Ultra-Low-Temperature Cryoablation for Ventricular Tachycardia: An Early Single-Centre Report of Acute Results.

Background: Endocardial catheter ablation for ventricular tachycardia (VT) may fail because of the inability to deliver transmural lesions. Ultra-low-temperature cryoablation (ULTC) uses near-critical nitrogen and can generate temperatures as low as -196 °C. We report a series of 18 patients who underwent ULTC at the McGill University Health Centre (MUHC), representing the largest single-centre experience to date. Methods: Eighteen patients with monomorphic drug-refractory VT underwent VT ablation with ULTC at our institution as part of the first-in-human CryoCure-VT trial (NCT04893317). After voltage map, the mapping catheter was replaced with the ULTC catheter, and lesions were applied over a fixed duration of time (60-180 seconds), followed by a 60-second thaw and another application at the original duration (freeze-thaw-freeze). Duration of ablation time was selected depending on the wall thickness of the left ventricle monitored with intracardiac echo to achieve tissue depths of 4.5 to 7.5 mm. Results: Baseline left ventricular ejection fraction was 32%, mean age 71 years, 94% were male. A total of 32 sustained VTs were induced in 16 of 18 patients. A total of 177 cryoablation lesions were delivered (9.8 lesions per patient). Of the 16 patients with inducible VT, 15 (94%) were rendered noninducible postablation, and 1 was inducible only for a nonclinical VT. Complications included 1 pericardial effusion that required drainage. From 18 patients, 16 (89%) were discharged within the first 24 hours postablation. Conclusions: ULTC is feasible and permits acute control of monomorphic VT during VT ablation procedures in drug-refractory patients.

Contexte: L'ablation endocardique par cathéter pour traiter la tachycardie ventriculaire (TV) peut être un échec, en raison de l'incapacité à créer des lésions transmurales. La cryoablation à ultra-basse température (ULTC, pour ultra-low-temperature cryoablation) réalisée au moyen d'azote près de son point critique liquide-vapeur peut produire des températures aussi basses que ­196 °C. Nous faisons état d'une série de 18 patients ayant subi une ULTC au Centre universitaire de santé McGill (CUSM), ce qui représente la plus importante expérience menée dans un seul établissement jusqu'à ce jour. Méthodologie: Au total, 18 patients atteints de TV monomorphe pharmacorésistante ont subi une ablation de la TV par ULTC à notre établissement, dans le cadre du premier essai mené chez l'humain sur la guérison par cryothérapie de la TV (NCT04893317). Après l'obtention de la carte électrophysiologique, le cathéter de cartographie a été remplacé par le cathéter d'ULTC, qui a permis de créer des lésions par l'application de froid pendant une durée fixe (de 60 à 180 secondes), suivie d'une période de dégel de 60 secondes, puis d'une autre application de froid pendant la même durée que la première application (cycle gel-dégel-gel). La durée de l'ablation a été déterminée en fonction de l'épaisseur de la paroi du ventricule gauche surveillée par échocardiographie endocavitaire afin d'obtenir des profondeurs tissulaires de 4,5 à 7,5 mm. Résultats: La fraction d'éjection du ventricule gauche initiale était de 32 %, l'âge moyen des sujets était de 71 ans et 94 % d'entre eux étaient de sexe masculin. Au total, 32 TV soutenues ont été induites chez 16 patients sur 18. Dans l'ensemble, 177 lésions de cryoablation ont été créées (soit 9,8 lésions par patient). Après l'ablation, nous avons été incapables d'induire une TV chez 15 (94 %) des 16 patients chez qui nous en avions induit avant l'intervention et, chez le patient restant, nous avons pu induire une TV non clinique seulement. Les complications comprenaient un cas d'épanchement péricardique ayant nécessité un drainage. Au total, 16 (89 %) des 18 patients ont reçu leur congé de l'hôpital dans les 24 heures suivant l'ablation. Conclusions: L'ULTC est réalisable et permet une maîtrise rigoureuse de la TV monomorphe lors des interventions d'ablation de la TV chez les patients dont la TV est pharmacorésistante.

