Trends in Adherence to the Mediterranean Diet in Spanish Children and Adolescents across Two Decades.

Unhealthy dietary habits determined during childhood may represent a risk factor to many of the chronic non-communicable diseases (NCDs) in adulthood. Mediterranean Diet (MD) adherence in children and adolescents (8-16 years) living in Spain was investigated using the KIDMED questionnaire in a comparative analysis of two cross-sectional nationwide representative studies: enKid (1998-2000, n = 1001) and PASOS (2019-2020, n = 3540). Taking into account the educational level of pupils, as well as the characteristics of the place of living, a significant association was found between a KIDMED score ≥ 8 (optimal MD adherence) and primary education as well as residency in an area of <50,000 inhabitants, while living in the southern regions was associated with non-optimal MD adherence (p < 0.001). Participants of the 2019-2020 study showed an increase in the consumption of dairy products (31.1% increase), pasta/rice (15.4% increase), olive oil (16.9% increase), and nuts (9.7% increase), as well as a decreased sweets and candies intake (12.6% reduction). In contrast, a significantly lower MD adherence was found when comparing the 2019-2020 (mean ± SE: 6.9 ± 0.04) and the 1998-2000 study (7.37 ± 0.08); p < 0.001), due to less consumption of fish (20.3% reduction), pulse (19.4% reduction), and fruits (14.9% reduction), and an increased intake of commercial goods/pastries or fast-food intake (both 19.4% increase). The lowest adherence was recorded for adolescents also in the most recent study, where 10.9% of them presented a KIDMED score ≤ 3. This study shows that eating habits are deteriorating among Spanish children and adolescents. Such findings point out the urgency of undertaking strong measures to promote the consumption of healthy, sustainable, and non-ultra-processed food, such as those available in an MD, not only at a scientific and academic level, but also at a governmental one.

[Adherence to a mediterranean diet and sport performance in a elite female athletes futsal population]. / ADHESIÓN A LA DIETA MEDITERRÁNEA Y RENDIMIENTO DEPORTIVO EN UN GRUPO DE MUJERES DEPORTISTAS DE ÉLITE DE FÚTBOL SALA.

INTRODUCTION: Low energy intake may lead to the loss of muscle mass, menstrual dysfunction, increased risk of fatigue, injures and the need for prolonged recovery process. OBJECTIVES: 1) To analyse the adherence to the Mediterranean diet of a elite female athletes futsal population, 2) To analyse the relationship between the Dietary Mediterranean index, body composition and sport performance, and 3) To analyse if the differences in the index of adherence to the Mediterranean diet generates test differences in sports performance and body composition. METHODS: The adherence to a Mediterranean Diet, body composition test, isokinetic test, vertical jump test (CMJ and SJ), kicking ball, speed test and test Repeated Sprint Ability (RSA) was measured. RESULTS: we found that 7 out of 12 players (58.33%) showed a low index and 5 of the 12 players (41.67%) showed a means index. We found that 7 out of 12 players (58.33%) showed a low index and 5 of the 12 players (41.67%) below the optimum index. Moreover, this adhesion index did not correlate with the values of the body composition or athletic performance test. No significant differences between the players that scored below the optimal index with those with a low level of adhesion were observed. However, mass fat (%) correlated to the ability to repeat sprint. CONCLUSIONS: Low levels of adherence to the Mediterranean diet was observed in futsal players, the values shown in the KIDMED questionnaire did not correlate with the performance of the players nor body composition.

