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PURPOSE: The aim of the study was to analyze the modification of total and regional body composition in early breast cancer patients treated with aromatase inhibitors (AIs). METHODS: This is a prospective, single-center, observational, longitudinal study. Four-hundred and twenty-eight patients treated with adjuvant aromatase inhibitors were enrolled at the Medical Oncology and Breast Unit of Spedali Civili Hospital in Brescia from September 2014 to June 2022. Several body composition parameters including total and regional fat and lean body mass were investigated with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) scan at baseline and after 18 months of treatment with aromatase inhibitors. RESULTS: A significant increase in fat body mass (mean + 7.2%, 95% confidence interval [CI]: 5.5;8.9%) and a reduction in lean body mass (mean -3.1%, 95% CI -3.9; -2.4) were documented in this population. The changes in fat and lean body mass varied considerably according to different body districts ranging between + 3.2% to + 10.9% and from-1.3% to -3.9%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Aromatase inhibitor adjuvant therapy in early breast cancer is associated with changes in body composition, with a wide variability among different body districts, leading to a risk of sarcopenic obesity. Supervised physical exercise that focuses on single body parts that may display detrimental variations may be beneficial for AIs treated patients.
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CLINICAL IMPACT: Even if periaortitis secondary to EVAR is a very rare complication, it is important for the surgeon to know this possible rare complication and its characteristics, in order to immediately recognize it and treat it adequately to avoid complications.
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PURPOSE: Brain metastases rarely complicate the natural history of patients with adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC). No information is available regarding the life expectancy and efficacy of treatments in ACC patients with brain involvement. METHODS: A pooled analysis was performed by searching on PubMed and using the keywords: "brain metastases in adrenocortical carcinoma", and "leptomeningeal metastases in adrenocortical carcinoma". Four patients diagnosed at Spedali Civili Hospital in Brescia were added to the analysis. Data concerning demographic, disease characteristics, adopted treatments and patient prognosis were collected. RESULTS: A total of 27 patients (18 adults and 9 children) were included in this study, 22 of them had an adequate follow-up. Brain metastases occurred late in the natural history of adult patients but not in that of children. Surgery plus/minus radiation therapy was the treatment of choice. Adult patients with brain metastases had a poor prognosis with a median progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS) of 2 and 7 months, respectively. Median PFS and OS were not attained in children. CONCLUSION: Brain metastases in ACC patients are rare and are associated with poor prognosis, particularly in adults. Surgery plus/minus radiotherapy is the only therapeutic approach that can offer patients a chance to obtain durable local disease control.
Subject(s)
Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms , Adrenocortical Carcinoma , Brain Neoplasms , Adult , Child , Humans , Adrenocortical Carcinoma/pathology , Treatment Outcome , Prognosis , Brain Neoplasms/therapy , Adrenal Cortex Neoplasms/pathology , Retrospective StudiesABSTRACT
BACKGROUND AND AIMS: The effect of surgical treatment for spontaneous intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) remains uncertain. We conducted an observational retrospective cohort study on supra-centimeter spontaneous ICH treated with either neurosurgical or conservative management. The baseline demographics and risk factors were correlated with in-hospital mortality and 3 and 6-month survival rates stratified by management. METHODS: We included all patients with evidence of spontaneous ICH > 1 cm detected by CT and admitted between august 2020 and march 2021 to the "SMM" Hospital in Perugia. RESULTS: Onehundredandtwentytwo patients were included in the study, and 45% (n.55) were surgically treated. The mean age was 71.9 ± 15.3, and 61% (n.75) were males. Intra-hospital mortality ended up being 31% (n.38), 3 months-survival was 63% (n.77) and 6 months-survival was 60% (n.73). From the multivariate analysis of the surgical patients versus medical patient, we observed that the surgical patients were younger (67.5 ± 14.9 vs 75.5 ± 14.7 y; OR 0.87; Cl 95% 0.85-0.94; p 0.001), with greater ICH volume at the onset (61 ± 39.4 cc vs 51 ± 64 cc; OR 1.03; Cl 95% 1.005-1.07; p 0.05), more midline shift (7.61 ± 5.54 mm vs 4.09 ± 5.88 mm; OR 1.37; Cl 95% 1.045-1.79; p 0.023), and a higher ICH score (3 vs 2 mean ICH score; OR 21.12; Cl 95% 2.6-170.6; p 0.004). Intra-hospital mortality in the surgical group and in the conservative treatment group was respectively 33% vs 30%, 3 month-survival was 64% vs 63% and 6 month- survival were 60% in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Our patient cohort shows no overall benefit from surgery over conservative treatment, but surgical patients were younger and had larger ICH volume.