Atrial Fibrillation Burden: Impact on Stroke Risk and Beyond.

Atrial fibrillation (AF) is an important independent risk factor for stroke. Current guidelines handle AF as a binary entity with risk driven by the presence of clinical risk factors, which guides the decision to treat with an oral anticoagulant. Recent studies in the literature suggest a dose-response relationship between AF burden and stroke risk, in both clinical AF and subclinical atrial fibrillation (SCAF), which differs from current guidance to disregard burden and utilize clinical risk scores alone. Within clinical classification and at the same risk levels in various scores, the risk of stroke increases with AF burden. This opens the possibility of incorporating burden into risk profiles, which has already shown promise. Long-term rhythm monitoring is needed to elucidate SCAF in patients with stroke. Recent data from randomized trials are controversial regarding whether there is an independent risk from AF episodes with a duration of less than 24 h, including the duration of SCAF greater than six minutes but less than 24 h.

Cardioneuroablation as a strategy to prevent pacemaker implantation in young patients with vasovagal syncope.

Background: Cardioneuroablation (CNA) is an ablation technique that targets epicardial ganglionic plexi to reduce syncope burden and avoid pacemaker implantation in patients with cardioinhibitory vasovagal syncope (VVS). This study aims to demonstrate feasibility and safety of CNA in high-risk refractory VVS patients using continuous monitoring with an implantable loop recorder (ILR). Methods: Data was collected prospectively for patients undergoing CNA. Patients were required to have recurrent syncope with documented asystole, refractory to conservative measures. Ganglionic plexi (GPs) were identified by fragmented signals and high frequency stimulation (HFS). Ablation was performed until loss of positive response to HFS, Wenckebach cycle shortening was achieved, or an increase in sinus rate of > 20 bpm. Follow-up was performed through remote and clinic follow-up of their ILRs. Results: Between December 2020 and July 2023 six patients (mean age 29 ± 3, 67 % female)underwent CNA. The baseline heart rate and Wenckebach cycle length was 63.2 ± 15 bpm and 582 ms before and 91 ± 5 bpm and 358 ms after ablation respectively. During a median follow-up of 13.4 months, 3/5 patients had no further syncopal episodes, 1 had a recurrence, underwent repeat CNA with no further episodes at 1 year, and 1 had 5 syncopal events, which was a dramatic reduction from nearly daily episodes pre-CNA. There were no procedure related complications. Conclusions: A dramatic reduction in documented pauses and syncope burden was noted post CNA. Appropriate patient selection with rigorous objective follow-up in an experienced center is necessary. Larger studies are required to confirm these findings.

Acute myocardial infarction triggered by physical exertion: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

AIMS: While regular physical activity has clear benefits to cardiovascular health, physical exertion can trigger acute myocardial infarction (AMI). We aimed to estimate how many AMIs may be attributed to bouts of physical exertion and to explore possible modifiers of this association. METHODS AND RESULTS: MEDLINE, ISI Web of Science, and Scopus databases were searched for case-crossover studies reporting the relative risk (RR) of exertion-related AMI and exposure prevalence in the control periods. We used the random-effects model to pool the RR estimates and the mixed-effects model and random-effects meta-regression for subgroup analyses and estimated the population attributable fraction (PAF) at the population level and in different subgroups. The study met the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses requirements. Twelve studies including 19 891 AMI patients met the criteria for inclusion. There was a strong overall association between episodic physical exertion and AMI [RR = 3.46; 95% confidence interval (CI), 3.16-3.78]. The total PAF was 10.6% (95% CI, 9.44-11.83). For each additional year of age, the RR of exertion-related AMI increased by ∼3%, but the PAF decreased by 2%. For each additional time of habitual activity per week, the RR of exertion-related AMI decreased by ∼43%. The impact was greater among those engaged in physical exertion one to three times a week (≥20% of cases) and among those who did not take compared with those who took ß-blockers (P = 0.049). CONCLUSION: Every tenth AMI may be assigned to physical exertion. The impact was more pronounced among younger patients, those exposed to exertion one to three times a week, and those not taking ß-blockers.

