A fatal case of disseminated nocardiosis due to Nocardia otitidiscaviarum resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole: case report and literature review.

BACKGROUND: Disseminated nocardiosis still causes significant morbidity and mortality and is often caused by Nocardia asteroides, N. basiliensis, and N. farcinica and are often treated with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (TMP-SMX). Nocardia otitidiscaviarum (N. otitidiscaviarum) rarely causes disseminated disease and resistance to TMP-SMX is even more rare. CASE PRESENTATION: A 37-year-old woman with metastatic breast cancer and right ear deafness with recent occupational gardening and manipulating soil, presented to the hospital with first time seizure and multiple skin nodules. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) showed ring enhancing lesions, biopsy of the skin and brain lesions grew N. otitidiscaviarum. She was empirically treated with TMP-SMX and Imipenem-Cilastatin, however, almost three weeks into therapy, susceptibility results revealed it to be resistant to both antimicrobials, she was subsequently changed to Amikacin, Linezolid, Moxifloxacin, and Doxycycline but ultimately died. CONCLUSIONS: This case report highlights the importance of suspecting a rare Nocardia species in patients at risk with proper occupational exposure, moreover, TMP-SMX resistance should be suspected with lack of clinical response, this may have important implications on clinical practice when facing similar infections.

Efficacy of clotrimazole for the management of oral candidiasis: A meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.

PURPOSE: To assess the efficacy and safety of topical application of clotrimazole versus others in the treatment of oropharyngeal candidiasis (OPC). METHOD: Four electronic databases, registries of ongoing trials, and manual search were used to identify randomized controlled trials (RCTs) that compared the efficacy of clotrimazole to other antifungal agents in patients who were clinically diagnosed with oral candidiasis up to November 1st, 2019. Primary outcomes were clinical response and mycological cure rates. Secondary outcomes include relapse rate, incidence of systemic infections, and compliance. Adverse effects were also evaluated. RESULTS: Sixteen RCTs with a total of 1685 patients were included. Half of the eligible studies were considered at high risk of performance bias and more than a third, at high risk of reporting bias. Our analysis showed no significant difference in clinical response between clotrimazole and all other antifungal agents. However, clotrimazole was less effective in terms of mycologic cure and relapse rate. Sensitivity analysis comparing clotrimazole to other topical antifungal agents only showed no differences in clinical response, microbiologic cure or relapse. Further sensitivity analysis showed significant efficacy of fluconazole over clotrimazole. CONCLUSION: This meta-analysis indicated that clotrimazole is less effective than fluconazole but as effective as other topical therapies in treating OPC. Well-designed high-quality RCT is needed to validate these findings.

A novel id-iri score: development and internal validation of the multivariable community acquired sepsis clinical risk prediction model.

We aimed to develop a scoring system for predicting in-hospital mortality of community-acquired (CA) sepsis patients. This was a prospective, observational multicenter study performed to analyze CA sepsis among adult patients through ID-IRI (Infectious Diseases International Research Initiative) at 32 centers in 10 countries between December 1, 2015, and May 15, 2016. After baseline evaluation, we used univariate analysis at the second and logistic regression analysis at the third phase. In this prospective observational study, data of 373 cases with CA sepsis or septic shock were submitted from 32 referral centers in 10 countries. The median age was 68 (51-77) years, and 174 (46,6%) of the patients were females. The median hospitalization time of the patients was 15 (10-21) days. Overall mortality rate due to CA sepsis was 17.7% (n = 66). The possible predictors which have strong correlation and the variables that cause collinearity are acute oliguria, altered consciousness, persistent hypotension, fever, serum creatinine, age, and serum total protein. CAS (%) is a new scoring system and works in accordance with the parameters in third International Consensus Definitions for Sepsis and Septic Shock (Sepsis-3). The system has yielded successful results in terms of predicting mortality in CA sepsis patients.

