Paravertebral block versus erector spinae plane block for analgesia in modified radical mastectomy: a randomized, prospective, double-blind study.

BACKGROUND: Pain control after breast surgery is crucial and supported with regional techniques. Paravertebral block (TPVB) is shown to be effective in postoperative pain management. Erector spinae plane block (ESPB) is assumed to have a similar analgesic effect as an easier and safer block. Our aim was to compare TPVB and ESPB for modified radical mastectomy (MRM) in terms of analgesic efficiency and dermatomal spread. METHODS: Patients were randomized into Group E (ESPB) and Group P (TPVB). Total 83 patients completed study 42 in Group E and 41 in Group P. Blocks were performed under ultrasonography with 20 mL 0.375% bupivacaine at T4 prior to surgery. T1-10 dermatomal block was examined via pin-prick sensation on the midaxillary and midclavicular lines. Primary outcome was 24-hour morphine consumption. Dermatomal coverage, postoperative 0th minute, 30th minute, 1st, 4th, 6th, 12th and 24th hours pain scores, rescue analgesia requirement and adverse events were secondary outcomes. RESULTS: Morphine consumption was lower in Group P (19.2±2.9 vs. 21±3.1, P=0.007; mean difference 1.8 mg, 95%CI=0.48-3.1 mg). The number of dermatomes with total loss of sensation was higher in Group P. Pain scores were significantly lower in Group P at all time points. The incidence of complications and adverse events was similar in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Thoracal paravertebral block reduced morphine consumption compared to ESPB after MRM, albeit a small difference. A through coverage of TPVB may be preferred with experienced operators in MRM due to lower pain scores.

Perioperative myocardial injury after elective neurosurgery: incidence, risk factors, and effects on mortality.

Perioperative myocardial injury is an important reason of mortality and morbidity after neurosurgery. It usually is missed due to its asymptomatic character. In the present study, we investigated myocardial injury after noncardiac surgery (MINS) incidence, the risk factor for MINS, and association of MINS with 30-day mortality in neurosurgery patients. Patients with cardiac risk who underwent elective neurosurgery were enrolled to present prospective cohort study. The patients' demographics, comorbidities, medications used, medical history, and type of operation were recorded. The high-sensitivity cardiac troponin (hs-cTn) levels of the patients were measured 12, 24, and 48 h after surgery. The patients were considered MINS-positive if at least one of their postoperative hs-cTn measurement values was ≥ 14 ng/l. All the patients were followed up for 30 days after surgery for evaluation of their outcomes, including total mortality, mortality due to cardiovascular cause, and major cardiac events. A total of 312 patients completed the study and 64 (20.5%) of them was MINS-positive. Long antiplatelet or anticoagulant drug cessation time (OR: 4.9, 95% CI: 2.1-9.4) was found the most prominent risk factor for MINS occurrence. The total mortality rate was 2.4% and 6.2% in patients MINS-negative and MINS-positive, respectively (p = 0.112). The mortality rate due to cardiovascular reasons (0.8% for without MINS, 4.7 for with MINS, and p = 0.026) and incidence of the major cardiac events (4% for without MINS, 10.9 for with MINS, and p = 0.026) were significantly higher in patients with MINS. MINS is a common problem after neurosurgery, and high postoperative hs-cTn level is associated with mortality and morbidity.

Ability of short-time low peep challenge to predict fluid responsiveness in mechanically ventilated patients in the intensive care.

Short-time low PEEP challenge (SLPC, application of additional 5 cmH2O PEEP to patients for 30 s) is a novel functional hemodynamic test presented in the literature. We hypothesized that SLPC could predict fluid responsiveness better than stroke volume variation (SVV) in mechanically ventilated intensive care patients. Heart rate, mean arterial pressure, stroke volume index (SVI) and SVV were recorded before SLPC, during SLPC and before and after 500 mL fluid loading. Patients whose SVI increased more than 15% after the fluid loading were defined as fluid responders. Reciever operating characteristics (ROC) curves were generated to evaluate the abilities of the methods to predict fluid responsiveness. Fifty-five patients completed the study. Twenty-five (46%) of them were responders. Decrease percentage in SVI during SLPC (SVIΔ%-SLPC) was 11.6 ± 5.2% and 4.3 ± 2.2% in responders and non-responders, respectively (p < 0.001). A good correlation was found between SVIΔ%-SLPC and percentage change in SVI after fluid loading (r = 0.728, P < 0.001). Areas under the ROC curves (ROC-AUC) of SVIΔ%-SLPC and SVV were 0.951 (95% CI 0.857-0.991) and 0.747 (95% CI 0.611-0.854), respectively. The ROC-AUC of SVIΔ%-SLPC was significantly higher than that of SVV (p = 0.0045). The best cut-off value of SVIΔ%-SLPC was 7.5% with 90% sensitivity and 96% specificity. The percentage change in SVI during SLPC predicts fluid responsiveness in intensive care patients who are ventilated with low tidal volumes; the sensitivity and specificity values are higher than those of SVV.