Twelve case-crossover studies with 19 891 patients were included in our systematic review with meta-analysis to estimate how many acute myocardial infarctions may be attributed to bouts of physical exertion and to explore possible modifiers of this association.Approximately 10.6% of all acute myocardial infarctions may be attributed to physical exertion, but the impact was greater in younger individuals or those engaged in exertion one to three times/week. Among the latter, exertion triggers approximately every fifth infarction.Beta-blockers may provide a protection from the triggering effect of physical exertion.

Therapeutic vs. prophylactic anticoagulation in COVID-19 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of real-world studies.

INTRODUCTION: Coagulopathy, in the form of either venous or arterial thromboembolism, is one of the most severe sequelae of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and has been associated with poorer outcomes. However, the role of therapeutic anticoagulation (tAC) or prophylactic anticoagulation (pAC) in COVID-19 patients has not been definitely established. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis was to gather all the available real-world data in the field and to provide a reliable effect size of the effect on mortality of tAC compared to pAC in COVID-19 patients. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: Real-world studies (RWS) were identified by searching electronic databases from inception to 31st October, 2021. Randomized controlled trials were excluded. Mortality and bleedings were considered as primary and secondary outcomes, respectively. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: 10 RWS and 5541 patients were included in the analysis. Overall, tAC was associated with lower mortality (HR=0.62, 95% CI: 0.54-0.71). There was asymmetry at the funnel plot suggesting publication bias, that was not confirmed at the Egger test (P=0.07). For the secondary endpoint, there was a non-statistically significant tendency for more bleedings in patients treated with tAC compared to pAC (RR=1.75, 95% CI: 0.81-3.81). CONCLUSIONS: Our meta-analysis, based on RWS and adjusted estimates of risk, suggests a survival benefit of tAC over pAC in COVID-19 patients in the real world.

Prevalence of asymptomatic atrial fibrillation among multimorbid elderly patients: diagnostic implications.

Advancing age of the global population is one of the main reasons for the uprising trend in atrial fibrillation (AF) prevalence worldwide leading to a proper "AF epidemic". Strictly related to the increasing prevalence of AF in the elderly is the relevant burden of cardiac end extra-cardiac comorbidities that these patients show. Patients with AF are frequently asymptomatic (i.e., asymptomatic or silent AF) and thus the arrhythmia is generally underdiagnosed. Detainment of proper treatment in elderly and comorbid patients may potentially result in significant morbidity and mortality. Therefore, in recent years, several screening strategies (systematic vs opportunistic screening) for asymptomatic AF have been developed and early diagnosis of AF is an important treatment goal that can improve prognosis. This review will focus on the prevalence of asymptomatic AF in the elderly, frequently associated comorbidities, screening strategies, and implications for a correct AF diagnosis.

Smartphone-assisted Augmented Reality in Craniofacial Surgery.

Augmented reality (AR), a blending of both the physical and digital worlds, can be a valid tool for surgeons wishing to plan interventions and attain symmetry. The use of technology has enabled physicians to achieve desirable results. In this article, we describe a method that uses smartphone's simple AR utilities for convenient, cost effective, and time saving perioperative planning. METHODS: Images of preoperative computed tomography, along with 3D reconstructed scans were uploaded to a smartphone and used in an affordable application (Camera Lucida) to superimpose the loaded pictures over the smartphone camera. In one case, a 3D computed tomography scan of the skull was mirrored to help guide fronto-orbital advancement, and in another case the loaded 3D reconstructed computed tomography scan was used to prioritize areas of scalp coverage in a complicated case of craniosynostosis with major scalp wound dehiscence. DISCUSSION: Adaptation of AR to assist in the field of craniofacial surgery has been introduced before in several studies that reported the use of computer-based guidance for cranial reshaping. The majority of these reports used sophisticated modalities, combining advanced image registration and tracking with specialized equipment. The utility of smartphone AR for cranial vault reconstruction provided good accuracy when visualizing fronto-orbital advancement and remodeling, together with in depth prioritization of areas in need of soft tissue reconstruction. CONCLUSION: Smartphone AR adaptation proved to be a very convenient tool assisting in the planning of different craniofacial conditions that are time saving and do not incur any additional fees beyond those of the surgery.

