"They Don't Care If We Live or Die": A Qualitative Analysis Examining the US Immigration System's Treatment of Undocumented Communities during the COVID-19 Pandemic.

Historically, the US immigration system (ie, institutions, agencies, and laws) has served the goals and principles of white supremacy through its treatment of globally displaced people and this appears to have continued through the COVID pandemic. Yet, the implications for immigrant health are not routinely addressed in mainstream public health discourse, and especially so in regard to public health disasters. This study conducted a series of focus groups with participants from social justice organizations working with immigrants, migrants, undocumented persons, refugees, persons seeking asylum, and persons detained in immigration jails to collect stories on how the immigration system undermined efforts to control the spread of COVID-19 and exacerbated health inequity within immigrant jails and across related community contexts during the pandemic. Focus groups were conducted to explore issues related to immigrants and immigration detention during the COVID-19 pandemic. There was a total of N=14 participants across the 4 focus groups with a dedicated focus group on perspectives of Black immigrants/from Black immigrant organizations only. Each focus group consisted of 3 to 4 participants. Five key themes emerged: 1) dehumanization of immigrants and migrants and devaluation of their lives; 2) inhumane conditions of confinement that propagate risk of disease; 3) denial of resources for COVID-19 prevention and mitigation; 4) expansion of intersecting oppressive systems; and 5) community-based resistance and mobilization against immigration policies and enforcement. Our findings highlight the harms from policing, criminalization, and exclusion that racialized communities face as a result of the (in)actions within the immigration system during a public health disaster including the COVID context.

Pediatric Traumatic Brain Injury Outcomes and Disparities During the COVID-19 Pandemic.

BACKGROUND: To study the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on traumatic brain injury (TBI) patient demographic, clinical and trauma related characteristics, and outcomes. METHODS: Retrospective chart review was conducted on pediatric TBI patients admitted to a Level I Pediatric Trauma Center between January 2015 and June 2022. The pre-COVID era was defined as January 1, 2015, through March 12, 2020. The COVID-19 era was defined as March 13, 2020, through June 30, 2022. Bivariate analysis and logistic regression were performed. RESULTS: Four hundred-thirty patients were treated for pediatric TBI in the pre-COVID-19 period, and 166 patients during COVID-19. In bivariate analyses, the racial/ethnic makeup, age, and sex varied significantly across the two time periods (p < 0.05). Unwitnessed TBI events increased during the COVID-19 era. Logistic regression analyses also demonstrated significantly increased odds of death, severe disability, or vegetative state during COVID-19 (AOR 7.23; 95 % CI 1.43, 36.41). CONCLUSION: During the COVID-19 pandemic, patients admitted with pediatric TBI had significantly different demographics with regards to age, sex, and race/ethnicity when compared to patients prior to the pandemic. There was an increase in unwitnessed events. In the COVID period, patients had a higher odds ratio of severe morbidity and mortality despite adjustment for confounding factors. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE AND STUDY TYPE: Level II, Prognosis.

Disparities in Screening for Adverse Childhood Experiences.

INTRODUCTION: Screening for adverse childhood experiences (ACEs) in the clinical setting is set to become more commonplace with continued efforts to reimburse clinicians for screening. However, an examination of disparities in ACEs screening and related attitudes and beliefs is needed. METHODS: Using the 2021 California Health Interview Survey (CHIS), this study examined if several measures of socioeconomic status, access to care and identities were associated with 3 outcomes: 1) getting screened for ACEs by a clinician; 2) beliefs about the importance of screening and 3) satisfaction with efforts to address the impacts of ACEs. Logistic regressions were used to estimate odds of the outcomes. RESULTS: Black, Latinx, and Asian individuals had lower odds of being screened for ACEs than non-Hispanic Whites. A recent doctor's visit, higher burden of ACEs, and serious psychological distress were associated with higher odds of being screened. Latinx individuals, women, bisexual individuals, those with a recent doctor's visit and those with serious psychological distress had higher odds of believing clinicians asking about ACEs was very important, relative to their counterparts. Latinx individuals, American Indian or Alaska native individuals, Asian individuals, those with higher educational attainment and those with serious psychological distress had lower odds of being very satisfied with providers' efforts to address the impact of ACEs, relative to their counterparts. CONCLUSIONS: Efforts to expand ACEs screening should consider the disparities in screening that currently exist. Given the wide-ranging impacts that ACEs have on health, an equitable approach to screening is necessary.