Subject(s)
Cerebral Hemorrhage , Male , Humans , Middle Aged , Aged , Aged, 80 and over , Female , Retrospective Studies , Treatment Outcome , Cerebral Hemorrhage/surgeryABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Immune-related adverse events (irAEs) are frequently reported during immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) therapy and are associated with long-term outcomes. It is unknown if the irAE occurrence is a valid surrogate of ICIs' efficacy. METHODS: We identified articles reporting the results of randomized trials of experimental ICI therapy in solid tumors with a systematic search. The control arms could be placebo, cytotoxic/targeted therapy, or ICI therapy. We extracted the hazard ratios for overall survival (OS) with the number of OS events per arm and the number and percentages of overall and specific irAEs of grade 1-2 and grade 3-4 per arm. We estimated the treatment effect on the potential surrogate outcome with the odds ratio of the irAE rate between the experimental and the control arm. The statistical analysis consisted of weighted linear regression on a logarithmic scale between treatment effects on irAE rate and treatment effects on OS. RESULTS: Sixty-two randomized trials were included for a total of 79 contrasts and 42 247 patients. The analyses found no significant association between the treatment effects for overall grade 1-2 or grade 3-4 irAE rates or specific (skin, gastrointestinal, endocrine) irAE rates. In the non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC) trial subset, we observed a negative association between treatment effects on overall grade 1-2 irAEs and treatment effects on OS in studies with patients selected for programmed death-ligand 1 expression (R2 = 0.55; 95% confidence interval 0.20-0.95; R = -0.69). In the melanoma trial subset, a negative association was shown between treatment effects on gastrointestinal grade 3-4 irAEs and treatment effects on OS in trials without an ICI-based control arm (R2 = 0.77; 95% confidence interval 0.24-0.99; R = -0.89). CONCLUSIONS: We found low-strength correlations between the ICI therapy effects on overall or specific irAE rates and the treatment effects on OS in several cancer types.
Subject(s)
Antineoplastic Agents , Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung , Lung Neoplasms , Melanoma , Humans , Immune Checkpoint Inhibitors/adverse effects , Carcinoma, Non-Small-Cell Lung/drug therapy , Lung Neoplasms/drug therapy , Melanoma/drug therapy , Antineoplastic Agents/therapeutic useABSTRACT
Seabird colonies exert a strong influence on coastal ecosystems, increasing soil nitrogen bioavailability and modifying plant communities. Previous studies have evidenced that increased N in soils leads to changes in plant cell wall composition; however, this effect has not been assessed in seabird colonies. The main objective of this study was to determine the influence of seabird colonies on nitrogen, cellulose and lignin content in cell walls. For this purpose, analyses were performed on droppings, soils and three native plant species (Armeria pubigera, Armeria pungens and Corema album) growing in yellow-legged gull colonies. The results showed that N excreted by yellow-legged gull is assimilated by plants, increases N content in plant tissues and reduces cellulose and lignin synthesis, therefore potentially altering plant resistance against phytoparasites.