Public health impact of daily life triggers of sudden cardiac death: A systematic review and comparative risk assessment.

BACKGROUND: Sudden cardiac death (SCD) may be triggered by daily circumstances and activities such as stressful psycho-emotional events, physical exertion or substance misuse. We calculated population attributable fractions (PAFs) to estimate the public health relevance of daily life triggers of SCD and to compare their population impacts. METHODS: We searched PubMed, Scopus and the Web of Science citation databases to retrieve studies of triggers of SCD and cardiac arrest that would enable a computation of PAFs. When more studies investigated the same trigger, a meta-analytical pooled risk random-effect estimate was used. RESULTS: Of the retrieved studies, eight provided data enabling computation of PAFs. The prevalence of exposure within population for SCD triggers in the control periods ranged from 1.06% for influenza infection to 8.73% for recent use of cannabis. Triggers ordered from the highest to the lowest risk increase were: physical exertion, recent cocaine use, episodic alcohol consumption, recent amphetamine use, episodic coffee consumption, psycho-emotional stress within the previous month, influenza infection, and recent cannabis use. The relative risk increase ranged from 1.10 to 4.98. By accounting for both the magnitude of the risk increase and the prevalence in the population, the present estimates of PAF assign 14.5% (95% confidence interval [CI] 4.9-28.5) of all SCDs to episodic alcohol consumption, 9.4% (95% CI 1.2-29.3) to physical exertion, 6.9% (95% CI 0.3-25.0) to cocaine, 6% (95% CI 1.2-14.6) to episodic coffee consumption, 3% (95% CI 0.4-6.8) to psycho-emotional stress in the previous month, 1.7% (95% CI -0.9 to 12.9) to amphetamines, 0.9% (95% CI -4.9 to 12.5) to cannabis, and 0.3% (95% CI 0.2-0.4) to influenza infections. CONCLUSIONS: In addition to episodic alcohol consumption, a trigger with the greatest public health importance for SCD, episodic physical exertion, cocaine use and coffee consumption also show a considerable population impact.

Fusion pacing in patients with right bundle branch block who undergo cardiac resynchronization therapy.

PURPOSE: Patients with right bundle branch block (RBBB) are less likely to respond to cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT). We aimed to assess whether patients with RBBB respond to CRT with biventricular fusion pacing. METHODS: Consecutive patients with RBBB at a single tertiary care center, who were implanted with a CRT device capable of biventricular fusion pacing using SyncAV programming, were assessed and compared to a historical cohort of CRT patients with RBBB. QRSd was measured and compared during intrinsic conduction, nominal CRT pacing and manual electrocardiogram-based optimized SyncAV programming. Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) was also compared before and 6 months after CRT. RESULTS: We included 8 consecutive patients with RBBB (group 1) who were able to undergo SyncAV programming and 16 patients with RBBB (group 2) from a historical cohort. In group 1, compared to mean intrinsic conduction QRSd (155 ± 13 ms), mean nominally-paced QRSd was 156 ± 15 ms (ΔQRSd 1.3 ± 11.6; p = 0.77) and SyncAV-optimized paced QRSd was 135 ± 14 ms (ΔQRSd -20.0 ± 20.4; p = 0.03 and ΔQRSd -21.3 ± 16.3; p = 0.008; compared to intrinsic conduction and nominal pacing respectively). In group 2, mean QRSd with nominal pacing was 160 ± 24 ms (ΔQRSd 3.8 ± 33.4; p = 0.66 compared to intrinsic conduction). In group 1, baseline LVEF was 22.1 ± 11.5 and after 6 months of follow-up was 27.8 ± 8.6 (p = 0.047). In group 2, the baseline LVEF was 27.2 ± 10.6 and after 6 months of follow-up was 25.0 ± 10.0 (p = 0.45). CONCLUSIONS: CRT programed to allow biventricular fusion pacing significantly improved electrical synchrony and LVEF in patients with RBBB. Larger studies are required to confirm these findings.