Effect of Intraoperative Computed Tomography on Ventriculoperitoneal Shunt Survival.

BACKGROUND: In patients with hydrocephalus who undergo ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement, the ventricular catheter tip position is one of the most important prognostic factors influencing shunt survival. The aim of this study was to present our findings of ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement performed with intraoperative computed tomography (CT) and to evaluate the effect of intraoperative CT-based image guidance on optimal catheter positioning and overall shunt survival. METHODS: Of the study enrolled 345 patients with hydrocephalus who underwent ventriculoperitoneal shunt placement for the first time between 2008 and 2018. Ventricular catheters were inserted freehand via the Kocher point into the lateral ventricle in all patients. In 163 patients, intraoperative CT was performed to confirm the tip position. In this group of patients, if the tip position was nonoptimal, the catheter was ejected and reinserted during the surgery. In the remaining 182 patients, the tip position was assessed with routine postoperative CT. The effect of performing intraoperative CT on catheter tip positioning and shunt failure was investigated. RESULTS: Nonoptimal tip position was significantly correlated with shunt dysfunction even when excluding nonobstructive causes (P < 0.001). In the intraoperative CT group, 11 ventricular catheters (6.7%) were intraoperatively repositioned. The repositioning significantly improved the optimal tip position rate from 54% to 58.3% (P = 0.007). Intraoperative CT usage also showed direct correlation with shunt survival (P = 0.006). CONCLUSIONS: Intraoperative CT is an effective tool for increasing the rate of optimal tip positioning and thereby overall shunt survival.

Comparison of arterial blood pressure and cardiac index-based hemodynamic management on cognitive function in elderly patients undergoing spinal surgery: a randomized clinical trial.

BACKGROUND: Postoperative delayed neurocognitive recovery (DNR) is frequent in elderly patients. Prevention of DNR is essential to achieve a better postoperative outcome. METHODS: The aim of the present study was to compare mean arterial pressure (MAP) and Cardiac Index (CI) based hemodynamic management on early cognitive function in elderly patients undergoing spinal surgery. Sixty patients aged ≥60 years were enrolled. Patients were randomized to one of two groups. In Group MAP, hemodynamic management of patients was performed according to the MAP value. In Group CI, hemodynamic management of patients was performed according to the CI value. In all patients, standard anesthesia method was used and regional cerebral oxygen saturation (rScO2) was measured. Cognitive functions of patients were assessed by Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA) test before surgery and seven days after surgery. Change in MoCA test (ΔMoCA) was calculated. RESULTS: Postoperative MoCA score was significantly greater in Group CI (25.2±2.4) than Group MAP (23.9±2.5) (P=0.046). The ΔMoCAs were 1 (IQR, 0-3) and 3 (IQR, 2-3.5) in Group CI and MAP respectively (P<0.001). Lowest and average rScO2 values were significantly greater, and the decreased load of rScO2 below the threshold of 10% (AUCΔ10%) and 20% (AUCΔ20%) below its baseline were significantly lower in Group CI (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: CI-based hemodynamic management provided better postoperative cognitive function and higher intraoperative rScO2 when compared with MAP-based hemodynamic management.

Prognostic Value of Antithrombin Levels in COVID-19 Patients and Impact of Fresh Frozen Plasma Treatment: A Retrospective Study

Objective: The defective interplay between coagulation and inflammation may be the leading cause of intravascular coagulation and organ dysfunction in coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) patients. Abnormal coagulation profiles were reported to be associated with poor outcomes. In this study, we assessed the prognostic values of antithrombin (AT) activity levels and the impact of fresh frozen plasma (FFP) treatment on outcome. Materials and Methods: Conventional coagulation parameters as well as AT activity levels and outcomes of 104 consecutive critically ill acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) patients with laboratory-confirmed COVID-19 disease were retrospectively analyzed. Patients with AT activity below 75% were treated with FFP. Maximum AT activity levels achieved in those patients were recorded. Results: AT activity levels at admission were significantly lower in nonsurvivors than survivors (73% vs. 81%). The cutoff level for admission AT activity was 79% and 58% was the lowest AT for survival. The outcome in those patients who had AT activity levels above 75% after FFP treatment was better than that of the nonresponding group. As well as AT, admission values of D-dimer, C-reactive protein, and procalcitonin were coagulation and inflammatory parameters among the mortality risk factors. Conclusion: AT activity could be used as a prognostic marker for survival and organ failure in COVID-19-associated ARDS patients. AT supplementation therapy with FFP in patients with COVID-19-induced hypercoagulopathy may improve thrombosis prophylaxis and thus have an impact on survival.

