Variation in Peperomia pellucida growth and secondary metabolism after rhizobacteria inoculation.

Peperomia pellucida L. Kunth is a herb well-known for its secondary metabolites (SM) with biological potential. In this study, the variations in the SM of P. pellucida during association with rhizobacteria were evaluated. Plants were inoculated with Enterobacter asburiae and Klebsiella variicola, which were identified by sequencing of the 16S rRNA gene. The data were evaluated at 7, 21, and 30-day post inoculation (dpi). Plant-bacteria symbiosis improved plant growth and weight. Total phenolic content and phenylalanine ammonia lyase enzyme activity had a significant increase mainly at 30 dpi. P. pellucida was mainly composed of phenylpropanoids (37.30-52.28%) and sesquiterpene hydrocarbons (39.28-49.42%). The phenylpropanoid derivative 2,4,5-trimethoxy-styrene (ArC2), the sesquiterpene hydrocarbon ishwarane, and the phenylpropanoid dillapiole were the major compounds. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the classes and compounds ≥ 2.0% indicated that plants colonized by E. asburiae had a reduction in the content of sesquiterpene hydrocarbons and an increase in phenylpropanoids and derivatives. Plants treated with this bacterium also had an increase in the content of 2,4,5-trimethoxystyrene at 30 dpi. Plants inoculated with K. variicola had significant increases only in the content of the classes monoterpene hydrocarbons and 'other compounds' (hydrocarbons, esters, ketones, etc.). These data suggest that the production of plant secondary metabolites can be modified depending on the type of rhizobacteria inoculated.

Functional and morphological analysis of isolates of phylloplane and rhizoplane endophytic bacteria interacting in different cocoa production systems in the Amazon.

Endophytic bacteria colonize different internal tissues of plants without damaging their cells. They can establish themselves in the same niche as other microorganisms and develop antagonistic activities against phytopathogens. There is little research on the functional and morphological characterization of these bacteria in production systems in the Amazon. Thus, the objective of this work was to functionally and morphologically characterize endophytic bacteria isolated from cocoa trees (Theobroma cacao L.) and evaluate their antagonistic potential against phytopathogens. A total of 197 endophytic bacteria isolates were obtained from leaves and roots of cocoa plants with different production systems and at different times of the year. The characterization of functional groups consisted of proteolytic, amylolytic and cellulolytic activity and ability to fix nitrogen and solubilize phosphate. Morphological diversity was evaluated mainly according to the following parameters: shape, color, size and elevation of the colony. Thirteen isolates of endophytic bacteria, selected by cluster analysis, were used to evaluate the antagonistic potential in paired trials against four species of phytopathogenic fungi. The largest amount of endophytic bacteria was isolated from the root (95.9%), in the dry season. The most expressive activities with regards to the enzyme index were amylolytic (71.9%), proteolytic (70.2%) and nitrogen fixing (38.6%), respectively. The similarity analysis formed two clusters with isolates CS R 2.4 and CS R 2.25 exhibiting 100% similarity. Five isolates displayed inhibitory activity against phytopathogenic fungi, most notably isolate TS R 2.19, which exhibited antagonistic activity against all fungi and mycelial growth inhibition rates between 25.7% and 50.7%. Understanding the interaction between endophytes in cocoa plants is important as a possible additional tool in biological control. Our studies are incipient and the first to be carried out in different cocoa production systems in the state of Pará, Brazil.

Adaptabilidade de clones de eucalipto à inoculação de fungos micorrízicos em solo arenoso em São Domingos do Araguaia – PA / Adaptability of eucalyptus clones to the inoculation of mycorrhizal fungi in sand soil in São Domingos do Araguaia – PA

Atualmente, as espécies do gênero Eucalyptus figuram nas espécies mais importantes nas plantações florestais comerciais. Estas espécies apresentam dependência de associação micorrízica para o crescimento em condições de campo. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a adaptabilidade de clones de eucalipto sob inoculação de fungos micorrízicos na região de Marabá, sudeste do estado do Pará, Brasil. O experimento foi instalado em delineamento de blocos ao acaso com três repetições, com 12 tratamentos e seis clones. O espaçamento das mudas foi de 3,0 x 3,0 metros, cada parcela com 56 árvores, sendo a metade inoculada com fungos micorrízicos (endomicorrízico e ectomicorrízico). A outra metade das mudas não foi inoculada e funcionou como controle. Cada clone continha 168 indivíduos, totalizando 1008 mudas de clones de eucalipto. A inoculação com isolados micorrízicos não promoveu o maior crescimento em diâmetro e altura dos clones. Os clones: híbrido de Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus camaldulensis (VM01), de Eucalyptus platyphylla (373) e híbrido de Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus grandis (1250) apresentaram as menores taxas de mortalidade. Portanto, os clones mais recomendados para a região de estudo foram: híbrido de Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus camaldulensis (VM01), híbrido de Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus grandis (A217), Eucalyptus platyphylla (373) e híbrido de Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus grandis (1250) devido aos seus maiores valores em diâmetro, altura e menor taxa de mortalidade.