Anticoagulant Use and the Risk of Thromboembolism and Bleeding in Postoperative Atrial Fibrillation After Noncardiac Surgery.

BACKGROUND: An effective and safe oral anticoagulation (OAC) strategy for patients with new postoperative AF (POAF) after noncardiac surgery remains unclear. We aimed to determine the association between OAC use and 1) thromboembolic events and 2) major bleeding in patients with POAF after noncardiac surgery. METHODS: A retrospective cohort (1999-2015) was used to identify patients with new POAF after inpatient noncardiac surgery. Initiation of OAC was defined as prescription of an OAC within 30 days following hospital discharge. Times to first hospital admission or emergency department visit for a thromboembolic or major bleeding event were compared using Cox proportional hazards models. RESULTS: We identified 22,007 patients with new POAF after inpatient noncardiac surgery. The majority of patients had intermediate (CHA2DS2-VASc 2-3: 45%) to high (CHA2DS2-VASc ≥ 4: 42%) thromboembolic risk. During a mean follow-up of 4 years, a total of 1099 (5%) thromboembolic and 3250 (15%) bleeding events occurred. Compared with patients not on anticoagulation, anticoagulation did not reduce the risk for thromboembolic events (adjusted hazard ratio [aHR] 0.89, 95% CI 0.73-1.07). In patients initiated on anticoagulation, there was an association with a higher risk for major bleeding (aHR 1.14, 95% CI 1.04-1.25). CONCLUSIONS: In patients with new POAF after noncardiac surgery, anticoagulation was not associated with a reduction in long-term thromboembolic events; however, this was accompanied by an overall increased risk for major bleeding. Future prospective clinical studies are needed to better address the role for anticoagulation therapy in the setting of POAF after noncardiac surgery to understand the efficacy and safety of treatment.

Real-World Safety of Sacubitril/Valsartan in Women and Men With Heart Failure and Reduced Ejection Fraction: A Meta-analysis.

BACKGROUND: Sacubitril/valsartan (SV) is a novel and effective therapy for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). Despite several sex-specific particularities that may influence drug effects, there has been no prior study evaluating the safety of SV in women with HFrEF in the "real-world." METHODS: We performed a literature search to identify observational studies evaluating SV. We contacted all authors to obtain sex-specific data on major adverse outcomes. We compared all-cause and cardiovascular (CV) deaths, heart failure hospitalizations, hyperkalemia, and hypotension in men and women. RESULTS: We identified five cohort studies enrolling 8,981 patients; 6,092 men (67.8%) and 2,889 women (32.2%). The mean age was 67 years in both sexes. The rates for all-cause mortality, CV mortality, heart failure hospitalizations, hypotension, and hyperkalemia were similar between women and men. Although the unadjusted aggregate rates of all-cause and CV mortalities were numerically higher in men than in women, these differences did not reach statistical differences. CONCLUSION: Our meta-analysis showed similar rates of major adverse events in men and women with HFrEF treated with SV. Larger observational studies with longer duration and a higher number of women are needed to confirm the long-term safety of SV in women in the clinical practice.

