ABSTRACT
This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of molinate on retinoids homeostasis in rat testis. Molinate was administrated to male Sprague-Dawley rats (200 mg kg(-1) in corn oil, ip). Retinoid measurements were made at 6, 12, 48 and 168 h time points after administration. Testis levels of retinoic acid decreased (32 %) in a statistically significant manner at the 12 and 48 h time points. However, retinol and retinaldehyde were not significantly affected by molinate. These results suggest that molinate affects retinoic acid synthesis in testis and could contribute to understanding the molecular mechanism of molinate involved testicular toxicity.
Subject(s)
Azepines/toxicity , Herbicides/toxicity , Testis/drug effects , Thiocarbamates/toxicity , Vitamin A/metabolism , Animals , Male , Rats , Rats, Sprague-Dawley , Retinaldehyde/metabolism , Testis/metabolismABSTRACT
One of the most serious diseases in potato cultivars is caused by the pathogen Phytophthora infestans, which affects leaves, stems and tubers. Metalaxyl is a fungicide that protects potato plants from Phytophthora infestans. In Mexico, farmers apply metalaxyl 35 times during the cycle of potato production and the last application is typically 15 days before harvest. There are no records related to the presence of metalaxyl in potato tubers in Mexico. In the present study, we evaluated the effect of Acinetobacter sp on metalaxyl degradation in potato seedlings. The effect of bacteria and metalaxyl on the growth of potato seedlings was also evaluated. A metabolite profile analysis was conducted to determine potential molecular biomarkers produced by potato seedlings in the presence of Acinetobacter sp and metalaxyl. Metalaxyl did not affect the growth of potato seedlings. However, Acinetobacter sp strongly affected the growth of inoculated seedlings, as confirmed by plant length and plant fresh weights which were lower in inoculated potato seedlings (40% and 27%, respectively) compared to the controls. Acinetobacter sp also affected root formation. Inoculated potato seedlings showed a decrease in root formation compared to the controls. LC-MS/MS analysis of metalaxyl residues in potato seedlings suggests that Acinetobacter sp did not degrade metalaxyl. GC-TOF-MS platform was used in metabolic profiling studies. Statistical data analysis and metabolic pathway analysis allowed suggesting the alteration of metabolic pathways by both Acinetobacter sp infection and metalaxyl treatment. Several hundred metabolites were detected, 137 metabolites were identified and 15 metabolic markers were suggested based on statistical change significance found with PLS-DA analysis. These results are important for better understanding the interactions of putative endophytic bacteria and pesticides on plants and their possible effects on plant metabolism.
Subject(s)
Acinetobacter/physiology , Alanine/analogs & derivatives , Metabolome , Seedlings/metabolism , Seedlings/microbiology , Solanum tuberosum/metabolism , Solanum tuberosum/microbiology , Acinetobacter/genetics , Acinetobacter/growth & development , Acinetobacter/isolation & purification , Alanine/metabolism , Alanine/pharmacology , Biodegradation, Environmental/drug effects , Chromatography, Liquid , DNA, Ribosomal/genetics , Discriminant Analysis , Galactose/metabolism , Internet , Least-Squares Analysis , Mass Spectrometry , Metabolic Networks and Pathways/drug effects , Metabolome/drug effects , Phenylalanine/metabolism , Phylogeny , Plant Roots/cytology , Plant Roots/drug effects , Plant Roots/microbiology , Rhizosphere , Seedlings/drug effects , Solanum tuberosum/drug effects , Statistics as TopicABSTRACT
This study was conducted to evaluate the presence of cyhialothrin, cyfluthrin, cypermethrin, fenvalerate, and deltamethrin in vegetables produced and consumed in Sonora, Mexico. A total of 345 samples were collected from cluster sampling of markets and fields. Approximately 9% of the samples tested positive for pyrethroids (residue range 0.004-0.573 mg kg(-1)). Based on the results, the potential toxicological risk of human exposure to the pyrethroid insecticides measured in vegetables appears to be minimal, with the estimated exposure being 1,000 times lower than admissible levels.