The prognostic effect of neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio and De Ritis ratio in glioblastoma multiforme patients.

AIMS: Individuals with a higher De Ritis ratio (aspartate transaminase/alanine transaminase) and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) have an inferior survival in varied malignancies. To our knowledge, the prognostic potential of the De Ritis ratio and NLR to predict the survival in nonmetastatic glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) patients remains unclear. In this study, we aimed to explore the prognostic power of the De Ritis ratio and NLR in patients with nonmetastatic glioblastoma multiforme. METHODS: Data of 262 patients with glioblastoma multiforme have been retrospectively analyzed. Their age, gender, tumor characteristics, AST/ALT ratio, NLR and hemogram values, including age at diagnosis and date of diagnosis were recorded. RESULTS: The median survival time of the study group was 21 months (95% CI: 19‒23 months). The first-year and second-year survival rates were 73.0% and 40.5%, respectively. The univariate analysis revealed that the correlation of survival with age, gender, left/right location of tumor, mean platelet volume and De Ritis ratio did not reach the level of significance. The univariate analysis of the prognostic potential of NLR indicated that a 1-unit increase in NLR value translates to a 1.05 times higher risk of death (95% CI: 1.01‒1.09). CONCLUSION: The results of this study lead to the observation that NLR value can serve as an effective prognostic marker in predicting the outcomes of patients with glioblastoma multiforme. It can be positioned as an easily accessible and cost-effective biomarker for establishing appropriate therapeutic strategies (Tab. 2, Fig. 1, Ref. 20).

Molecular prevalence and genotypes of Enterocytozoon bieneusi in cancer patients under chemotherapy in Aegean region of Türkiye.

BACKGROUND: Enterocytozoon bieneusi is the most common species found in humans. Although E. bieneusi has been investigated in humans, genotype profile of E. bieneusi is not known in Türkiye. METHODS: In this study, we screened E. bieneusi in patients (n = 94) with different types of malignant solid tumors by Real Time PCR and then sequenced E. bieneusi positive samples. All cancer patients were undergoing chemotherapy and had diarrhea. Moreover, as control groups, we also screened E. bieneusi in patients with diarrhea (n = 50) and without diarrhea (n = 50). RESULTS: Among all patients analyzed, 33 (17%) were found to be E. bieneusi-positive. As the patients were categorized, the molecular prevalence of E. bieneusi increased to 25.5% among cancer patients with diarrhea. However, the molecular prevalence of E. bieneusi was found to be lower in patients with presenting only diarrhea (8%) and patients without diarrhea (10%). The high molecular prevalence value detected among cancer patients with diarrhea was also statistically significant compared to other patient groups (P = 0.00112 and P = 0.0269). Among the 33 Real Time PCR positive samples, 10 of them were amplified by nested PCR and among these 10 samples, 6 of them were successfully genotyped. The phylogenetic tree showed the presence of D and Type IV which were also identified in stray cats living in Izmir in our previous study. CONCLUSIONS: High molecular prevalence value indicates the importance of screening stool samples of cancer patients with diarrhea for E. bieneusi and genotyping results indicate that D and Type IV are circulating between humans and cats.

Real-world treatment outcomes from nationwide Onco-colon Turkey registry in RAS wild-type patients treated with biologics second-line mCRC.

BACKGROUNDS AND OBJECTIVES: Colorectal cancer is one of the leading causes of mortality both globally and in our country. In Turkey, we conducted a multicenter investigation into the effectiveness of second-line treatments and real-life data for patients with RAS wild-type metastatic colorectal cancer (NCT04757311). MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this retrospective analysis, records from 28 centers were collected, and histopathological, molecular, and clinical characteristics were documented. Patients were categorized into groups based on their second-line biological treatments: anti-EGFR (Group A and Group B, panitumumab and cetuximab) and anti-VEGF (Group C, bevacizumab and aflibercept). They were then compared within these groups. RESULTS: A total of 588 patients with documented RAS wild-type status were evaluated. The median OS was 15.7, 14.3 and 14.7 months in Group A, Group B and Group C, respectively (p = 0.764). The median PFS of the patients in second-line setting that received panitumumab, cetuximab and bevacizumab/aflibercept were 7.8, 6.6 and 7.4 months, respectively (p = 0.848). CONCLUSION: According to the results of our real-life data study, there is no significant difference in efficiency between the combination of biological agent and chemotherapy used in the second-line treatments.