A window of opportunity: Adverse childhood experiences and time alone with a provider in the United States.

BACKGROUND: To date, there is limited literature on the relationship between Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) and the quality of health care provider encounters. This is key, as people with a history of ACEs have a greater burden of illness. METHODS: This study uses data from the 2020-2021 National Survey of Children's Health to examine relationships between ACEs and (1) spending less than ten minutes with a health care provider, and (2) spending time alone with a health care provider. RESULTS: In general, our results suggested most ACEs were associated with higher odds of a provider spending <10 min with a child during their last preventative care visit, while ACEs were inconsistently related to spending time alone with a provider. Each additional ACE was found to be associated with higher odds of both outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: This work emphasizes the importance of ACEs screening in a health care setting and may set the groundwork for future research investigating mechanisms within these associations. Given the established link between health care quality and patient-provider trust, and health outcomes, intervention work is needed to develop healthcare practices that may encourage the length and quality of health care provider visits.

Outcomes of neonates born through meconium-stained amniotic fluid pre and post 2015 NRP guideline implementation.

A shift in the Neonatal Resuscitation Program (NRP) guidelines occurred in 2015 from routine intubation and endotracheal suctioning of all meconium-stained non-vigorous infants towards less aggressive interventions based on response to initial resuscitation. This study aims to examine the impact of this change on outcomes of non-vigorous infants born through meconium-stained amniotic fluid at a level III academic NICU encompassing years before and after the change in guideline. This single-center retrospective study compared NICU therapies and clinical outcomes of 117 non-vigorous newborns pre-guideline implementation to 106 non-vigorous newborns post-guideline implementation. Nearly two thirds of infants in the pre-guideline cohort received endotracheal suctioning with recovery of meconium compared to less than a third of infants in the post-guideline cohort (p<0.01). Though a higher proportion of the pre-guideline cohort were admitted to the NICU for respiratory issues compared to the post-guideline cohort, the two groups did not differ significantly with regard to morbidity and therapies. Despite a marked reduction in rates of intubation and endotracheal suctioning, there is no difference in outcomes between pre-guideline implementation vs post-guideline implementation in non-vigorous meconium-stained infants, supporting the recent NRP guideline change and highlighting the benefit of expectant management.

Adverse Childhood Experiences and Family-Centered Care.

Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACEs) include experiences of child maltreatment and household dysfunction. Prior work has shown that children with ACEs may have suboptimal utilization of preventive health care, including annual well-visits, however little is known about the relationship between ACEs and quality of patient care. Using data from the 2020 National Survey of Children's Health (N = 22,760) a series of logistic regression models estimated associations between ACEs, both individually and cumulatively, and five components of family-centered care. Most ACEs were consistently associated with lower odds of family-centered care (e.g. financial hardship was associated with doctors always spend enough time with children, AOR = 0.53; 95% CI = 0.47, 0.61), except for having a parent or guardian die, which was associated with higher odds. Cumulative ACE score was also associated with lower odds of family-centered care (e.g. doctors always listened carefully to the parent, AOR = 0.86; 95% CI = 0.81, 0.90). These findings emphasize the importance of the consideration of ACEs in the context of family-centered care, and support the need for ACEs screening in the clinical setting. Future work should focus on mechanisms explaining the observed associations.

Change in cardiometabolic risk factors in a pilot safety-net plant-based lifestyle medicine program.

Introduction: Interventions emphasizing healthful lifestyle behaviors are proliferating in traditional health care settings, yet there is a paucity of published clinical outcomes, outside of pay-out-of-pocket or employee health programs. Methods: We assessed weight, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), blood pressure, and cholesterol for 173 patients of the Plant-Based Lifestyle Medicine Program piloted in a New York City safety-net hospital. We used Wilcoxon signed-rank tests to assess changes in means, from baseline to six-months, for the full sample and within baseline diagnoses (i.e., overweight or obesity, type 2 diabetes, prediabetes, hypertension, hyperlipidemia). We calculated the percentage of patients with clinically meaningful changes in outcomes for the full sample and within diagnoses. Findings: The full sample had statistically significant improvements in weight, HbA1c, and diastolic blood pressure. Patients with prediabetes or overweight or obesity experienced significant improvements in weight and those with type 2 diabetes had significant improvements in weight and HbA1c. Patients with hypertension had significant reductions in diastolic blood pressure and weight. Data did not show differences in non-high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (non-HDL-C), but differences in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) were approaching significance for the full sample and those with hyperlipidemia. The majority of patients achieved clinically meaningful improvements on all outcomes besides systolic blood pressure. Conclusion: Our study demonstrates that a lifestyle medicine intervention within a traditional, safety-net clinical setting improved biomarkers of cardiometabolic disease. Our findings are limited by small sample sizes. Additional large-scale, rigorous studies are needed to further establish the effectiveness of lifestyle medicine interventions in similar settings.