CONTEXTE: Le sacubitril/valsartan (SV) est un médicament novateur et efficace contre l'insuffisance cardiaque à fraction d'éjection réduite (ICFER). Malgré le fait que plusieurs particularités sexospécifiques peuvent influencer les effets du médicament, aucune étude préalable n'a été menée pour évaluer l'innocuité du SV chez les femmes atteintes d'ICFER dans la "vraie vie". MÉTHODOLOGIE: Nous avons effectué une recherche de la littérature pour recenser les études observationnelles évaluant le SV Nous avons communiqué avec tous les auteurs pour obtenir des données sexospécifiques sur les principaux issus défavorables. Nous avons comparé les données sur les décès toutes causes confondues et les décès d'origine cardiovasculaire (CV), les hospitalisations pour cause d'insuffisance cardiaque, l'hyperkaliémie et l'hypotension tant chez les hommes que chez les femmes. RÉSULTATS: Nous avons recensé cinq études de cohortes auxquelles ont participé 8 981 patients, soit 6 092 hommes (67,8 %) et 2 889 femmes (32,2 %). L'âge moyen était de 67 ans chez les patients des deux sexes. Les taux de décès toutes causes confondues, de décès d'origine CV, d'hospitalisation pour cause d'insuffisance cardiaque, d'hypotension et d'hyperkaliémie chez les femmes étaient similaires à ceux notés chez les hommes. Les taux globaux non ajustés de décès toutes causes confondues et de décès d'origine CV étaient numériquement plus élevés chez les hommes que chez les femmes, mais il n'y avait pas de différence sur le plan statistique. CONCLUSION: Notre méta-analyse a mis en évidence des taux similaires d'événements indésirables majeurs chez les hommes et chez les femmes atteints d'ICFER traités par le SV. Des études observationnelles à plus grande échelle avec de plus longue durée et un nombre plus élevé de femmes devront être menées pour confirmer l'innocuité à long terme du SV en pratique clinique chez les femmes.

Catheter Ablation of Atrial Fibrillation: Current and Evolving Indications.

Catheter ablation (CA) was developed as a potentially curative procedure through electrical isolation of the pulmonary veins to isolate the main triggers of atrial fibrillation (AF). When successful, CA has clearly been shown to decrease AF recurrence and symptoms, and improve quality of life. With advancing technology, increased procedural success, and lower complication risk, CA is being used at much higher rates, with broader indications and in a diverse AF population. Symptomatic paroxysmal AF that is refractory to antiarrhythmic drugs is currently the indication for CA with the best evidence. CA for AF as first-line therapy is reserved for highly selected symptomatic patients with paroxysmal AF. Current studies have not shown an improvement in mortality or quality of life with CA as first-line therapy. In patients with persistent AF who are symptomatic despite medical therapy, CA is a reasonable therapeutic option. Although recent trials have suggested that CA reduced mortality and hospitalizations in patients with heart failure and reduced ejection fraction, the evidence is not conclusive. Therefore, current guidelines recommend CA for similar indications to patients without heart failure, but large trials comparing CA with strict rate control will be reported in the near future. Ongoing studies will assess whether CA of AF reduces major adverse cardiovascular events and whether stopping anticoagulation in the long term is possible after CA. The purpose of this review is to outline the current and evolving indications for CA of AF and the underlying evidence supporting these indications.

Corrigendum to: Preventive Ventricular Tachycardia Ablation in Patients with Ischaemic Cardiomyopathy: Meta-analysis of Randomised Trials.

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.15420/aer.2019.31.3.].

Meta-analysis Comparing Outcomes of Type 2 Myocardial Infarction and Type 1 Myocardial Infarction With a Focus on Dual Antiplatelet Therapy.

BACKGROUND: There are important knowledge gaps in type 2 myocardial infarction (T2MI). Our primary objective was to compare the outcomes of patients with T2MI with those of patients with type 1 myocardial infarction (T1MI). Our secondary objective was to determine whether randomized controlled trials (RCTs) evaluating dual antiplatelets (DAPTs) have explicitly included patients with T2MI. METHODS: We performed a meta-analysis comparing outcomes of patients with T2MI with patients with T1MI and a separate systematic review to evaluate the inclusion of T2MI in RCTs evaluating DAPT. There were 19 cohorts enrolling 48,829 patients (40,604 with T1MI and 5361 with T2MI) and 51 RCTs enrolling 188,132 patients with acute coronary syndrome. RESULTS: Patients with T2MI had approximately 2-fold increases in unadjusted odds of long-term mortality compared with patients with T1MI (odds ratio, 2.47; 95% confidence interval, 2.06-2.96; P < 0.0001) and a 45% increase in adjusted odds of long-term mortality (odds ratio, 1.45; 95% confidence interval, 1.25-1.69; P < 0.0001, respectively). There was no published evaluation of efficacy, effectiveness, and safety of DAPT in patients with T2MI. CONCLUSION: Patients with T2MI are at increased risk of adjusted all-cause long-term mortality compared with patients with T1MI. The role of DAPT remains unclear in T2MI.

