Preoperative evaluations for ophthalmic surgery: A systematic review of 48,869 eyes.

Eliminating low-yield testing can reduce the burden on modern health care systems. Our purpose is to determine whether routine preoperative assessment impacts the incidence of perioperative complications in ophthalmic surgery. We conducted a comprehensive search of Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library databases to identify studies investigating the incidence of perioperative complications following any preoperative assessment for patients undergoing ophthalmic surgery (PROSPERO ID#164008). Four randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and 5 observational studies were selected for inclusion. Risk of bias assessment revealed a lack of masking and insufficient statistical power in RCTs, and confounding in observational studies. Routine preoperative testing-including laboratory tests, electrocardiogram, and imaging studiesdid not decrease the incidence of adverse events or risk of perioperative ocular and systemic complications in most studies. Two cohort studies (1 retrospective, 1 prospective) suggestd that patients with certain preexisting health conditions were at increased risk for adverse events perioperatively. Another retrospective study found a lower risk of complications in high-risk patients who underwent evaluation. While patients with comorbidities may be at increased risk of adverse events, the role of preoperative assessment is not well delineated in this population. Further study is required to determine the comparative safety, effectiveness, and implementation of alternative assessment tools.

Appearance Reveals Music Preferences.

Disclosing idiosyncratic preferences can help to broker new social interactions. For instance, strangers exchange music preferences to signal their identities, values, and preferences. Recognizing that people's physical appearances guide their decisions about social engagement, we examined whether cues to people's music preferences in their physical appearance and expressive poses help to guide social interaction. We found that perceivers could detect targets' music preferences from photos of their bodies, heads, faces, eyes, and mouths (but not hair) and that the targets' apparent traits (e.g., submissiveness, neatness) undergirded these judgments. Perceivers also desired to meet individuals who appeared to match their music preferences versus those who did not. Music preferences therefore seem to manifest in appearance, regulating interest in others and suggesting that one's identity redundantly emerges across different types of cues. People may thus infer others' music preferences to identify candidates for social bonding.

Clinical features of endophthalmitis clusters after cataract surgery and practical recommendations to mitigate risk: systematic review.

Intraocular transmission of exogenous pathogens in cataract surgery can lead to endophthalmitis. This review evaluates the features of endophthalmitis clusters secondary to pathogen transmission in cataract surgery. Articles reporting on pathogen transmission in cataract surgery were identified via searches of Ovid MEDLINE, EMBASE, and Cochrane CENTRAL, and a total of 268 eyes from 24 studies were included. The most common source of infectious transmission was attributed to a contaminated intraocular solution (ie, irrigation solution, viscoelastic, or diluted antibiotic; n = 10). Visual acuity at presentation with infectious features was 1.89 logMAR (range: 1.35 to 2.58; ∼counting fingers) and 1.33 logMAR (range: 0.04 to 3.00; Snellen: ∼20/430) at last follow-up. Patients with diabetes had worse outcomes compared with patients without diabetes. The most frequently isolated pathogen from the infectious sources was Pseudomonas sp. (50.0%). This review highlights the various routes of pathogen transmission during cataract surgery and summarizes recommendations for the detection, prevention, and management of endophthalmitis clusters.

People attribute humanness to men and women differently based on their facial appearance.

Recognizing others' humanity is fundamental to how people think about and treat each other. People often ascribe greater humanness to groups that they socially value, but do they also systematically ascribe social value to different individuals? Here, we tested whether people (de)humanize individuals based on social traits inferred from their facial appearance, focusing on attractiveness and intelligence. Across five studies, less attractive and less intelligent-looking individuals seemed less human, but this varied by target gender: Attractiveness better predicted humanness attributions to women whereas perceived intelligence better predicted humanness attributions to men (Study 1). This difference seems to stem from gender stereotypes (preregistered Studies 2 and 3) and even extends to attributions of children's humanness (preregistered Study 4). Moreover, this gender difference leads to biases in moral treatment that confer more value to the lives of attractive women and intelligent-looking men (preregistered Study 5). These data help to explain how interpersonal judgments of individuals interact with intergroup biases to promote gender-based discrimination, providing greater nuance to the mechanisms and outcomes of dehumanization. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Purtscher-Like Retinopathy Secondary to Medication Induced Calcium-Alkali Syndrome and Acute Pancreatitis in a Pregnant Female.

PURPOSE: To report a case of Purtscher-like retinopathy secondary to acute pancreatitis caused by medication-induced calcium-alkali syndrome in a pregnant woman. METHODS: Case report. RESULTS: A 39-year-old 23-week pregnant patient complained of visual disturbances during admission for acute pancreatitis precipitated by calcium-alkali syndrome. History revealed the acute ingestion of over 2,400 mg of elemental calcium from over the counter medication in the background of longstanding use. Visual acuity was counting fingers at 1 foot bilaterally. Posterior segment exam revealed Purtscher-flecken in the posterior pole with scattered dot hemorrhages. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) revealed inner retinal thickening and increased hyper-reflectivity. OCT angiography demonstrated loss of flow primarily in the superficial capillary plexuses. The patient was diagnosed with Purtscher-like retinopathy and observed. Two months follow up revealed resolution of the funduscopic findings and visual acuity improved minimally to 20/200 in the right eye and counting fingers in the left eye. CONCLUSION: Common over the counter medication can potentiate a calcium-alkali syndrome capable of causing a Purtscher-like retinopathy.

Accuracy and bias in first impressions of attachment style from faces.

OBJECTIVE: People gather important social information from subtle nonverbal cues. Given that one's attachment style can meaningfully affect the quality of one's relationships, we investigated whether people could perceive men's and women's attachment styles from photos of their neutral faces. METHOD: In two studies, we measured targets' attachment styles then asked participants (total N = 893) to judge the male and female targets' attachment anxiety and avoidance from photos of their neutral faces (total N = 331) and to report their own attachment anxiety and avoidance. RESULTS: Participants detected men's attachment style from face photos significantly better than chance in an initial exploratory study and in a preregistered replication but did not consistently detect women's attachment style from their face photos. Moreover, participants' own attachment style biased these first impressions: Individuals with greater attachment anxiety viewed others as more anxiously attached. CONCLUSIONS: People can detect some hints of unacquainted others' attachment styles from their faces but their own anxious attachment can bias these judgments.

Gametic selection, developmental trajectories, and extrinsic heterogeneity in Haldane's rule.

Deciphering the genetic and developmental causes of the disproportionate rarity, inviability, and sterility of hybrid males, Haldane's rule, is important for understanding the evolution of reproductive isolation between species. Moreover, extrinsic and prezygotic factors can contribute to the magnitude of intrinsic isolation experienced between species with partial reproductive compatibility. Here, we use the nematodes Caenorhabditis briggsae and C. nigoni to quantify the sensitivity of hybrid male viability to extrinsic temperature and developmental timing, and test for a role of mito-nuclear incompatibility as a genetic cause. We demonstrate that hybrid male inviability manifests almost entirely as embryonic, not larval, arrest and is maximal at the lowest rearing temperatures, indicating an intrinsic-by-extrinsic interaction to hybrid inviability. Crosses using mitochondrial substitution strains that have reciprocally introgressed mitochondrial and nuclear genomes show that mito-nuclear incompatibility is not a dominant contributor to postzygotic isolation and does not drive Haldane's rule in this system. Crosses also reveal that competitive superiority of X-bearing sperm provides a novel means by which postmating prezygotic factors exacerbate the rarity of hybrid males. These findings highlight the important roles of gametic, developmental, and extrinsic factors in modulating the manifestation of Haldane's rule.