Intra and peritumoral PET radiomics analysis to predict the pathological response in breast cancer patients receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of our study was to evaluate the contribution of 18Fluorine-Fluorodeoxyglucose Positron Emission Tomography (18F-FDG PET) radiomic data obtained from both the tumoral and peritumoral area in predicting pathological complete response (pCR) in patients with locally advanced breast cancer receiving neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). METHODS: Female patients with a diagnosis of invasive ductal carcinoma who received NAC were evaluated retrospectively. The volume of interest (VOI) of the primary tumor (VOI-T) was manually segmented, then a voxel-thick VOI was added around VOI-T to define the peritumoral area (VOI-PT). Morphological, intensity-based, histogram and texture parameters were obtained from VOIs. The patients were divided into two groups as pCR and non-complete pathological response (npCR). A "radiomic model" was created with only radiomic features, and a "patho-radiomic model" was created using radiomic features and immunohistochemical data. RESULTS: Of the 66 patients included in the study, 21 were in the pCR group. The only statistically significant feature from the primary tumor among patients with pCR and npCR was Morphological_Compacity-T (AUC: 0.666). Between response groups, a significant difference was detected in 2 morphological, 1 intensity, 4 texture features from VOI-PT; no correlation was found between Morphological_Compacity-PT and NGTDM_contrast-PT. The obtained radiomic model's sensitivity and accuracy values were calculated as 61.9% and 75.8%, respectively (AUC: 0.786). When HER2 status was added, sensitivity and accuracy values of the patho-radiomic model increased to 85.7% and 81.8%, respectively (AUC: 0.903). CONCLUSIONS: Evaluation of PET peritumoral radiomic features together with the primary tumor, rather than just the primary tumor, provides a better prediction of the pCR to NAC in patients with breast cancer.

Regorafenib therapy as a third-line treatment for metastatic colorectal cancer: A single center long term experience.

This study examined the effects of regorafenib (Reg) on progression-free survival (PFS), overall survival (OS), and adverse events (AEs) in metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) patients who underwent targeted treatment and chemotherapy. Reg was administered as a third-line treatment to 84 patients who had undergone 2 rounds of chemotherapy and targeted therapy and subsequently experienced progression. Treatment was initiated with a daily dose of 80 or 120 mg, based on the patient's ability to tolerate the medication, which was increased to 160 mg/day. The median PFS with Reg was 4 ±â€…0.2 months, while the median OS was 9 ±â€…1.2 months. When compared to patients who started Reg treatment at 80 mg, patients starting at 160 mg had longer median PFS and OS (PFS:6 ±â€…2.1 months vs 4 ±â€…0.2 months; P = .05; OS:13 ±â€…0.7 months vs 6 ±â€…1.3 months; P = .069). Patients with right-sided colon cancer who received Reg as third-line therapy had a significantly longer mPFS than those with left-sided colon cancer (8 months ±â€…4 vs 4 months ±â€…0.3, P = .039). Patients with KRAS mutations had a prolonged mPFS than those with panRAS-wild type (6 ±â€…1.6 months vs 4 ±â€…0.3 months, P = .06). The mPFS contribution in the BRAF mutant subgroup with poor prognosis is promising, as it is similar to that of patients without BRAF mutations (4 months ±â€…0.8 × 4 months ±â€…0.5, P = .74). The most common AEs reported were elevated liver enzyme levels and dermatological toxicities.

Investigation of the relationship between spinal posture and mobility to respiratory muscle strength and pulmonary functions in unilateral breast cancer surgery survivors: a cross-sectional study.