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Ecosystem , Soil , Cell Wall , Environmental Monitoring , EutrophicationABSTRACT
Seabirds form large colonies during the reproductive period, producing substantial changes in coastal ecosystems. The present study quantifies the amount of N and P deposited in colonies of yellow-legged gull (Larus michahellis) in the Atlantic Islands of Galicia National Park (AINP). Based on the composition of droppings, the amount of total N (TN), total P (TP) and bioavailable P (Pbio) deposited directly on the area occupied by the colony was determined. In addition, the amount of NH3 released into the atmosphere was also estimated by applying a bioenergetic model. The results indicated that 5.35 t total N, 3.35 t total P and 1.24 t bioavailable P are deposited in the colony annually. The archipelagos that received the greatest amount of nutrients were the Cíes Islands (2.37 t TN y-1, 1.48 t TP y-1, 0.55 t Pbio y-1), Sálvora (1.94 t TN y-1, 1.22 t TP y-1, 0.55 t Pbio y-1) and Ons (1.04 t TN y-1, 0.65 TP y-1, 0.24 t Pbio y-1). Rainwater from the colonies showed higher values of nutrients than in the control plot, possibly also due to gull influence. Therefore, the yellow-legged gull colony seems to be the most important source of nutrients at a local level, exerting a clear influence on the N and P cycles in this National Park. Another aspect worth taking into consideration is that increased N and P bioavailability may have a negative effect on the conservation of rare or threatened habitats and species by promoting the expansion of non-native ruderal species.
Subject(s)
Charadriiformes , Ecosystem , Animals , Atlantic Islands , Islands , Nutrients , Parks, Recreational , SpainABSTRACT
The Ría de Ortigueira is an environmentally well conserved; however, the sediments show high concentrations of toxic elements. In some zones, the concentrations of Ni (60-1080 mg kg-1) and Cr (9-567 mg kg-1) were extremely high, while the concentrations of other toxic elements were within normal ranges. PCA revealed that metal enrichment was due to dumping of waste sludge from a peridotite mine. The study of marine currents showed that the exit of the contaminated waste towards the external zone is restricted by the low energy of the residual currents, and the sludge therefore remains trapped in the internal zones. The potential ecological risk was moderate for all areas of the ría, reaching high values close to the mouth of the river Landoi. Finally, geochemical fractioning showed that most of the metals are associated with Fe oxyhydroxides which can become unstable and release adsorbed or coprecipitated metals, especially Ni.
Subject(s)
Metals, Heavy , Water Pollutants, Chemical , Environmental Monitoring , Geologic Sediments , Metals/analysis , Metals, Heavy/analysis , Rivers , Spain , Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysisABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: The impact of neurological deficits plays a role of inestimable importance in patients with a neoplastic disease. The role of surgery for the management of symptomatic spinal cord compression (SSCC) cannot be overemphasized, as surgery represents often the first and paramount step in patients presenting with motor deficits. The traditional paradigm of simple bilateral laminectomy for the treatment of spinal cord compression has been reviewed. The need to achieve a proper circumferential decompression of the spinal sac has been progressively highlighted in combination with the development of the more comprehensive and multidisciplinary concept of separation surgery. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this paper is to analyze different strategies of decompression, while evaluating whether circumferential/anterior decompression is able to guarantee a better control and restoration of neurological functions in patients with motor impairment, if compared to traditional posterior decompression. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This is a retrospective observational study investigating symptomatic patients that underwent surgical treatment for spinal metastases at author's Institutions from January 2010 to June 2019. Data recorded concerned patient demographics, tumor histology, peri-operative and follow-up neurological status (ASIA), ambulation ability, stability (SINS), grade (ESCC) and source of epidural compression and type of decompression (anterior/anterior-lateral (AD); posterior/posterior-lateral (PD/PDL); circumferential (CD)). RESULTS: A total number of 84 patients was included. AD/CD patients showed higher chance of neurological improvement and reduced rates of worsening compared to PD/PLD group (94.1%/100% vs 60.4%; 11.8% vs 45.8% respectively). Univariate logistic regression identified immediate post-operative improvement to be a significative protective factor for worsening at last follow-up. Stratifying patients for site of compression and considering anterior and circumferential groups, immediate post-operative neurological improvement, was mostly associated with AD and CD (p 0.011 and 0.025 respectively). Walking at last follow up was influenced by post-operative maintenance of ambulation (p 0.001). CONCLUSION: The necessity to remove the epidural metastatic compression from its source should be considered of paramount importance. Since the majority of spinal cord compression involves firstly the ventral part of the sac, CD/AD are associated with better neurological outcomes and should be achieved in case of circumferential or anterior/anterolateral compression.