Racial/Ethnic Differences in Non-Discretionary Risk Factors for COVID-19 Among Patients in an Early COVID-19 Hotspot.

BACKGROUND: Baseline disparities in non-discretionary risk factors, i.e., those not readily altered, like family size and work environment, appear to underlie the disproportionate COVID-19 infection rates seen among Hispanic persons and, at surge onsets, Black persons. No study has systematically compared such risk factors by race/ethnicity among infected individuals. METHODS: Using a cross-sectional survey, we compared household, job, and socioeconomic characteristics among 260 Hispanic, non-Hispanic Black, and non-Hispanic White adults with confirmed or probable COVID-19 in New York from March to May 2020. We used logistic regression to identify independent relationships. RESULTS: In bivariate analysis, we found significant differences by race/ethnicity in the following: (1) rates of household crowding (p < 0.001), which were highest for Hispanic patients (45.1%) and lowest for White patients (0.9%); (2) rates of non-healthcare frontline work (p < 0.001), which were highest for Hispanic patients (71.0% of those employed) and lowest for White patients (31.4%); (3) rates of working close to people (p < 0.001), which were highest for Black patients (69.4%) and lowest for Hispanic patients (32.3%); and (4) rates of frontline healthcare work (p = 0.004), which were higher for Black (44.9%) and White (44.3%) patients than Hispanic patients (19.4%). Adjusting for covariates eliminated most differences but not that for household crowding. CONCLUSIONS: Non-discretionary COVID-19 risk factors among patients in the initial surge differed substantially by race/ethnicity. Socioeconomic factors explained most differences, but household crowding was independently associated with Hispanic ethnicity. Our findings highlight the ongoing need for universal safeguards for US frontline workers, including mandated paid sick leave and expanded affordable housing options.

Persistent Disparities in Immunization Rates for the Seven-Vaccine Series Among Infants 19-35 Months in the United States.

Objective: The seven-vaccine series protects infants from several preventable diseases, yet disparities in its use remain in the United States. Methods: We assessed the seven-vaccine immunization rate and its predictors in infants 19-35 months using the National Immunization Survey from 2009 to 2018. Results: The seven-vaccine series rate was 72.8%, well short of the healthy people 2020 target of 90%. African American infants, infants born to mothers with less than high school education, and infants in families with an income below poverty were less likely to get the complete series. Conclusion: Disparities still exist in protecting infants from preventable diseases in the United States.

The Value of Obtaining Colonic Mucosal Biopsies of Grossly Normal Tissue in Pediatric Patients.

OBJECTIVES: Current practice during pediatric colonoscopy is to obtain random colonic biopsies, even from normal appearing tissue. The majority of literature published on colonic biopsy practice analyzes adults; however, limited data examines the pediatric population. The lack of standardization regarding tissue sampling during pediatric colonoscopy reinforces the necessity to study this question objectively. The aim of the present study was to assess the value of obtaining mucosal biopsies from grossly normal colonic tissue. METHODS: A retrospective study was performed to examine the utility of obtaining colonic biopsies from normal appearing tissue. Subjects included patients who underwent colonoscopy during a 2-year period. Descriptive analyses and logistic regression models were used to determine endoscopic and histologic agreement and to characterize predictors of agreement. RESULTS: The predictive value of agreement between normal appearing colonoscopies (n = 237) and histopathology was 81%. Excluding patients with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) increased the predictive value to 85%. Two and a half percent of grossly normal colonoscopies had histological findings consistent with newly diagnosed IBD. Predictors of normal histology included abdominal pain (odds ratio [OR] 3.68, 95% CI 1.84-7.37), whereas a known diagnosis of IBD was predictive of abnormal histology (OR 0.22, 95% CI 0.08-0.67). Among the full sample, elevated inflammatory markers (OR 2.02, 95% CI 1.06-3.86) or fatigue (OR 2.60, 95% CI 1.13-5.94) were predictive of abnormal histology. CONCLUSIONS: Results suggest that colonic biopsies may not need to be routinely obtained from all pediatric colonoscopies, particularly in those patients with complaints of abdominal pain. Biopsies should continue to be obtained from patients with a known diagnosis of IBD, elevated inflammatory markers, or fatigue. Further studies are needed to standardize protocols for biopsy practice in pediatric colonoscopy.

