ABSTRACT
Idiopathic Granulomatous Mastitis (IGM) is a disease that clinically mimics breast cancers with symptoms of pain, edema, erythema, nipple discharge, nipple retraction, and fistula. Although IGM is considered to be formed by autoimmune responses or infections, the molecular mechanism behind formation and progress is unknown. Therefore, in this study, we aimed to investigate molecular mechanisms underlying IGM formation, progress, and recurrence by monitoring the changes at the proteome level. Protein extracts prepared from IGM (n = 15) and within-control tissues (n = 15) were subjected to nHPLC followed by LC-MS/MS proteomic analysis. Label-free quantitation analysis revealed that sixty differentially regulated between the two groups. Those proteins were classified based on their role in metabolic pathways using bioinformatics tools. Based on DAVID analysis, 16 of the differently regulated proteins were associated with the immune system, while 17 proteins were involved in cancer metabolism. STRING analysis showed that five of the differentially regulated proteins were associated with combined immune deficiency which were PNP, TAP1, ITGAL, PRKDC, and PTPRC while the other proteins were involved in insulin response and neutrophil degranulation. This study is one of the very few studies that investigated the changes in protein expressions of IGM tissues compared to controls. For the first time, we have shown the relationship of IGM with the immune system at the protein level and also underlined the cancer-like behavior of the disease. Furthermore, the proteins that were pointed out as combined immune deficiency-related proteins may have value as diagnostic markers for idiopathic granulomatous mastitis although further studies are needed to shed more light on the pathogenesis of the disease.
Subject(s)
Breast Neoplasms , Granulomatous Mastitis , Insulins , Chromatography, Liquid , Female , Humans , Immune System , Immunoglobulin M , Proteome , Proteomics , Tandem Mass SpectrometryABSTRACT
PURPOSE: In diabetic retinopathy patients, intravitreal bevacizumab (IVB) injections are widely used to facilitate dissection of retinal fibrovascular membranes during surgery, reduce the rate of perioperative hemorrhage, and prevent recurrent neovascularization. Previous studies have shown that IVB may worsen fibrosis and thereby impair vision. The aim of this study was to determine which markers are associated with fibrosis. METHODS: Twenty-three patients with proliferative diabetic retinopathy (PDR) underwent pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) with IVB pretreatment for intraocular hemorrhage (IOH) and/or tractional retinal detachment (TRD). Vitreous samples were obtained at the time of IVB injection and again at the beginning of PPV, about a week later. Using Western blot analysis, the concentrations of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), placental growth factor (PIGF), insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1), angiogenin-1 (Ang-1), and vascular endothelial cadherin (VE-cadherin) were measured in vitreous samples. RESULTS: After treatment with IVB, VEGF, PIGF, and VE-cadherin concentrations in the vitreous significantly decreased (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, and p = 0.001, respectively), whereas the concentrations of IGF-1 increased (p = 0.001). There were no significant changes in Ang-1 concentrations in the vitreous after IVB injection (p = 0.732). There were no statistically significant differences in VEGF-A, PIGF, VE-cadherin, IGF, and Ang-1 levels before and after IVB injection when the IOH and TRD groups underwent subgroup analysis (p = 0.696, p = 0.516, p = 0.498, p = 0.188, and p = 0.243, respectively). CONCLUSION: The levels of VEGF and other cytokines changed in the vitreous after IVB. The adverse effects associated with IVB, such as fibrosis, may result from modulation of vitreous cytokine concentrations. In the treatment of PDR, drugs that optimize the effects of PIGF, IGF-1, and VE-cadherin to reduce these side effects may be useful.
