Hospice for nursing home residents: does ownership type matter?

BACKGROUND: Currently, more than half of all nursing home residents use hospice at some point. Studies have shown benefits to hospice enrollment for patients; however, the literature on ownership differences in hospice care in general has indicated that for-profit hospices offer a narrower scope of services and employ fewer professional staff. Although nursing home staffing patterns have been shown to be essential to quality of care, the literature has not explored differences in number of patients per staff member for hospice care within nursing homes. METHODS: We hypothesized that for-profit hospices would have a higher number of patients per staff member for home care workers (HCWs), registered nurses (RNs), and medical social workers (MSWs), and this relationship would be moderated by the proportion of hospice users living in nursing homes. Using data from the National Hospice Survey, a random sampling of all Medicare-certified hospices operating between September 2008 and November 2009, we identified 509 hospices that served individuals living in a nursing home, with 89 hospices having 50% or greater of their clients living in a nursing home. RESULTS: Adjusted analysis indicated a higher number of patients per staff member for HCWs and RNs among for-profit hospices. Moreover, compared with nonprofit hospices, for-profit hospices with a high proportion of nursing home residents had 36 more patients per HCW (p=0.011) and 24 more patients per RN (p=0.033). CONCLUSIONS: Staffing is an important indicator of hospice quality, thus our findings may be useful for anticipating potential impacts of the growth in for-profit hospice on nursing home residents.

Research methods priorities in geriatric palliative medicine.

Continuing the momentum of geriatric palliative medicine research achieved during the past decade requires a focus on research methods priorities that span the continuum of research from small pilot studies testing new interventions to large multisite studies evaluating implementation of proven interventions and models of care. Each phase of this continuum presents unique challenges for investigators who are designing, conducting, and reporting results of these scientific endeavors. The goal of this article is to describe the top priorities in research methods for the field of geriatric palliative medicine that will enable the field to rapidly respond to the changing landscape of health care policy and quality improvement initiatives.

Hospice enrollment saves money for Medicare and improves care quality across a number of different lengths-of-stay.

Despite its demonstrated potential to both improve quality of care and lower costs, the Medicare hospice benefit has been seen as producing savings only for patients enrolled 53-105 days before death. Using data from the Health and Retirement Study, 2002-08, and individual Medicare claims, and overcoming limitations of previous work, we found $2,561 in savings to Medicare for each patient enrolled in hospice 53-105 days before death, compared to a matched, nonhospice control. Even higher savings were seen, however, with more common, shorter enrollment periods: $2,650, $5,040, and $6,430 per patient enrolled 1-7, 8-14, and 15-30 days prior to death, respectively. Within all periods examined, hospice patients also had significantly lower rates of hospital service use and in-hospital death than matched controls. Instead of attempting to limit Medicare hospice participation, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services should focus on ensuring the timely enrollment of qualified patients who desire the benefit.

Hospices' enrollment policies may contribute to underuse of hospice care in the United States.

Hospice use in the United States is growing, but little is known about barriers that terminally ill patients may face when trying to access hospice care. This article reports the results of the first national survey of the enrollment policies of 591 US hospices. The survey revealed that 78 percent of hospices had at least one enrollment policy that may restrict access to care for patients with potentially high-cost medical care needs, such as chemotherapy or total parenteral nutrition. Smaller hospices, for-profit hospices, and hospices in certain regions of the country consistently reported more limited enrollment policies. We observe that hospice providers' own enrollment decisions may be an important contributor to previously observed underuse of hospice by patients and families. Policy changes that should be considered include increasing the Medicare hospice per diem rate for patients with complex needs, which could enable more hospices to expand enrollment.