Association between Friends' Use of Nicotine and Cannabis and Intake of both Substances among Adolescents.

Nicotine and cannabis use are common among adolescents and may be associated with behavioral problems, poor academic outcomes and use disorders. The goals of this analysis were the following: (1) Describe the influence of friends' nicotine and cannabis smoking and vaping on self-reported use. (2) Describe the relationship between friends' nicotine and cannabis use on participants' urinary biomarkers of nicotine (cotinine) and cannabis (11-nor-9-carboxy-Δ8tetrahydrocannabinol=THC-COOH). This is a secondary analysis of survey and biomarker data collected in adolescents aged 12-21 between April 2017 and April 2018, in Long Island, New York. Bivariate and multivariable analyses were conducted using SPSS 26. A cutoff value of ≥10 ng/mL was used to signify recent usage for urinary cotinine and THC-COOH levels. Over one-third of the 517 surveyed adolescents reported using tobacco and one-third reported using cannabis. A significant relationship between friends' substance use and self-use was found. For both tobacco and cannabis, over 90% (p < 0.01) of participants with urinary biomarker levels above cutoff had friends who used the respective substance. Friends' nicotine and friends' cannabis use were each independently associated with urinary biomarker levels for those substances (for nicotine, beta = 88.29, p = 0.03; for cannabis, beta = 163.58, p = 0.03). Friends' use of nicotine and cannabis is associated with adolescents' intake, as well as the physiological exposure to those substances. These findings underscore the importance of including peer influence in the discussion with adolescents about tobacco and cannabis use.

Sexual Assault and Cancer Screening Among Men and Women.

Emerging research has shown that experiences of sexual violence are associated with cancer screening behaviors. However, to date, little attention has been given to the impact of sexual assault on cancer screening behaviors, particularly among men. To address this, we used data from the 2014 Kansas Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System. This survey is conducted annually via telephone. Logistic regressions were used to calculate odds of ever engaging (i.e., lifetime) in specific screening behaviors (clinical breast exam [CBE], mammogram, Pap test, colonoscopy/sigmoidoscopy, fecal occult blood test and prostate-specific antigen [PSA] test) and current compliance with cancer screening recommendations (CBE, mammogram, Pap test, colorectal cancer screening, and PSA test), with lifetime sexual assault as the independent variables. Colorectal cancer screening models were stratified by gender. All models adjusted for confounders. Sexual assault was associated with lower odds of ever receiving a PSA test and, for women, higher odds of ever receiving a colonoscopy or sigmoidoscopy. Sexual assault was associated with lower odds of current compliance with CBE, mammogram, Pap test, and PSA test screening recommendations. A history of sexual assault was associated with lower odds of current compliance with cancer screening procedures, with the notable exception of colorectal cancer screening. Less consistent patterns were seen for lifetime screenings. Results suggest that alternatives to currently recommended procedures (like self-collection of HPV [human papilloma virus] DNA) or modified screening procedures may be a promising route to increase current compliance with cancer screening among a population that may avoid these procedures due to pain or fear of retraumatization.

The Muslim Ban and preterm birth: Analysis of U.S. vital statistics data from 2009 to 2018.