Introducción: Baja ingesta de energía puede dar lugar a la pérdida de masa muscular, disfunciones menstruales, un aumento del riesgo de la fatiga, lesión así como la necesidad de un proceso prolongado de recuperación. Objetivos: 1) Analizar el nivel de adherencia al Patrón de Dieta Mediterráneo en un grupo de mujeres deportistas profesionales de fútbol sala, 2) analizar el grado de relación entre el Patrón Dietético Mediterráneo, la composición corporal y el rendimiento deportivo y, 3) analizar si el actual grado de adherencia a la dieta mediterránea establece diferencias en los test de rendimiento deportivo y sobre la composición corporal. Métodos: Se valoró el PDM, test de composición corporal, test isocinético, test salto vertical (CMJ y SJ), golpeo de balón, test de velocidad y test Repeated Sprint Ability (RSA). Resultados: se observó que 7 de los 12 jugadoras (58,33%) mostró un patrón bajo y 5 de las 12 jugadoras (41,67%) un patrón medio. Por otro lado, estos patrones de adherencia no correlacionoraon con los valores de composición corporal ni con los test de rendimiento deportivo. No se observaron diferencias significativas entre las jugadoras que tenían un grado medio de adherencia con las que tenían un patrón bajo de adhesión. Sin embargo, la cantidad de grasa total (%) parece tener un efecto determinante en la capacidad de repetir sprint. Conclusión: Se observan bajos niveles de adhesión a la dieta mediterránea, los valores mostrados en el cuestionario KIDMED no se han relacionado con el rendimiento de las deportistas ni con el estado de la composición corporal.

Adhesión a la dieta mediterránea y rendimiento deportivo en un grupo de mujeres deportistas de élite de fútbol sala / Adherence to a Mediterranean diet and sport performance in a elite female athletes futsal population

Introducción: Baja ingesta de energía puede dar lugar a la pérdida de masa muscular, disfunciones menstruales, un aumento del riesgo de la fatiga, lesión así como la necesidad de un proceso prolongado de recuperación. Objetivos: 1) Analizar el nivel de adherencia al Patrón de Dieta Mediterráneo en un grupo de mujeres deportistas profesionales de fútbol sala, 2) analizar el grado de relación entre el Patrón Dietético Mediterráneo, la composición corporal y el rendimiento deportivo y, 3) analizar si el actual grado de adherencia a la dieta mediterránea establece diferencias en los test de rendimiento deportivo y sobre la composición corporal. Métodos: Se valoró el PDM, test de composición corporal, test isocinético, test salto vertical (CMJ y SJ), golpeo de balón, test de velocidad y test Repeated Sprint Ability (RSA). Resultados: se observó que 7 de los 12 jugadoras (58,33%) mostró un patrón bajo y 5 de las 12 jugadoras (41,67%) un patrón medio. Por otro lado, estos patrones de adherencia no correlacionaron con los valores de composición corporal ni con los test de rendimiento deportivo. No se observaron diferencias significativas entre las jugadoras que tenían un grado medio de adherencia con las que tenían un patrón bajo de adhesión. Sin embargo, la cantidad de grasa total (%) parece tener un efecto determinante en la capacidad de repetir sprint. Conclusión: Se observan bajos niveles de adhesión a la dieta mediterránea, los valores mostrados en el cuestionario KIDMED no se han relacionado con el rendimiento de las deportistas ni con el estado de la composición corporal (AU)

Introduction: Low energy intake may lead to the loss of muscle mass, menstrual dysfunction, increased risk of fatigue, injures and the need for prolonged recovery process. Objectives: 1) To analyse the adherence to the Mediterranean diet of a elite female athletes futsal population, 2) To analyse the relationship between the Dietary Mediterranean index, body composition and sport performance, and 3) To analyse if the differences in the index of adherence to the Mediterranean diet generates test differences in sports performance and body composition. Methods: The adherence to a Mediterranean Diet, body composition test, isokinetic test, vertical jump test (CMJ and SJ), kicking ball, speed test and test Repeated Sprint Ability (RSA) was measured. Results: we found that 7 out of 12 players (58.33%) showed a low index and 5 of the 12 players (41.67%) showed a means index. We found that 7 out of 12 players (58.33%) showed a low index and 5 of the 12 players (41.67%) below the optimum index. Moreover, this adhesion index did not correlate with the values of the body composition or athletic performance test. No significant differences between the players that scored below the optimal index with those with a low level of adhesion were observed. However, mass fat (%) correlated to the ability to repeat sprint. Conclusions: Low levels of adherence to the Mediterranean diet was observed in futsal players, the values shown in the KIDMED questionnaire did not correlate with the performance of the players nor body composition (AU)