The Role of Indirect Laryngoscopy, Clinical and Ultrasonographic Assessment in Prediction of Difficult Airway.

OBJECTIVES: Pre-operative airway evaluation is essential to decrease the proportion of possible mortality and morbidity due to difficult airway (DA). The study aimed to evaluate the accuracy of pre-operative ultrasonographic airway assessment (UAA) and indirect laryngoscopy (IL) in predicting DA. STUDY DESIGN: Prospective obsevational study. METHODS: Preoperative clinical examination (body mass index [BMI], mallampati classification [MP], thyromental distance, sternomental distance, neck circumference), UAA (epiglottis-skin distance [ESD], hyoid bone-skin distance [HSD], the thickness of tongue root [ToTR], anterior commissure-skin distance [ACSD]) and IL with the rigid 70-degree laryngoscope were performed to predict DA (Cormack-Lehane grade 3 and 4). The sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PP), and negative predictive values of the parameters were assessed. RESULTS: Twenty-two of 140 (15.7%) patients were diagnosed with DA. The cut-off points of ESD, HSD, ToTR, ACSD, and BMI were 2.09 cm, 0.835 cm, 4.05 cm, 0.545 cm, and 27.10, respectively. AUC values were 0.874, 0.885, 0.871, 0.658, and 0.751 in the same order. AUC values for IL and MP were 0.773 and 0.925, respectively. MP and HSD had the best sensitivity (91%), IL grading had the best specificity (100%), and PP (100%) value among all measurements. The best-balanced sensitivity (91%), specificity (97%), and PP (88%) values were obtained by combining the IL with MP and ESD or with MP and HSD. CONCLUSIONS: Ultrasonographic measurements and IL were found significantly correlated to predict DA. Combined parameters, the IL with MP and ESD or with MP and HSD, are the best parameters in predicting the DA. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: 4 Laryngoscope, 131:E555-E560, 2021.

An investigation into the effects of hemodynamic changes on the patient's clinical condition during the treatment of patients undergoing aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.

BACKGROUND: In this study, we investigated the hemodynamic changes in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) during the intensive care unit and the effects of PiCCO on the hemodynamic clinical course during hydration and hypertension treatment. METHODS: In our study, 15 adult aSAH patients, whose aneurysm had been treated by surgery or coiling, were examined for the signs of vasospasm in between the dates 03/01/2015 and 01/03/2016. The PICCO measurement was made at least twice in a day. Positive daily fluid balance was attempted to be at least 1000 mL and the value of the Global end-diastolic index (GEDI) was targeted to 680 to 800 mL/m2 for each patient. The values of mean arterial pressure (MAP), systolic arterial pressure (SAP), heart rate (HR), central venous pressure (CVP), and cardiac index (CI), GEDI, systemic vascular resistance index (SVRI), extravascular lung water index (ELWI) measured by PiCCO, and daily neurological outcome of patients and GCS values were recorded. RESULTS: It had been observed that CVP value was randomly changing during the volume therapy, but the GEDI value determined by thermodilution was consistent. A positive correlation was detected between the period of reaching the hospital and the first measured value of SVRI. Low GEDI value was detected as a risk factor in the perspective of vasospasm, but an ideal GEDI value could not be determined. CONCLUSION: GEDI values were correlated with daily fluid balance. While low GEDI value was found as a risk factor, we could not determine an ideal GEDI value.