Anti-immigrant stigma or xenophobia is increasingly pervasive globally. Racism is a determinant of adverse health outcomes, but the epidemiological implications of the recent wave of xenophobic policies have not been well studied. The 2017 travel ban on individuals from Muslim majority countries is an example of such policy efforts in the United States. Using the 2009-2018 National Center for Health Statistics period linked infant birth-death data, we used time series methods to compare the monthly odds of preterm births to women from travel ban countries (Iran, Iraq, Libya, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, and Yemen) after the January 2017 travel ban to the number expected had the ban not been implemented. We estimated our counterfactual from the history of preterm birth among women born in countries included in the ban as well as trends in preterm birth among native-born non-Hispanic (NH) White women. Among the 18,945,795 singleton live births included in our study period (including 191,121 born to women from banned countries), the average monthly rate of births that were preterm birth was 8.5% (range: 6.8%, 10.6%) among women born in the countries affected by the ban and 8.6% (range: 7.7%, 9.8%) among native-born NH White women. Our results show an increase in the odds of preterm birth among infants born to women from travel ban countries in September 2017 and persisting through the cohort born in August 2018. The coefficient for exposed infants born in these months suggests that the odds of preterm birth increased by 6.8% among women from banned countries (p < 0.001). Our results suggest that the first U.S. Executive Order (#13769) of the travel ban targeting individuals from Muslim majority countries may be associated with preterm births. We therefore conclude that structurally xenophobic and racist policies in the U.S. may have a harmful effect on birth outcomes and early life indicators of life-long health outcomes.

Racial and Citizenship Disparities in Health Care Among Middle Eastern Americans.

OBJECTIVE: To assess differences in health access and utilization among Middle Eastern American adults by White racial identity and citizenship. METHODS: Data from the 2011 to 2018 National Health Interview Surveys (N=1013) and survey-weighted logistic regression analyses compare Middle Eastern immigrants by race and citizenship on access and utilization of health care in the United States. RESULTS: White respondents had 71% lower odds of delaying care [adjusted odds ratio (AOR)=0.34; 95% confidence interval (CI)=0.13, 0.71] and 84% lower odds of being rejected by a doctor as a new patient (AOR=0.16; 95% CI=0.03, 0.88) compared to non-White respondents. US citizens had higher odds of visiting the doctor in the past 12 months compared with noncitizens (AOR=1.76; 95% CI=1.25, 2.76). CONCLUSION: Middle Eastern immigrants who do not identify as White and who are not US citizens are significantly less likely to access and utilize health care compared with those who identify as White and are US citizens. POLICY IMPLICATIONS: This study shows that racial and citizenship disparities persist among Middle Eastern Americans at a national-level, playing a critical role in access to and use of health care.

Insurance Types, Usual Sources of Health Care, and Perceived Discrimination.

INTRODUCTION: Discrimination can compromise access to and utilization of health care and lead to poorer health. As such, it is important to understand the factors associated with experiences of discrimination in health care. METHODS: Using data from the 2015 to 2017 California Health Interview Survey (n = 63,100), this study examined whether insurance types and sites of usual sources of care were associated with reasons for perceived discrimination in health care and whether the reasons were associated with delaying health care. Odds of study outcomes were calculated among insured adults using logistic regressions. Insurance coverage types and sites of usual sources of care were the main independent variables. Six reasons for lifetime discrimination in health care were examined: 1) dissatisfaction with the health care system, 2) race or skin color, 3) age, 4) way the participant speaks English or other barrier to communication, 5) insurance status or type, and 6) income or education. RESULTS: Adults with Medicaid perceived more discrimination due to race or skin color relative to those with employer-sponsored coverage. This association does not vary by race/ethnicity. Perceived discrimination due to 1) dissatisfaction with the health care system, 2) insurance status or type, and 3) barriers to communication were each associated with increased delays in getting needed medical care. CONCLUSIONS: Findings highlight potential insurance types and sources of care that could contribute to perceptions of being discriminated.

It Is About Trust: Trust in Sources of Tobacco Health Information, Perceptions of Harm, and Use of E-Cigarettes.

INTRODUCTION: Recent research has highlighted disparities in people who perceive as trustworthy sources of e-cigarette health information. Research has yet to examine if trusting a particular source of information is associated with use of e-cigarettes or perceptions of e-cigarette harm. We use a nationally representative survey of American adults to address these gaps in knowledge. METHODS: This study used data from the Health Information National Trends Survey (N = 3738). Logistic regression models were used to calculate odds of ever using e-cigarettes and perceived health harm of e-cigarettes. Trust in seven different sources of e-cigarette health information served as the independent variables. Models accounted for confounders. RESULTS: Trusting religious organizations "a lot" as sources of e-cigarette health information was associated with lower odds of ever using e-cigarettes and with lower odds of perceiving e-cigarettes as less harmful than conventional cigarettes. Trusting e-cigarette companies "a lot" as sources of e-cigarette health information was associated with lower odds of viewing e-cigarettes as harmful to health. CONCLUSION: Trusting health information about e-cigarettes from sources in the medical or public health field was not associated with lower use of e-cigarettes or viewing e-cigarettes as more harmful. Trusting health information from e-cigarette companies yielded perceptions of e-cigarette harm that are consistent with messaging provided by these companies. IMPLICATIONS: As use of e-cigarettes continues to climb, leveraging different modes of health communication will be critical to both discourage e-cigarette use among never-smokers and, potentially, to encourage use of e-cigarettes as an option to achieve smoking cessation or reduce the harm of tobacco products. Our findings suggest that religious organizations may be helpful in communicating anti-e-cigarette messages.