PURPOSE: Despite the research on structural and functional changes that may occur in breast cancer survivors, no study has investigated the relationship between spinal characteristics and the respiratory system. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the relationship between spinal posture and mobility to respiratory muscle strength and pulmonary functions in breast cancer patients who have completed their treatment METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 38 female breast cancer surgery survivors. Participants underwent the following evaluations: Chest wall mobility with a tapeline; postural assessments (spinal curvature, spinal mobility, and spinal inclination) with a non-invasive, computer-assisted electromechanical device; and pulmonary function test and respiratory muscle strength with a portable digital spirometer device. The relationship between spinal posture and mobility to respiratory muscle strength and pulmonary functions was analyzed by the bivariate correlation analysis. RESULTS: Increased thoracic curvature angle was associated with decreased FEV1 (r=-0.360, p=0.026) and decreased subcostal mobility (r=-0.385, p=0.017), and the increase in thoracic frontal mobility was associated with decrease in PEF (r=-0.342, p=0.036). Increased lumbar mobility was associated with increased FVC (r=0.324, p=0.047), and increased total spinal inclination mobility was associated with decreased MIP (r=-0.396, p=0.017). Chest wall mobility was associated with postural assessments at varying rates (the r value ranged from -0.357 to 0.661, p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The changes in spinal posture and mobility of women who have undergone unilateral breast cancer surgery were associated with respiratory parameters and thoracic cage mobility. These patients' spinal posture and mobility should be taken into account in conjunction with respiratory functions for a comprehensive assessment.

A multicentre, multinational study of clinical characteristics and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma.

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a significant health problem, and the associated mortality rate is increasing. Aim: We aimed to determine the clinical characteristics and prognosis for HCC in member countries of the OncoBridge Study Group. Methods: We recruited 630 patients diagnosed with HCC between 2013 and 2019 from 4 countries (Türkiye, Russia, Georgia, and Greece). Univariate and multivariate analyses were conducted to investigate clinical and laboratory prognostic factors. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was used to determine the prognostic value of the neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) value. Results: The 3 most common etiological factors were hepatitis B infection (39.7%), hepatitis C virus infection (17.0%) and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (9.0%). Median overall survival for the whole group was 25 [95% confidence interval (CI): 15.7-34.2] months. Cut-off values for AFP and NLR were accepted as 200 ng/mL and 3.45, respectively. The area under the ROC curve values for AFP, NLR and NLR+AFP were 0.625 (95% CI: 0.547-0.704), 0.589 (95% CI: 0.512-0.667) and 0.657 (95% CI: 0.583-0.731). From the multivariate analysis, advanced tumour size, lymph node involvement and metastasis (TNM) stage, presence of cirrhosis, high AFP, and high NLR values were associated with poor survival. Conclusion: AFP, NLR, advanced TNM, and presence of cirrhosis may predict prognosis in patients with HCC. Studies involving more countries are needed to corroborate these findings.

The prognostic role of epidermal growth factor receptor mutation in completely resected ampullary adenocarcinoma.

The aim of this study is to make a differential diagnosis and prognosis of the ampullary adenocarcinoma subtypes. We also investigated the role of prognostic markers PD-1 and PD-L1, and epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). Local or locally advanced stage ampullary adenocarcinoma patients who had undergone pancreaticoduodenectomy at the time of diagnosis were included. MUC1, MUC2, MUC5AC, CDX2, CK7, CK20, PD-1, and PDL-1 were analysed immunohistochemically, and EGFR was analysed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. According to histopathological and immunohistochemical evaluation, we found 27 patients as pancreatobiliary type and 56 patients as intestinal type adenocarcinoma. The median survival of patients with intestinal and pancreatobiliary type adenocarcinoma was 23 months and 76 months ( p = 0.201), respectively. When the survival of PD1-positive ( n = 23) and PD-L1-positive ( n = 18) patients were compared with the patients with negative staining ( n = 60, n = 65), no significant difference was found. Epidermal growth factor receptor mutation was detected in a total of 6 patients, and 5 of these 6 mutations were shown in intestinal type tumours and one in a pancreatobiliary type tumour. A significant difference was determined in terms of overall survival for the patients with EGFR mutations compared to those without ( p = 0.008). In conclusion, we could reveal the prognostic significance of EGFR mutation, which is also a target molecule.

Oncological efficiency of wide local excision in dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans.