CONTEXTE: Il existe d'importantes lacunes dans notre connaissance de l'infarctus du myocarde de type 2 (IMT2). Notre objectif principal était de comparer le devenir de patients ayant subi un IMT2 et celui de patients ayant subi un infarctus du myocarde de type 1 (IMT1). Notre objectif secondaire était de déterminer si des essais contrôlés randomisés (ECR) visant à évaluer des bithérapies antiplaquettaires (BA) avaient inclus explicitement des patients ayant subi un IMT2. MÉTHODOLOGIE: Nous avons réalisé une méta-analyse afin de comparer le devenir de patients ayant subi un IMT2 et celui de patients ayant subi un IMT1. Nous avons aussi effectué une revue systématique distincte des données pour évaluer l'inclusion de cas d'IMT2 dans les ECR visant à évaluer des BA. Il y avait 19 cohortes regroupant 48 829 patients (40 604 ayant subi un IMT1 et 5 361 ayant subi un IMT2) et 51 ECR regroupant 188 132 patients atteints d'un syndrome coronarien aigu. RÉSULTATS: Chez les patients ayant subi un IMT2, la probabilité non corrigée de mortalité à long terme était environ 2 fois plus élevée que chez les patients ayant subi un IMT1 (rapport de cotes : 2,47; intervalle de confiance à 95 % : 2,06-2,96; p < 0,0001), et la probabilité corrigée de mortalité à long terme était accrue de 45 % (rapport de cotes : 1,45; intervalle de confiance à 95 % : 1,25-1,69; p < 0,0001). Aucune évaluation de l'efficacité (potentielle ou réelle) et de l'innocuité des BA chez les patients ayant subi un IMT2 n'a été publiée. CONCLUSION: Le risque corrigé de mortalité à long terme toutes causes confondues est plus élevé chez les patients ayant subi un IMT2 que chez les patients ayant subi un IMT1. Le rôle des BA reste à élucider dans les cas d'IMT2.

Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Coronary Artery Disease: Big Brothers in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome.

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) has been increasing. This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of NAFLD, as diagnosed by ultrasound, in patients with acute coronary syndrome (ACS) and to assess whether NAFLD is associated with the severity of coronary obstruction as diagnosed by coronary angiography. METHODS: We performed a prospective single-center study in patients hospitalized due to acute coronary syndrome who underwent diagnostic coronary angiography. Consecutive patients who presented to the emergency room were diagnosed with acute coronary syndrome and were included. All patients underwent ultrasonography of the upper abdomen to determine the presence or absence of NAFLD; NAFLD severity was graded from 0 to 3 based on a previously validated scale. All patients underwent diagnostic coronary angiography in the same hospital, with the same team of interventional cardiologists, who were blinded to the patients' clinical and ultrasonographic data. CAD was then angiographically graded from none to severe based on well-established angiographic criteria. RESULTS: This study included 139 patients, of whom 83 (59.7%) were male, with a mean age of 59.7 years. Of the included patients, 107 (77%) patients had CAD, 63 (45%) with serious injury. Regarding the presence of NAFLD, 76 (55.2%) had NAFLD including 18 (23.6%) with grade III disease. In severe CAD, 47 (60.5%) are associated with NAFLD, and 15 (83.3%) of the patients had severe CAD and NAFLD grade III. CONCLUSIONS: NAFLD is common in patients with ACS. The intensity of NAFLD detected by ultrasonography is strongly associated with the severity of coronary artery obstruction on angiography.

Optimization of Chronic Cardiac Resynchronization Therapy Using Fusion Pacing Algorithm Improves Echocardiographic Response.