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Abstract Borellia bruneri, a common grasshopper in much of the grasslands of Argentina and Uruguay, is considered, according to the categories widely accepted for defining the pest status of grasshopper species, a "Frequent plague of importance". In order to determine fundamental aspects of its biology and reproduction, three cohorts of B. bruneri were monitored under controlled conditions (30º C, 14L: 10D, 40% RH). The total duration of nymphal development was 50.6 days, both males and females having five nymphal instars. There was a significant difference in the duration of the different stages within each cohort. In the three cohorts, the first instar duration (12.87 days) was longer than the rest, approximately 5.6 days more than the second that was the shortest (7.26 days). The average longevity of female adults was 56.6 days, and in males, 54.4 days. The number of egg-pods per female was 3.5 and the amount of eggs per egg-pod was 10.8. Mean fecundity was 37.9 eggs per female with an oviposition rate of 1.20 eggs/female/day. Finally, knowing the life cycle of B. bruneri is relevant in order to optimize the control measures for this species.
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Leishmaniasis represents a group of parasitic diseases caused by a protozoan of the genus Leishmania and is widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions. Leishmaniasis is one of the major tropical neglected diseases, with 1.5 to 2 million new cases occurring annually. Diagnosis remains a challenge despite advances in parasitological, serological, and molecular methods. Dogs are an important host for the parasite and develop both visceral and cutaneous lesions. Our goal was to contribute to the diagnosis of canine cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) and visceral leishmaniasis (VL) using the recombinant cysteine proteinase B (F-CPB) from Leishmania braziliensis and its N- and C-terminal domains (N-CPB and C-CPB) as antigens in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Sera from dogs from Northwest Argentina diagnosed with CL were tested by ELISA against a supernatant of L. braziliensis lysate, the F-CPB protein, and its domains. We found values of sensitivity (Se) of 90.7%, 94.4%, and 94.3% and specificity (Sp) of 95.5%, 90.9%, and 91.3% for F-CPB and its N- and C-terminal domains, respectively. In sera from dogs diagnosed with VL from Northeast Argentina, we found Se of 93.3%, 73.3%, and 66.7% and Sp of 92.3%, 76.9%, and 88.5% for F-CPB and its N- and C-terminal domains, respectively. These results support CPB as a relevant antigen for canine leishmaniasis diagnosis in its different clinical presentations. More interestingly, the amino acid sequence of CPB showed high percentages of identity in several Leishmania species, suggesting that the CPB from L. braziliensis qualifies as a good antigen for the diagnosis of leishmaniasis caused by different species.
Subject(s)
Antigens, Protozoan/immunology , Cysteine Proteases/genetics , Dog Diseases/diagnosis , Leishmania braziliensis/enzymology , Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/veterinary , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/veterinary , Animals , Antigens, Protozoan/genetics , Dog Diseases/parasitology , Dogs , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Leishmania braziliensis/genetics , Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/blood , Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/diagnosis , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/blood , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/diagnosis , Protozoan Proteins/genetics , Recombinant Proteins/genetics , Sensitivity and Specificity , Serologic TestsABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to evaluate the use of enamel matrix derivative (EMD) alone or in association with deproteinized bovine bone mineral (DBBM) for the treatment of partially contained intrabony defects. METHODS: A total of 20 two-walled intrabony defects belonging to nine patients were included. Ten defects were treated with EMD alone (test group 1) and the other 10 were treated with EMD and DBBM (test group 2), applying either modified papilla preservation technique or simplified papilla preservation technique. RESULTS: Twelve months after surgery, in the test group 1, PD was 2.8 ± 0.8 mm, REC was 2.3 ± 2.4 mm and CAL was 5.0 ± 2.8 mm, significantly reduced from baseline values (P < 0.05). Likewise, in test group 2, PD, REC and CAL reduced to 3.0 ± 0.7 mm, 3.9 ± 1.5 mm and 6.9 ± 1.1 mm respectively, from baseline values at 12 months (P < 0.05). No significant differences between groups were found. CONCLUSIONS: The results showed that the use of EMD alone and the use of a combination of EMD and DBBM for the treatment of partially contained defects showed comparable clinical and radiographic outcomes after 12 months.