BACKGROUND: Dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP) is a slow-growing, low- to intermediate-grade malignant sarcoma. Its optimal treatment is resection with wide margins; the likelihood of local control associated with this procedure exceeds 90%. The probability of regional or distant metastases is <5%. OBJECTIVE: We examined the clinical, epidemiological, and pathological features, the treatment types, and outcomes of patients to investigate the width of safe surgical margins (SM) and how the width of SMs affected recurrence in DFSP. METHODS: We retrospectively examined the records of 60 patients who were initially operated on with wide local excision for DFSP in the period 2008-2019. Optimal cutoff points for SMs were calculated with the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis and found as 1.925 cm histopathologically and 2.26 cm macroscopically. RESULTS: During the mean 89.6-month follow-up, local recurrence was seen in 36.7% and distant metastasis in 20% of the patients. Recurrences were significantly related to peripheral resection margins. Analysis by histopathologic cutoff points showed that the local recurrence rate was 84% when SM was ≤1.925 cm, but only 2.85% when >1.925 cm (p = 0.002). Recurrence-free survival was 40.92 months when SM was ≤1.925 cm and 225.75 months when s >1.925 cm (p<0.001). Analysis by macroscopic cutoff points showed that the local recurrence rate was 95.5% when SM was ≤2.26 cm, but only 4% when >2.26 cm (p = 0.001). Recurrence-free survival was 43 months when SM was ≤2.26 cm and 222 months when >2.26 cm (p<0.001). In metastatic patients, progression-free survival was 9 months with cytotoxic chemotherapy, whereas 38.4 months with tyrosine kinase inhibitor (imatinib) (p = 0.002). CONCLUSION: This study showed SMs >2.5 cm to be sufficiently safe for WLE and optimized the balance among safe margin width, reconstruction need, and surgical morbidity. In metastatic DFSP patients, tyrosine kinase inhibitor imatinib is more effective than cytotoxic chemotherapy for progression-free survival.

HALP score and GNRI: Simple and easily accessible indexes for predicting prognosis in advanced stage NSCLC patients. The Izmir oncology group (IZOG) study.

Objective: The Hemoglobin, Albumin, Lymphocyte, and Platelet (HALP) Score and the Geriatric Nutrition Risk Index (GNRI) are used as prognostic factors in different types of cancers. In this study we analyzed the prognostic value of the HALP Score and the GNRI calculated prior to first-line treatment in patients diagnosed with de novo metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (mNSCLC). Materials and methods: De novo mNSCLC patients were retrospectively evaluated from January 2016 to December 2019. Patients with Driver's mutation, severe comorbidities, active infection, or insufficient organ function, and those receiving anti-inflammatory treatment were excluded from the study. Optimal cut-off points for the HALP score and the GNRI were calculated with the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis. Predictive factors for overall survival (OS) were assessed with univariate and multivariate Cox proportional hazard analyses, and OS was studied with the Kaplan-Meier analysis. Results: The study included 401 patients in total. In the ROC curve analysis, the cut-off points were found 23.24 (AUC = 0.928; 95% CI: 0.901-0.955, p < 0.001) for HALP, and 53.60 (AUC = 0.932; 95% CI: 0.908-0.955, p < 0.001) for GNRI. Groups with lower HALP scores and lower GNRI had significantly shorter OS compared to those with higher HALP scores and GNRIs. Univariate analysis showed that male gender, smoking, high ECOG score, low HALP score and low GNRI were associated with worse survival rates. Multivariate analysis showed that low HALP score (HR = 2.988, 95% CI: 2.065-4.324, p < 0.001); low GNRI score (HR = 2.901, 95% CI: 2.045-4.114, p < 0.001) and smoking history (HR = 1.447, 95% CI: 1.046-2.001, p = 0.025) were independent factors associated with worse OS rates. Conclusion: Our study showed the HALP score and the GNRI to be of prognostic value as simple, cost-effective, and useful markers that predict OS in de novo mNSCLC patients.

The effectiveness and safety of neoadjuvant pertuzumab and trastuzumab in women with locally advanced, inflammatory, or early-stage human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive breast cancer: Turkish Oncology Group study.

