Brain imaging in lung cancer staging: A real-world, multi-centre study of prevalence of brain metastases, impact on treatment and re-modelling of the NICE health economic analysis.

INTRODUCTION: In 2019, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) updated their recommendations with respect to brain imaging in the staging of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) based on an analytic cost-effectiveness model using published data and modelling assumptions from committee experts. In this study, we aimed to re-run this model using real-world multi-centre UK data. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Retrospective data was collected on consecutive patients with radically treatable clinical stage II and III lung cancer from eleven acute NHS Trusts during the calendar year 01/01/2018 to 31/12/2018. Following a written application to the NICE lung cancer guideline committee, we were granted access to the NG122 brain imaging economic model for the purpose of updating the input parameters in line with the real-world findings from this study. RESULTS: A total of 444 patients had data for analysis. The combined prevalence of occult brain metastases was 6.2% (10/165) in stage II and 6% (17/283) in stage III, compared to 9.5% and 9.3% used in the NICE economic model. 30% of patients with clinical stage III NSCLC and occult BMs on pre-treatment imaging went onto complete the planned curative intent treatment of extracranial disease, 60% completed SRS to the brain and 30% completed WBRT. This compares to 0%, 10% and 0% in the NICE assumptions. The health economic analysis concluded that brain imaging was no longer cost-effective in stage II disease (ICERs £50,023-£115,785) whilst brain imaging remained cost-effective for stage III patients (ICERs 17,000-£22,173), with MRI being the most cost-effective strategy. CONCLUSION: This re-running of the NICE health economic model with real-world data strongly supports the NICE guideline recommendation for brain imaging prior to curative-intent treatment in stage III lung cancer but questions the cost-effectiveness of CT brain imaging prior to curative-intent treatment in stage II lung cancer.

Performance monitoring of EBUS for the staging and diagnosis of lung cancer: auditing the Greater Manchester EBUS service against new national standards.

INTRODUCTION: Endobronchial ultrasound-guided transbronchial needle aspiration (EBUS-TBNA) is a pivotal test in lung cancer staging and diagnosis, mandating robust audit and performance monitoring of EBUS services. We present the first regional cancer alliance EBUS performance audit against the new National EBUS specification. METHODS: Across the five EBUS centres in the Greater Manchester Cancer Alliance, data are recorded at the point of procedure, when pathological results are available and at 6 months postprocedure to review any further pathological sampling (eg, at surgical resection) and the outcome of clinical-radiological follow-up. Outcomes across all five centres were compared with national standards for all lung cancer EBUS procedures from 01 January 2017 to 31 December 2018. RESULTS: 1899 lung cancer staging or diagnostic EBUS procedures were performed across the five centres during the study period; 1309 staging EBUS procedures and 590 diagnostic EBUS procedures. Major complications were seen in six cases (<1%). All five trusts demonstrated performance above that set national standards in key metrics for both staging and diagnostic EBUS, however the provision of adequate tissue for predictive marker testing was below national standards at one trust. Across Greater Manchester, 72% and 64% of patients had their EBUS procedure performed within 7 days of referral in 2017 and 2018, respectively. Only one out of five trusts met the national targets of >85% of procedures performed within 7 days of referral. CONCLUSION: The National EBUS service specification is an important framework to drive the quality of EBUS services across the UK. Our data provide assurance of appropriate performance and safety while also highlighting specific areas for attention that can be addressed with the support of the cancer alliance.

Validation of ROS1 by immunohistochemistry against fluorescent in situ hybridisation on cytology and small biopsy samples in a large teaching hospital.

OBJECTIVE: Rearranged ROS1, present in 1%-2% of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, usually young, never or light smokers, is assessed by fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) to determine eligibility for tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKI). Immunohistochemistry (IHC) for the protein product of ROS1 rearrangement, a cost-effective alternative, is validated on cytology and small biopsy samples. METHODS: From 1 March to 31 December 2019, cytology cell blocks and small biopsy samples from a selected cohort of NSCLC patients were concurrently tested for ROS1 gene rearrangement by Vysis 6q22 Break Apart FISH probe and IHC using Cell Signalling D4D6 antibody. Mismatch cases were tested by an RNA fusion next generation sequencing (NGS) panel. RESULTS: In a prospective population of 95 cases, 91 were negative and two were positive by both FISH and IHC. Both dual positive cases were female never smokers and benefited from TKI treatment. Another two cases were positive by FISH but negative by IHC and repeat by NGS showed one to be negative but one failed. Turnaround time for IHC was 0 to 8 days from request to authorisation, whilst that of FISH was 9 to 42 days at a cost of £51 and £159 respectively. CONCLUSION: IHC to assess for the protein product of ROS1 gene rearrangement on cytology cell blocks and small biopsy samples in a routine setting is a promising screening method to assess eligibility for TKI treatment with positive and indeterminate cases confirmed by FISH or NGS as it has good negative predictive value, faster turnaround time and is cost effective, with proven technical and clinical validation.