Subject(s)
Alveolar Bone Loss , Bone Substitutes/therapeutic use , Chronic Periodontitis , Dental Enamel Proteins , Guided Tissue Regeneration, Periodontal/methods , Alveolar Bone Loss/surgery , Animals , Bone Regeneration , Cattle , Chronic Periodontitis/surgery , Dental Enamel Proteins/therapeutic use , Follow-Up Studies , Furcation Defects/surgery , Humans , Periodontal Attachment Loss , Periodontal Pocket , Treatment OutcomeABSTRACT
Marine-derived nutrients are known accumulate in seabird breeding colonies due to the deposition of nutrient-rich biological materials, thus greatly altering the functioning and dynamics of these terrestrial ecosystems. Here we present the results of a sampling survey carried out during three years in yellow-legged gull colonies in the Atlantic Islands of Galicia National Park (NW Spain) with the aim of evaluating the influence of the colonies on the accumulation of trace elements, including micronutrients (Cu, Zn, Se, Co, Mo, Ni) and toxic elements (Cr, Cd, Hg, Pb, As, Ag), in the surrounding environments. For this purpose, we analysed samples of biological materials produced by the seabirds (pellets, excrement, feathers, eggs) and of soil, plants and inland water from several different subcolonies and control zones without seabirds. The concentrations of most of the elements were higher in excrement and pellets (mean values: Zn: 152, As: 50â¯mgâ¯kg-1, Cd: 6, Co: 5â¯mgâ¯kg-1) than in feathers and eggs. The flow of trace elements into the breeding colonies, considering only the excrement, revealed a very high level of trace element deposition for a supposedly pristine environment (Zn: 2667, Cd: 70, Cu: 315, As: 64â¯gâ¯ha-1). The total concentrations of trace elements in soil were consistent with the long-term impact of the seabirds. Thus, the values in areas which this impact was greatest were significantly higher than in the control zones, particularly considering the most labile geochemical fractions of the soil. The concentrations of some elements (i.e. Co, As, Cd) were also higher in the inland waters in the colonies than in control zones. Finally, the concentration of trace elements in plants varied depending on the species and element considered.
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Environmental Monitoring , Plants/metabolism , Rivers , Soil Pollutants/analysis , Trace Elements/analysis , Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis , Animals , Charadriiformes , Parks, Recreational , Spain , Trace Elements/metabolismABSTRACT
OBJECTIVE: To optimize the management of patients with chronic hepatitis C virus (HCV). MATERIALS AND METHODS: We developed two questionnaires to determine Italian healthcare professionals' opinions on the overall management of HCV chronic liver disease and the use of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) in the treatment of HCV. A Delphi consensus method using the RAND/UCLA appropriateness method was used to determine opinions of an expert panel (EP) of specialists. RESULTS: Overall 443 physicians from 167 Italian centres completed the two questionnaires. The EP confirmed the importance of collaboration with general practitioners (GPs) and HCV testing in high-risk groups, but did not agree on treating patients over 80 years of age with DAAs. Over 90% agreed that it was important to quantify HCV-RNA, determine genotype, and test for anti-HIV and HBsAg before starting DAAs. Transient elastography (FibroScan®) was used by >90% to evaluate the stage of liver fibrosis while serum biomarkers were used by <20%. Adherence to therapy, drug-drug interactions and the possibility of treating advanced liver disease were decisive factors in therapy choice. Monthly monitoring during therapy was considered appropriate and 80% were in favor of HCV-RNA testing 24 weeks after the end of the therapy to confirm sustained virological response (SVR). Over 80% agreed that it was necessary to continue follow-up of patients with advanced fibrosis/cirrhosis. CONCLUSIONS: Scientific organizations should review their guideline recommendations to facilitate access to DAAs.
Subject(s)
Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use , Hepatitis C, Chronic/drug therapy , Liver Cirrhosis/drug therapy , Adult , Aged, 80 and over , Consensus , Elasticity Imaging Techniques , Female , Genotype , Hepacivirus/genetics , Humans , Male , Middle Aged , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
Seabird colonies drastically transform the sites that they inhabit. Although the influence of seabirds on nutrient cycling has been investigated in numerous studies, the effects on trace elements has scarcely been considered. In this study, we determined the total contents of 9 trace elements in biomaterials (excrement, pellets, feathers and eggs) and soils in relation to the presence the Yellow-legged gull Larus michahellis. The concentrations of Zn, Cu and As were particularly high in the pellets and excrement. The total contents of the trace elements were significantly higher in the soils in the sub-colonies in which Yellow-legged gulls predominate than in soil from the control zone (with no gulls). The difference was even higher for the most reactive geochemical fractions. We observed that the oxidizable fraction was the most relevant fraction for almost all trace elements, indicating the importance of organic matter in trace element retention in sandy soils.