Suboptimal Immune Reconstitution among HIV-Infected Saudi Patients following Successful Antiretroviral Treatment.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Variations in immune reconstitution following antiretroviral treatment (ART) among HIV patients have previously been observed. This study aims at assessing immune reconstitution after successful ART among HIV-infected Saudi patients. METHODS: This retrospective study of 240 HIV-infected patients was performed between May 2010 and June 2015 in the HIV center at King Saud Hospital, Riyadh. Data were extracted for CD4, CD8 cell, and CD3/HLA-DR counts along with the viral load from patient records before and after four years of successful ART. The inclusion criterion was patients with CD4 reconstitution of either equal to or more than 400 cells/mm3 with an undetectable HIV viral load following ART. Based on their presentation, the HIV patients were grouped into early treatment (ET) and delayed treatment (DT) groups with CD4 counts of 200-350 cells/mm3 and less than 200 cells/mm3, respectively. FINDINGS: The pretreatment CD8+ counts of median 865 cells/mm3 (interquartile range (IQR) 774-1072) in the DT group declined to median 753 cells/mm3 (IQR 574-987; p < 0.0001). Moreover, there was a decline in CD8 counts from 703 cells/mm3 (IQR 655-747) to 620 cells/mm3 (IQR 563-645; p < 0.04) in the ET group after four years of successful ART. Pretreatment activation marker (CD3/HLA-DR+) expression of median 29% in the DT group declined to 22% and in the ET group from a median of 23% to 19% after treatment. The CD4/CD8 ratio in the DT group increased from 0.14 (IQR 0.09-0.88) to 0.71 (IQR 0.54-0.9) and from 0.42 (IQR 0.35-0.55) to 0.87 (IQR 0.71-0.98) in the ET group. CONCLUSION: Immune reconstitution after successful ART among HIV-infected Saudi patients was associated with a CD8 T-cell population expansion with a suboptimal CD4/CD8 ratio and persistent immune activation. Early initiation of ART appears to favorably influence the CD4/CD8 ratio.

Predictors of unfavorable outcome in neurosyphilis: Multicenter ID-IRI Study.

Neurosyphilis (NS) has different clinical manifestations and can appear during any stage of syphilis. We aimed to identify the factors affecting poor outcome in NS patients. Patients with positive cerebrospinal fluid Venereal Disease Research Laboratory test, and positive serological serum treponemal or nontreponemal tests were classified as definite NS. The data of 141 patients with definite NS were submitted from 22 referral centers. Asymptomatic NS, syphilitic meningitis, meningovascular syphilis, tabes dorsalis, general paresis, and taboparesis were detected in 22 (15.6%), 67 (47.5%), 13 (9.2%), 10 (7%), 13 (9.2%), and 16 patients (11.3%), respectively. The number of HIV-positive patients was 43 (30.4%). The most common symptoms were headache (n = 55, 39%), fatigue (n = 52, 36.8%), and altered consciousness (50, 35.4%). Tabetic symptoms were detected in 28 (19.8%), paretic symptoms in 32 (22.6%), and vascular symptoms in 39 patients (27.6%). Eye involvement was detected in 19 of 80 patients (23.7%) who underwent eye examination and ear involvement was detected in eight of 25 patients (32%) who underwent ear examination. Crystallized penicillin was used in 109 (77.3%), procaine penicillin in seven (4.9%), ceftriaxone in 31 (21.9%), and doxycycline in five patients (3.5%). According to multivariate regression analysis, while headache was a protective factor in NS patients, double vision was significantly associated to poor outcome. We concluded that double vision indicated unfavorable outcome among NS patients. A high clinical suspicion is needed for the diagnosis NS. As determined in our study, the presence of headache in syphilitic patients can help in early diagnosis of central nervous system disease.

Staphylococcus lugdunensis from gluteal abscess to destructive native triple valve endocarditis.

We herein present the case of a 43-year-old male diabetic patient who presented with an aggressive form of infective endocarditis involving the tricuspid, mitral and aortic valves following a gluteal abscess due to infection with Staphylococcus lugdunensis. This coagulase-negative organism which is generally considered a component of the normal flora of the skin has however recently emerged as an unusually virulent pathogen responsible for both nosocomial and community-acquired infections. The case demonstrates the importance of paying utmost attention and ensuring a logical conclusion to the identification of persistent coagulase-negative blood cultures. In addition, it also shows the importance of early identification of this organism and aggressive antibiotic administration to avert endocarditis because of the unusual virulence of the organism. Staphylococcus lugdunensis is rarely a clinical specimen contaminant, and its isolation warrants further investigation and concerted treatment.

Pacemaker lead endocarditis due to Brucellosis.

Infection of prosthetic devices or implants is a rare complication of Brucellosis. Pacemakers and implantable cardioverter-defibrillator infections were previously reported in 6 patients. We report the first case of relapsing Brucellosis due to intracardiac lead endocarditis, which resolved only after removing the intracardiac leads and institution of appropriate antimicrobial therapy.

Peritonitis due to Mycobacterium fortuitum following gastric banding.

Mycobacterium fortuitum is a rapid growing nontuberculous organism that has rarely been associated with peritonitis in an otherwise healthy host. We describe a patient who developed peritonitis due to the organism after gastric banding operation, which resolved after removal of the gastric band and institution of appropriate antibiotic therapy.