrast there was no improvement seen in preoperatively irreversibly damaged areas in spite of graft patency. The described preoperative angiography-test allows: 1. to unmask myocardial areas endangered by hypoxia. 2. to differentiate preoperatively between reversibly and irreversibly damaged areas. 3. more precise indication as well as better control of the results of revascularization.

[Behavior of ldh and its isoenzymes after cardiac surgery (author's transl)]. / Das Verhalten der LDH und ihrer Isoenzyme nach Herzoperationen.

The degree of intraoperative myocardial injury was determined in two groups undergoing different methods of myocardial protection by observing the LDH and its isoenzymes up to the 11th postoperative day. Both groups consisted of patients who underwent mitral- and aortic-valve replacement. In the first group myocardial protection consisted of Kirsch cardioplegia (2) combined with conventional coronary perfusion in cases of aortic-valve replacement. In the second group the same initial cardioplegic procedure was followed by the noncorpuscular, hypothermic and aerobic coronary perfusion by Bleese and Döring (1). No difference was noted among the mitral valve patients. During the 11 days postoperative period, the aortic valve patients in the first group demonstrated a significantly higher LDH activity than the mitral-valve cases whereas LDH activity of aortic-valve patients in the second group resembled that of the mitral valve cases. Since the length of extracorporal circulation and ischemia did not vary significantly, the LDH behavior in the aortic-valve cases of the first group may be explained by the inferiority of the myocardial protection method used. In comparison with the other methods conventional coronary perfusion resulted in more myocardial injury.

[Replacement of the thoracic aorta by sealed dacron prostheses (author's transl)]. / Abdichtung von Kunststoffprothesen beim Ersatz der Aorta im thorakalen Bereich.

Dacron prostheses for replacement of the thoracic aorta were sealed with bioadhesive following the Viennese method. Native human fibrinogen was brought to coagulation by adding thrombin. Factor XIII was also added in order to accelerate polymerisation and to reinforce fibrin formation in the presence of thrombin and CaCl2, thus producing a stable thrombus. In order to avoid local fibrinolysis a fast but short-acting as well as a slow but longer-acting antifibrinolytic agent was added. This method was applied in twenty patients. The prostheses remained completely impermeable to blood after resuming circulation in spite of full heparinization. No post-operative haemorrhages from the prostheses were observed.