Subject(s)
Arsenic/analysis , Charadriiformes , Metals, Heavy/analysis , Soil Pollutants/analysis , Animals , Atlantic Islands , Environmental Monitoring , Feathers/chemistry , Feces/chemistry , Parks, Recreational , Spain , Zygote/chemistryABSTRACT
OBJECTIVES: The Paediatric Throat Disorders Outcome Test (T-14) is a disease-specific questionnaire that parents are requested to complete; it aimed to assess the quality of life related to tonsil and adenoid disease or its treatment in children with throat disorders. The aim of this study was to validate the Spanish adaptation of the T-14, thus allowing comparison across studies and facilitating international multicentre projects. DESIGN, SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS: This was a multicentre prospective instrument validation study. Guidelines for the cross-cultural adaptation process from the original English-language scale into a Spanish-language version were followed. The psychometric properties (reproducibility, reliability, validity, responsiveness) of the Spanish version ("T-14-s" for "T-14-Spanish") were assessed in 50 consecutive children undergoing adeno/tonsillectomy (both before and 6 months after surgery) and in a separate cohort of 50 unaffected children in a comparable age range. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES AND RESULTS: Test-retest reliability (γ = 0.83) and internal consistency reliability (α = 0.94) were adequate. The T-14-s demonstrated satisfactory construct validity (r > 0.40). The instrument showed excellent between-group discrimination (P < .0001) and a high responsiveness to change (effect size = 2.09). CONCLUSIONS: The Spanish version of the T-14 (T-14-s) is a valid tool for measuring the subjective severity of throat disorders, and its use is recommended.
Subject(s)
Adenoidectomy , Patient Outcome Assessment , Pharyngeal Diseases/surgery , Surveys and Questionnaires , Symptom Assessment , Tonsillectomy , Adolescent , Child , Child, Preschool , Cross-Cultural Comparison , Female , Humans , Male , Parents , Prospective Studies , Psychometrics , Quality of Life , Reproducibility of Results , Spain , TranslationsABSTRACT
This study assess the quality of wastewater through the detection and quantification of important viruses causing gastroenteritis at different stages of the wastewater treatment process in an activated-sludge wastewater treatment plant with ultraviolet disinfection. Ten sampling events were carried out in a campaign along a period of 18 months collecting wastewater samples from the influent, after the activated-sludge treatment, and after the final disinfection with UV radiation. Samples were concentrated through ultracentrifugation and analysed using retro-transcription, PCR and real time quantitative PCR protocols, for detection and quantification of Group A Rotavirus (RVA), Human Astrovirus (HAstV), Norovirus Genogroup II (NoV GII) and Human Adenovirus (HAdV). HAdV (100%), NoV GII (90%), RVA (70%) and HAstV (60%) were detected in influent samples with concentration from 1·4 (NoV GII) to 8·0 (RVA) log10 gc l-1 . Activated-sludge treatment reached well quality effluents with low organic material concentration, although nonstatistical significant differences were registered among influent and postactivated sludge treatment samples, regarding the presence and concentration for most viruses. All post-UV samples were negative for NoV GII and HAstV, although RVA and HAdV were detected in 38% and 63% of those samples respectively, with concentration ranging from 2·2 to 5·5 and 3·1 to 3·4 log10 gc l-1 . SIGNIFICANCE AND IMPACT OF THE STUDY: This study demonstrates that an activated-sludge wastewater treatment plant with UV disinfection reduces to levels below the detection limit those single-stranded RNA viruses as noroviruses and astroviruses and reach significant lower levels of rotaviruses and adenoviruses after the complete treatment process.
