[Rates of prostate-specific antigen testing for early detection of prostate cancer: a first comparison of German results with current international data]. / PSA-basierte Früherkennung des Prostatakarzinoms durch den Hausarzt: Erste deutsche Ergebnisse im internationalen Vergleich.

OBJECTIVE: Measurement of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) is not only used as a screening instrument by urologists, but also by general practitioners and internal specialists (GP-IS). Until now, there are neither data on the approach of German GP-IS in practicing this nor have data been classified in the context of available international literature on this topic. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between May and December 2012, a questionnaire containing 16 items was sent to 600 GP-IS in Brandenburg and Berlin. The response rate was 65% (392/600). Six indicator questions (IQ1-6) were selected and results were set in the context of available international data. The quality of present studies was evaluated by the Harden criteria. RESULTS: Of the 392 responding physicians, 317 (81%) declared that they would use PSA testing for early detection of PCA (IQ1) and, thus, formed the study group. Of these GP-IS, 38% consider an age between 41 and 50 years as suitable for testing begin (IQ2), while 53% and 14% of the GP-IS perform early detection until the age of 80 and 90 years, respectively (IQ3). A rigid PSA cut-off of 4 ng/ml is considered to be reasonable by 47% of the involved GP-IS, whereas 16% prefer an age-adjusted PSA cut-off (IQ4). Patients with pathological PSA levels were immediately referred to a board-certified urologist by 69% of the GP-IS. On the other hand, 10% first would independently control elevated PSA levels themselves after 3-12 months (IQ5). Furthermore, 14% of the interviewed physicians consider a decrease of PCA-specific mortality by PSA screening as being proven (IQ6). Knowledge regarding PCA diagnostics is mainly based on continuous medical education for GP-IS (33%), personal contact with urologists (6%), and guideline studies (4%). While 53% indicated more than one education source, 4% did not obtain any PCA-specific training. The results provided by this questionnaire evaluating response of German GP-IS to six selected indicator questions fit well into the international context; however, further studies with sufficient methodical quality are required. CONCLUSIONS: Despite current findings and controversial recommendations of the two large PCA screening studies on this issue, German GP-IS still frequently use PCA screening by PSA measurement. Primary strategies of early detection as well as follow-up after assessment of pathologically elevated PSA levels poorly follow international recommendations. Thus, an intensification of specific education is justified.

[Chronic lymphedema in the genital area. Etiology and therapeutic possibilities]. / Das chronische Lymphödem im Genitalbereich. Atiologie und Therapiemöglichkeiten.

The chronic lymph edema, the elephantiasis of the male genitals, is a rare in areas without endemic filiriasis. The genesis of the lymph edema in the genital area is manifold. Diagnostic procedures and considerations determine the chain of events leading to the development of lymph edema in the genital area. Only then, an optimal treatment concept may be established. This includes conservative, conservative surgical, and surgical techniques. The principles of a differentiated treatment procedure is demonstrated by using the literature. The individual procedure depends mainly on the etiology, course of the disease, and the local situation.