In our study, we aimed to evaluate the pathological response rates and side effect profile of adding pertuzumab to the treatment of HER2+ locally advanced, inflammatory, or early-stage breast cancer. This study was conducted by the Turkish Oncology Group (TOG) with data collected from 32 centers. Our study was multicentric, and a total of 364 patients were included. The median age of the patients was 49 years (18-85 years). Two hundred fifteen (60%) of the cases were hormone receptor/HER2+ positive(ER+ or PR+, or both), and 149 (40%) of them were HER2-rich (ER and PR negative). The number of complete responses was 124 (54%) in the docetaxel+trastuzumab+pertuzumab arm and 102 (45%) in the paclitaxel+trastuzumab+pertuzumab arm, and there was no difference between the groups in terms of complete response. In 226 (62%) patients with complete response, a significant correlation was found with DCIS, tumor focality, removed lymph node, and ER status P < 0.05. Anemia, nausea, vomiting, myalgia, alopecia, and mucosal inflammation were significantly higher in the docetaxel arm, P < 0.05. In our study, no statistical difference was found between the before-after echocardiography values. DCIS positivity in biopsy before neoadjuvant chemotherapy, tumor focality; the number of lymph nodes removed and ER status were found to be associated with pCR. In conclusion, we think that studies evaluating pCR-related clinicopathological variables and radiological imaging features will play a critical role in the development of nonsurgical treatment approaches.

The relationship between sarcopenia detected in newly diagnosed colorectal cancer patients and FGF21, irisin and CRP levels.

AIM: Sarcopenia is a progressive and generalized syndrome that can be linked to many causes such as cancers, and is caused by a quantitative and qualitative disorder (loss of muscle strength and/or physical performance) of skeletal muscle mass. Although sarcopenia has some hypothetical explanation in clinical practice, the mechanisms underlying this condition have not been clearly differentiated in patients with cancer. We aimed to investigate the relationship between irisin, FGF21 and CRP in detecting sarcopenia in colorectal cancer patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Current prospectively study included non-metastatic newly diagnosed colorectal cancer patients. Patients were divided into 2 groups of 25 people, those with and without sarcopenia. Body composition measurements by examined by BIA. To measure the level of iris and FGF21 from patients, blood samples were taken into the biochemistry tube and their levels were measured. RESULTS: The median age of the patients included in the study was 60 years (range: 21-81), 68% were men. It was found that there was a significant relationship between sarcopenia and gender and BMI measurement. When Spearman correlation analysis was performed between skeletal muscle mass index and FGF21, irisin and CRP, there was a positive correlation between skeletal muscle mass index and irisin and FGF21, while there was a negative correlation between skeletal muscle mass index and CRP. [respectively: (r: 0.282, p: 0.048), (r: 0.564, p: < 0.001) and (r: - 0.360, p: 0.010)]. Similar results were found between hand-grip strength and FGF21, irisin and CRP. [respectively: (r: 0.342, p: 0.015), (r: 0.290, p: 0.041) and (r: - 0.476, p < 0.001)]. When sarcopenia was treated as the dependent variable in the logistic regression analysis, and FGF21, irisin, CRP, gender and BMI were treated as the independent variables, irisin and CRP levels were determined as independent predictors. CONCLUSION: This study was revealed that there is a negative relationship between sarcopenia and irisin and FGF-21 in operated non-metastatic colorectal cancer patients and there may be a relationship between sarcopenia and inflammation. It suggests that these biomarkers may play a role in the pathophysiology of sarcopenia. However, our results need to be validated in different types of cancer and with more patients.

Predicting pathological response and overall survival in locally advanced gastric cancer patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy: the role of PET/computed tomography.