Subject(s)
Adenoviruses, Human/radiation effects , Disinfection/methods , Enterovirus/radiation effects , Mamastrovirus/radiation effects , Norovirus/radiation effects , Rotavirus/radiation effects , Sewage/virology , Ultraviolet Rays , Adenoviruses, Human/genetics , Adenoviruses, Human/isolation & purification , Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control , Enterovirus/genetics , Enterovirus/isolation & purification , Gastroenteritis/virology , Humans , Mamastrovirus/genetics , Mamastrovirus/isolation & purification , Norovirus/genetics , Norovirus/isolation & purification , Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction , Rotavirus/genetics , Rotavirus/isolation & purification , Uruguay , Water Purification/methodsABSTRACT
Leishmania infections are endemic in dogs in central and southern regions of Italy while feline leishmaniosis has only been sporadically described in these areas and few studies have been reported on serological and molecular investigation of infections in domestic cats. The purpose of this study is to assess the presence of Leishmania infantum infection in cats from Sardinia, a typical endemic area of leishmaniasis in Italy. Ninety cats attended at the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of the University of Sassari, Italy, were tested for L. infantum using the indirect immunofluorescent antibody (IFA) test and PCR. Serological (10%) and molecular (5.5%) detection in this population was low, with antibody titres ranging from 1/40 to 1/80. Only one cat was simultaneously positive by IFAT and PCR. This study shows the presence of L. infantum infection in cats living in Sardinia, with a prevalence that falls within the ranges described in other endemic areas and confirms the need of further research to better characterize the epidemiologic role of cats in the transmission of this infection.
Subject(s)
Antibodies, Protozoan/blood , Cat Diseases/diagnosis , Cats/parasitology , Leishmania infantum/genetics , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/veterinary , Animals , Antibodies, Helminth/blood , Cat Diseases/parasitology , Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay , Female , Italy/epidemiology , Leishmaniasis, Visceral/diagnosis , Male , Polymerase Chain Reaction , Seroepidemiologic StudiesABSTRACT
Quantum statistics have a profound impact on the properties of systems composed of identical particles. At the most elementary level, Bose and Fermi quantum statistics differ in the exchange phase, either 0 or π, which the wave function acquires when two identical particles are exchanged. In this Letter, we demonstrate that the exchange phase can be directly probed with a pair of massive particles by physically exchanging their positions. We present two protocols where the particles always remain spatially well separated, thus ensuring that the exchange contribution to their interaction energy is negligible and that the detected signal can only be attributed to the exchange symmetry of the wave function. We discuss possible implementations with a pair of trapped atoms or ions.
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OBJECTIVE: To explore maternal cardiac deceleration capacity (DC), a marker of autonomic function derived from electrocardiographic (ECG) signals, in pregnancies complicated by intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) and hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) associated to IUGR (HDP-IUGR) or to appropriate for gestational age fetal growth (HDP-AGAf). METHODS: Prospective single center case-control study conducted at Buzzi Children's Hospital, Milan. Maternal ECGs were analyzed by Phase Rectified Signal Averaging (PRSA) method to obtain cardiac DC in women with: HDP-IUGR, HDP-AGAf, severe-IUGR, mild-IUGR and uncomplicated pregnancies. IUGR was defined as abdominal circumference <5th centile; severe-IUGR was associated with umbilical artery Doppler pulsatility index >2 standard deviations. Non-parametric tests were adopted. RESULTS: 269 women were recruited. Women with HDP-IUGR (n=35) showed significantly higher cardiac DC compared both to controls (n=141) (p=0.003) and women with HDP-AGAf (n=18) (p=0.01). Women with severe-IUGR (n=14) showed significantly higher DC than controls (p=0.01). Women with mild-IUGR (n=61) as well as women with HDP-AGAf showed no differences in DC compared to controls (both p=0.3). CONCLUSIONS: Women with pregnancy complicated by severe placental failure, such as HDP-IUGR and severe IUGR, show significant autonomic alterations, as indicated by elevated cardiac DC. On the contrary, pregnancy complications such as HDP-AGAf and mild IUGR show no impact on maternal autonomic balance. We present a new approach to explore maternal autonomic cardiovascular regulation that might reflect the severity of placental vascular insufficiency.