Variations in Access to Care After the Affordable Care Act Among Different Immigrant Groups.

To assess how the Affordable Care Act (ACA) impacted changes in access and utilization of health care between groups by examining differences across groups of immigrants and by citizenship status. Data came from respondents of the 2011-2016 National Health Interview Survey aged 18 to 64 who were born outside of the U.S. or were native-born non-Latino whites (N = 119,198). Outcome measures included (all in the past 12 months): being currently uninsured, being insured via Medicaid, visiting the emergency department, visiting a doctor at least once, delaying care due to costs, not getting needed care because respondent was unable to afford it and being told by doctor office that they would not accept you as a new patient. The ACA was associated with greater healthcare access and utilization for some groups, but heterogeneously across all groups. For example, some immigrant groups had better access and utilization than others, and similar variation was revealed across citizenship groups. This study underscores the importance of disentangling how policies can affect immigrants from different regions of the world, which has implications for healthcare utilization and disparities.

Examining HPV Vaccination Practices and Differences Among Providers in Virginia.

Virginia has some of the lowest HPV vaccination rates, despite being one of the few states in the USA requiring adolescent girls receive the vaccine. Provider characteristics may be an important factor in HPV vaccination. Thus, the present study assessed provider vaccination, practices, knowledge about the vaccine, and confidence in performing behaviors related to the vaccine. We conducted a cross-sectional electronic survey in a large health care system in Northern Virginia. A total of 53 responses were received. Only respondents who reported seeing adolescent patients were included in analyses (N = 42). Differences in responses were examined by provider age, gender, and type. Respondents reported recommending the vaccine a high percent of the time to eligible patients and had overall high levels of knowledge and confidence. Male providers recommended the vaccine to boys ages 11-12, less frequently than female providers. Providers age 50 and over recommended the vaccine to boys ages 11-12 less frequently than younger providers. This study shows that there are some gaps in HPV vaccine recommendation practices among providers. These gaps may be one reason for the low uptake of the HPV vaccine among adolescents. Thus, educational and training interventions of providers could be considered.

Association of Preterm Births Among US Latina Women With the 2016 Presidential Election.

Importance: The circumstances surrounding the 2016 US presidential election have been proposed as a significant stressor in the lives of the US Latino population. Few studies to date, however, have evaluated the population health implications of the election for Latina mothers and their children. Objective: To determine whether preterm births (gestational age, <37 weeks) among US Latina women increased above expected levels after the 2016 US presidential election. Design, Setting, and Participants: In this national population-based study, an interrupted time series design, used to evaluate whether policies or other population-level changes interrupt a trend in an outcome, compared monthly counts of preterm births to Latina women after the 2016 presidential election with the number expected had the election not taken place. Women residing in the United States who had singleton births during the study period were included. Counts of singleton term and preterm births by month and race/ethnicity from January 1, 2009, through July 30, 2017 (32 860 727 live births), were obtained from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Wonder online database. These methods were applied separately to male and female births. Data were analyzed from November 8, 2018, through May 7, 2019. Exposures: Pregnancy in the 2016 US presidential election. Main Outcomes and Measures: The number of male and female preterm births based on the last menstrual period. Results: Among the 32 860 727 live births recorded during the study period, 11.0% of male and 9.6% of female births to Latina women were preterm compared with 10.2% and 9.3%, respectively, to other women. In the 9-month period beginning with November 2016, an additional 1342 male (95% CI, 795-1889) and 995 female (95% CI, 554-1436) preterm births to Latina women were found above the expected number of preterm births had the election not occurred. Conclusions and Relevance: The 2016 US presidential election appears to have been associated with an increase in preterm births among US Latina women. Anti-immigration policies have been proposed and enforced in the aftermath of the 2016 presidential election; future research should evaluate the association of these actions with population health.