BACKGROUND: Gastric cancer is the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths, with a 5-year survival rate of about 20-25%. The ability to predict pathological response (PR) to neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT); hence, overall survival (OS) probability of patients can allow the clinician to individualize treatment strategies. We investigated the role of F-18 fluorodeoxyglucose PET-computed tomography (F-18 FDG PET/CT) in predicting histopathologic response and prognosis in locally advanced gastric cancer (LAGC) patients undergoing NACT. METHODS: F-18FDG PET/CT images taken before and after NACT, adenocarcinoma histopathology and operation pyesis reports of 43 LAGC patients were analyzed. Maximum (SUVmax) and mean (SUVmean) standardized uptake values, metabolic tumor volume (MTV), and total lesion glycolysis (TLG) of lesions were measured before and after NACT. Changes in percentage were calculated for ΔSUVmax%, ΔSUVmean%, ΔMTV%, ΔTLG%, and cutoff values were determined by receiver operating characteristic curve analysis. NACT response in pathology pyesis was determined according to the College of American Pathologists classification. PR and OS were analyzed with Kaplan-Meier and Cox proportional hazards regression models based on cutoffs found with PET measurements. RESULTS: Cutoffs were ΔSUVmax = 33.31%, ΔSUVmean = 42.96%, ΔMTV = 30.38%, and ΔTLG = 28.14%, and all patients showed significance in PR and OS based on these cutoffs (all P < 0.01). PET/CT findings before and after NACT (ΔMTV > 30.38%, ΔTLG > 28.14%) predicted PR with 100% sensitivity and specificity. Multivariate analysis showed ΔSUVmean as an independent risk factor predicting OS (hazard ratio 0.348, 95% confidence interval 2.91-22.3, P = 0.03). CONCLUSIONS: Metabolic parameters obtained with F-18 FDG PET/CT scanning before and after NACT in LAGC patients can accurately predict PR and OS.

Being a Cancer Patient during the Time of COVID-19: Impact of the Pandemic on the Anxiety and the Sleeping Quality of Oncology Patients.

OBJECTIVE: In this study, we aimed to assess anxiety and sleep quality in cancer patients treated or followed up at our clinic at the time of the outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic. METHODS: Seven hundred and sixty-one patients who were either treated or followed up at our oncology clinic between April 2020 and May 2020 were included. Patients were assessed with the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). RESULTS: Mean scores of the 761 participants were STAI, 43.45 ± 9.34 (range, 23-75), and PSQI, 5.67 ± 4.24 (range, 0-19). Quality of sleep was found bad in 447 (58.7%) (global score ≥5). Univariate analyses demonstrated statistical differences by stage of cancer, status of treatment, subgroup of treatment, monthly income, and levels of education in anxiety and sleep quality levels. Multivariate analyses showed active treatment (OR: 21.4; 95% CI: 9.08-50.4; p < 0.001) as the major independent variable that affected sleep quality; the major independent variable associated with anxiety was low income (OR: 4.43; 95% CI: 1.69-11.5; p = 0.002). CONCLUSION: Anxiety and sleep quality levels were found comparable to pre-pandemic reports, and the pandemic was not observed to have additional negative impact on cancer patients. Also, universal basal anxiety and sleep disorder that accompany cancer or active treatment were observed in our study. The accurate effects of the pandemic can be analyzed in further studies using repeated data obtained from the same patient group.

Cryptosporidium spp. during chemotherapy: a cross-sectional study of 94 patients with malignant solid tumor.

BACKGROUND: Cryptosporidium spp. is a protozoan parasite that infects many vertebrate animals, including humans. Since Cryptosporidium spp. can cause chronic life-threatening diarrhea and severe malabsorption in immunocompromised patients, we investigated the prevalence of this parasite among patients undergoing chemotherapy for malignant solid tumors. OBJECTIVE: Investigate the prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in stool samples. DESIGN: Cross-sectional. SETTING: Tertiary care. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Stool samples were collected from adult patients with malignant solid tumors receiving chemotherapy and diarrhea. Cryptosporidium spp. prevalence was determined using Ziehl-Neelsen staining, ELISA, and real-time PCR targeting of the COWP gene. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE: The prevalence of Cryptosporidium spp. in patients undergoing chemotherapy for malignant solid tumors. SAMPLE SIZE: 94 RESULTS: The prevalence was 2.1% (2/94), 5.3% (5/94), and 5.3% (5/94) as detected by Ziehl-Neelsen staining, real-time PCR and ELISA, respectively. The prevalence reached 8.5% (8/94) using all results obtained from the three methods. Among eight positive stool samples, four were positive by at least two different methods (Ziehl-Neelsen staining-ELISA or ELISA-real-time PCR) whereas the remaining four were positive by either ELISA or real-time PCR. CONCLUSION: These findings show the risk of cryptosporidiosis in cancer patients and the necessity to use at least two diagnostic methods during the diagnosis of cryptosporidiosis to reach more accurate and trustworthy results. LIMITATIONS: Further studies with a larger sample size are recommended. CONFLICT OF INTEREST: None.