Currently, the species of the genus Eucalyptus figure among the most important species for commercial forest plantations. These species present dependence on mycorrhizal association to grow in field conditions. This study had the objective to evaluate the adaptability of eucalyptus clones under inoculation of mycorrhizal fungi in the Marabá region, southeastern Pará state, Brazil. The experiment was set up in a complete random block design with three replicates, with 12 treatments, and six clones. Seedling spacing was 3.0 x 3.0 meters, each plot with 56 trees, where half of them were inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi (endomycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal). The other half of the seedlings were not inoculated and worked as control. Each clone had 168 individuals, totalizing 1008 seedlings of eucalyptus clones. Inoculation with mycorrhizal isolates did not promote the highest growth in diameter and height of the clones. The clones: hybrid of Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus camaldulensis (VM01), Eucalyptus platyphylla (373) and hybrid of Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus grandis (1250) presented the lowest mortality rates. Therefore, the most recommended clones for the study region were: hybrid of Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus camaldulensis (VM01),hybrid of Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus grandis (A217),Eucalyptus platyphylla (373),and hybrid of Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus grandis (1250) due to their highest values in diameter, height, and lower mortality rate.

Adaptabilidade de clones de eucalipto à inoculação de fungos micorrízicos em solo arenoso em São Domingos do Araguaia PA / Adaptability of eucalyptus clones to the inoculation of mycorrhizal fungi in sand soil in São Domingos do Araguaia PA

Atualmente, as espécies do gênero Eucalyptus figuram nas espécies mais importantes nas plantações florestais comerciais. Estas espécies apresentam dependência de associação micorrízica para o crescimento em condições de campo. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a adaptabilidade de clones de eucalipto sob inoculação de fungos micorrízicos na região de Marabá, sudeste do estado do Pará, Brasil. O experimento foi instalado em delineamento de blocos ao acaso com três repetições, com 12 tratamentos e seis clones. O espaçamento das mudas foi de 3,0 x 3,0 metros, cada parcela com 56 árvores, sendo a metade inoculada com fungos micorrízicos (endomicorrízico e ectomicorrízico). A outra metade das mudas não foi inoculada e funcionou como controle. Cada clone continha 168 indivíduos, totalizando 1008 mudas de clones de eucalipto. A inoculação com isolados micorrízicos não promoveu o maior crescimento em diâmetro e altura dos clones. Os clones: híbrido de Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus camaldulensis (VM01), de Eucalyptus platyphylla (373) e híbrido de Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus grandis (1250) apresentaram as menores taxas de mortalidade. Portanto, os clones mais recomendados para a região de estudo foram: híbrido de Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus camaldulensis (VM01), híbrido de Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus grandis (A217), Eucalyptus platyphylla (373) e híbrido de Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus grandis (1250) devido aos seus maiores valores em diâmetro, altura e menor taxa de mortalidade.(AU)

Currently, the species of the genus Eucalyptus figure among the most important species for commercial forest plantations. These species present dependence on mycorrhizal association to grow in field conditions. This study had the objective to evaluate the adaptability of eucalyptus clones under inoculation of mycorrhizal fungi in the Marabá region, southeastern Pará state, Brazil. The experiment was set up in a complete random block design with three replicates, with 12 treatments, and six clones. Seedling spacing was 3.0 x 3.0 meters, each plot with 56 trees, where half of them were inoculated with mycorrhizal fungi (endomycorrhizal and ectomycorrhizal). The other half of the seedlings were not inoculated and worked as control. Each clone had 168 individuals, totalizing 1008 seedlings of eucalyptus clones. Inoculation with mycorrhizal isolates did not promote the highest growth in diameter and height of the clones. The clones: hybrid of Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus camaldulensis (VM01), Eucalyptus platyphylla (373) and hybrid of Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus grandis (1250) presented the lowest mortality rates. Therefore, the most recommended clones for the study region were: hybrid of Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus camaldulensis (VM01),hybrid of Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus grandis (A217),Eucalyptus platyphylla (373),and hybrid of Eucalyptus urophylla x Eucalyptus grandis (1250) due to their highest values in diameter, height, and lower mortality rate.(AU)