BACKGROUND: Whether reprogramming of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) to increase electrical synchrony translates into echocardiographic improvement remains unclear. SyncAV is an algorithm that allows fusion of intrinsic conduction with biventricular pacing. We aimed to assess whether reprogramming chronically implanted CRT devices with SyncAV is associated with improved echocardiographic parameters. METHODS: Patients at a quaternary center with previously implanted CRT devices with a programmable SyncAV algorithm underwent routine electrocardiography-based SyncAV optimization during regular device clinic visits. This analysis included only patients who could be programmed to the SyncAV algorithm (i.e., in sinus rhythm with intrinsic atrioventricular conduction). Echocardiography was performed before and 6 months after CRT optimization. RESULTS: Of 64 consecutive, potentially eligible patients who underwent assessment, 34 who were able to undergo SyncAV programming were included. Their mean age was 74 ± 9 years, 41% were female, and 59% had ischemic cardiomyopathy. The mean time from CRT implant to SyncAV optimization was 17.8 ± 8.5 months. At 6-month follow-up, SyncAV optimization was associated with a significant increase in left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) (mean LVEF 36.5% ± 13.3% vs 30.9% ± 13.3%; P < 0.001) and a reduction in left ventricular end-systolic volume (LVESV) (mean LVESV 110.5 ± 57.5 mL vs 89.6 ± 52.4 mL; P < 0.001) compared with baseline existing CRT programming. CONCLUSION: CRT reprogramming to maximize biventricular fusion pacing significantly increased LVEF and reduced LVESV in patients with chronic CRT devices. Further studies are needed to assess if a continuous fusion pacing algorithm improves long-term clinical outcomes and to identify which patients are most likely to derive benefit.

CONTEXTE: On ignore si la reprogrammation du dispositif de resynchronisation cardiaque (DRC) afin d'améliorer la synchronisation électrique se traduit réellement par une amélioration échocardiographique. L'algorithme SyncAV permet de fusionner la conduction intrinsèque et la stimulation biventriculaire. Nous avons tenté de déterminer si la reprogrammation à l'aide de l'algorithme SyncAV d'un DRC implanté de façon permanente permet d'améliorer les paramètres échocardiographiques. MÉTHODOLOGIE: Les patients d'un centre de soins quaternaires porteurs d'un DRC doté d'un algorithme SyncAV programmable ont subi une optimisation électrocardiographique de routine de cet algorithme à l'occasion d'une consultation de suivi. L'analyse ne portait que sur les patients dont le dispositif pouvait être programmé au moyen de l'algorithme SyncAV (c.-à-d. en rythme sinusal avec conduction auriculoventriculaire intrinsèque). Une échocardiographie a été réalisée avant l'optimisation du DRC, puis 6 mois après. RÉSULTATS: Sur les 64 patients consécutifs potentiellement admissibles qui ont fait l'objet d'une évaluation, 34 sujets dont le DRC pouvait être programmé à l'aide de l'algorithme SyncAV ont été retenus. Les sujets avaient en moyenne 74 ± 9 ans; 41 % d'entre eux étaient des femmes, et 59 % présentaient une cardiomyopathie ischémique. Le temps écoulé entre l'implantation du DRC et l'optimisation au moyen de l'algorithme SyncAV était en moyenne de 17,8 ± 8,5 mois. Au moment du suivi à 6 mois, l'optimisation au moyen de l'algorithme SyncAV a été associée à une augmentation significative de la fraction d'éjection ventriculaire gauche (FEVG) (FEVG moyenne de 36,5 % ± 13,3 % vs 30,9 % ± 13,3 %; p < 0,001) et à une réduction du volume télésystolique ventriculaire gauche (VTSVG) (VTSVG moyen de 110,5 ± 57,5 mL vs 89,6 ± 52,4 mL; p < 0,001) comparativement à la programmation initiale du DRC. CONCLUSION: La reprogrammation du DRC afin de maximiser la stimulation biventriculaire par fusion a considérablement augmenté la FEVG et réduit le VTSVG chez les patients porteurs d'un DRC permanent. D'autres études sont nécessaires pour déterminer si un algorithme de stimulation par fusion en continu permet d'améliorer les résultats cliniques à long terme et pour établir le profil des patients les plus susceptibles de bénéficier d'une telle intervention.