Prognostic importance of molecular-like classification in gastroesophageal junction tumors (Izmir Oncology Group [IZOG] study).

A comprehensive molecular classification was published in 2014 within The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) to guide clinical approaches and treatment strategies. This study aimed to investigate the clinicopathological and prognostic importance of the classification using immunohistochemistry (IHC) and chromogenic in situ hybridization (CISH) to identify potential surrogate markers of molecular changes in gastroesophageal junction (GEJ) adenocarcinomas. A total of 52 GEJ adenocarcinomas were divided into five groups using IHC with MLH-1, E-cadherin, p53 and CISH with EBER: 1) microsatellite unstable (MSI: negative with MLH-1), 2) genomically stable tumors (GS: positive with p53), 3) chromosomally unstable tumors (CUN: negative with e-cadherin), 4) EBV+ tumors (EBV+: positive with EBER) and 5) unclassifiable (G-NOS: MLH-1 and e-cadherin positive with p53 and negative with EBER). The largest group consisted of 24 (46.2%) cases of CUN tumors. This group was followed by groups of GS with 14 (26.9%) cases, MSI with 7 (13.5%) cases, and EBV + with 3 (5.8%) cases, respectively. Although this classification was not associated with pathological features, it was found to be closely related to prognosis (p = 0.029). Patients with EBV+ tumors had the longest overall survival, followed by the G-NOS, MSI, CUN, GS groups.

Neuroendocrine Differentiated Breast Cancer Cases: A Retrospective Analysis and Literature Review.

Objectives: Neuroendocrine breast carcinoma (NEBC) is a rare subgroup of breast cancer, which makes up 2-5% of all invasive breast cancers. The aim of this retrospective analysis is to present and analyze our own data of primary NEBCs. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed clinical, pathological, and radiological characteristics of 36 patients diagnosed with neuroendocrine differentiated breast cancer between 2008 and 2019 compared to that of 925 patients with invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC/NOS) along with a literature review. Results: In this study, 36 patients with neuroendocrine differentiated breast carcinoma and 961 patients with (IDC/NOS), as the comparison group, were identified between 2008 and 2019. In NEBC patients, seven were premenopausal and 29 postmenopausal. Patients whose ultrasound (USG), magnetic resonance, and mammographic (MMG) images available in our hospital, high-density masses were detected in the MMG with irregular (77%), microlobulated (80%) and spiculated margins (63%), unaccompanied by asymmetry and structural distortion. Calcifications were less common than invasive breast cancer, present only in four patients (17%). When NEBC were compared to ductal carcinomas (n=925), NEBC were more often human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 negative (p=0.039), estrogen receptor positive (p=0.05), progesterone receptor positive (0.03), and the NEBC patients were older (p=0.02). Age, grade, metastatic status, lymph node number, and molecular type were identified as prognostic factors that significantly affect survival in both groups (p<0.05). Conclusion: NEBC is a subtype that is both histopathologically and radiologically distinct from other breast cancer subtypes, and neuroendocrine differentiation may be an important predictive marker in the future.

Preliminary study of serum Galectin-1 in breast cancer carcinogenesis [Izmir Oncology Group (IZOG) study].

PURPOSE: Galectin-1 is a lectin involved in the carcinogenesis of many cancers. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the importance of galectin-1 in breast cancer carcinogenesis and its relationship with tumor development. METHODS: Patients who were diagnosed with new breast cancer and a healthy volunteer population were included in the study. Preoperative and postoperative (1 month following visit at the medical oncology outpatient clinic) serum samples were collected from breast cancer patients and the healthy volunteer control group. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant difference between patients' age, height, weight and body mass index (BMI) (p>0.05). The mean galectin-1 value of the preoperative group was 2.16±0.69 ng/ml, in the postoperative group; 1.75±0.31 ng/ml, and the healthy control group 1.64±0.40 ng/ml. A comparison of mean galectin-1 values between the groups showed that the highest galectin-1 level was found in the preoperative patients. When the mean serum galectin-1 levels of preoperative and postoperative patients were compared, a statistically significant difference was found between the two groups (p<0.001). Furthermore, a comparison of the control group and preoperative patients also revealed a statistically significant difference between the groups (p<0.001). When the control group and postoperative patients were compared, no statistically significant difference was found between them (p=0.16). CONCLUSION: Serum galectin-1 levels were higher in breast cancer patients than in the healthy control group. In addition, postoperative galectin-1 levels of breast cancer patients tended to decrease. This suggests that serum galectin-1 levels are important in breast carcinogenesis and positively correlated with the presence of tumors.

Prognostic role of De Ritis and basal neutrophil to lymphocyte ratio in patients with advanced stage pancreatic cancer [Izmir Oncology Group (IZOG) Study].

PURPOSE: We aimed to investigate the prognostic significance of neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR), an indirect indicator for the immune response and AST/ALT ratio (De Ritis), liver enzymes that are commonly used in various clinical fields, in patients with advanced-stage pancreatic cancer. METHODS: NLR and De Ritis of the patients with diagnosis of locally advanced and metastatic pancreatic cancer between the 2010-2017 were evaluated retrospectively. All patients were divided into two groups as high and low according to NLR and De Ritis cut-off values which were 2.4 and 0.75, respectively. RESULTS: A total of 191 patients were evaluated. The mean overall survival (OS) in patients with NLR<2.4 at the time of diagnosis was 10±0.8 months, while it was 4±0.49 months in patients with NLR>2.4 (p<0.0001). The mean OS of the patients with a De Ritis <0.75 was 8±1.2 months, whereas the survival of those with De Ritis >0.75 was 6±0.74 months (p=0.024). The mean progression free survival (PFS) in patients with NLR<2.4 and De Ritis <0.75 at diagnosis were 5±0.76 months and 6±0.87 months respectively, whilst it was 3±0.37 months in patients with NLR>2.4 (p=0.017) and 4±0.3 months in patients with De Ritis >0.75 (p=0.14). CONCLUSIONS: The NLR and De Ritis are associated with prognosis in many cancers and have been found to be associated with survival outcome in advanced-stage pancreatic cancer patients.

An analysis of adjuvant treatment strategies in operated pancreatic cancer patients: An Izmir oncology group study.

BACKGROUND: Adjuvant treatment is necessary in pancreatic cancer patients, but the optimal approach is not clear yet. Our aim was to explore the effectiveness of adjuvant treatment modalities in patients with operated pancreatic cancer. METHODS: There were five groups of patients operated for primary pancreas adenocarcinoma. The first two groups included patients who were treated with only adjuvant chemotherapy or radiotherapy. The patients in third group had received combination chemotherapy and radiotherapy either sequentially or concomitantly. The fourth group was composed of patients who were treated with adjuvant chemotherapy after concurrent chemoradiotherapy, whereas the patients in the fifth group were only observed after surgery without any adjuvant treatment. RESULTS: There were 83 operated pancreatic cancer patients available for analysis. Median age of the patients was 63 years (range, 40-82 years). There were 55 patients who had local disease recurrence (n = 14) or metastasis (n = 41) during or after adjuvant treatment. The median overall survival for all patients was 14 months. When we compared the median survival of patients who had any adjuvant treatment with the patients treated without any adjuvant therapy, we found a significant statistical difference between the groups (32.4 vs 6.5 months; P = 0.000). In addition, survival of each treatment group was also compared with each other but we did not find any significant statistical difference. CONCLUSIONS: Our result suggests that any adjuvant therapy in the treatment of pancreatic cancer patients is important. However, we could not find any superiority between adjuvant treatment modalities.