Gray-to-white matter ratio predicts long-term recovery potential of patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Predicting recovery potential of patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is challenging. We investigated whether the gray-to-white matter ratio (GWR) predicts recovery of cognitive function (CF) and quality of life (QOL) of these patients. We analyzed data of 69 patients with aSAH. Patients' demographics, comorbidities, and neurological status were recorded. One year after aSAH, Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA) and Short Form-36 (SF-36) tests were administered to the patients, and brain volumes of patients were examined using MRI. Three years after aSAH, MoCA and SF-36 tests were conducted again. Differences between the test scores 1 and 3 years after aSAH were evaluated (ΔMoCA and ΔSF-36). Patients with ΔMoCA ≥ 4 points and those with ΔSF-36 ≥ 8 points were referred to as good MoCA and SF-36 recovery, respectively. ΔMoCA correlated with GWR in male and female patients (females: p < 0.001, R2 = 0.581; males: p < 0.001, R2 = 0.481). In female patients, GWR > 1.34 predicted good MoCA recovery with 82.3% sensitivity and 80% specificity, and in male patients, GWR > 1.36 predicted good MoCA recovery with 80% sensitivity and 95% specificity. ΔSF-36 correlated with GWR in male and female patients (females: p < 0.001, R2 = 0.479; males: p < 0.001, R2 = 0.627). In female patients, GWR > 1.35 predicted good SF-36 recovery with 74% sensitivity and 84% specificity, and in male patients, GWR > 1.38 predicted good SF-36 recovery with 72% sensitivity and 92% specificity. GWR is a good predictor of the recovery of CF and QOL in patients with aSAH and, thus, can help physicians to better organize rehabilitation of patients.

Role of ultrasonography in determining the cricothyroid membrane localization in the predicted difficult airway.

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate the success rates of ultrasound (US) and palpation methods in identifying the cricothyroid membrane (CTM), and compare the results with the gold standard method-computed tomography (CT) scan. METHODS: A total of 110 patients were included into the study. The midline was estimated by a single investigator using both the US and palpation methods from the prominence of the thyroid cartilage to the center of the sternal notch, and the distance was measured (in millimeters) between the two points: Point A (the midpoint of CTM) and Point B (the inferior process of thyroid cartilage). Furthermore, the distance between Point A and Point B was calculated using the CT images. Time taken to assess the CTM by using US and palpation methods were recorded. Moreover, difficulty in using the two methods was measured with the visual analog scale (VAS). In addition, demographic and morphometric characteristics of the patients were noted. RESULTS: The CTM was detected accurately in 50 (45.5%) patients with palpation and 82 (74.5%) with US. In the Bland-Altman analysis, a better agreement was observed with US. The time to assess CTM was shorter with US than with palpation, p<0.001. The VAS scores for the palpation and US difficulty were 5.13+-1.1 and 3.32+-0.9 (p<0.001), respectively. While an increased neck circumference and thyromental distance were found to be independent risk factors for the success rates of determining the CTM by palpation, body mass index is an independent risk factor for US. CONCLUSION: Localization of the CTM is more accurate and easier with US than palpation. Furthermore, the results gathered with US are in a closer range to CT scan.

A challenge with 5 cmH2O of positive end-expiratory pressure predicts fluid responsiveness in neurosurgery patients with protective ventilation: an observational study.

BACKGROUND: Positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) increment induces a decrease in Stroke Volume Index (SVI). We hypothesized that the magnitude of SVI reduction due to a 5 cmH2O increase in PEEP could predict fluid responsiveness during low tidal volume ventilation. METHODS: Forty-eight patients completed the study. Heart rate, mean arterial pressure, SVI, pulse pressure variation (PPV) and stroke volume variation (SVV) were recorded before short-time low PEEP (SLPC) challenge (applied additional 5 cmH2O PEEP to patients for 30 seconds), during SLPC and before and after 500 mL fluid loading. Patients whose SVI increased more than 15% after the fluid loading were defined as volume responders. RESULTS: Twenty-one (44%) patients were volume responder. Decrease percentage in SVI during SLPC was 17.4±3.6% and 9.9±3.1% in responders and non-responders respectively (P<0.001). A strong correlation was found between decrease percentage in SVI during SLPC and increase percentage in SVI after fluid loading (R2=0.680, P<0.001). The area under receiver operating curves generated to predict fluid responsiveness for decrease percentage in SVI during SLPC (0.944, 95% CI: 0.836-0.990) was significantly higher than that for PPV (0.777, 95% CI: 0.634-0.884, P=0.025) and SVV (0.773, 95% CI: 0.630-0.882, P=0.022). Best cut-off values of decrease percentage in SVI during SLPC was -14.2 with 95% sensitivity and 89% specificity. CONCLUSIONS: SVI change percentage during SLPC can predict fluid responsiveness better than PPV and SVV in neurosurgery patients ventilated with low tidal volume.

Transpulmonary thermodilution monitoring-guided hemodynamic management improves cognitive function in patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage: a prospective cohort comparison.

BACKGROUND: The effects of goal-directed hemodynamic management using transpulmonary thermodilution (TPT) monitor on the cognitive function of patients with aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) remain unclear. The present study aimed to determine whether hemodynamic management with TPT monitor provides better cognitive function compared with standard hemodynamic management. METHODS: Patients with aSAH who were admitted to the intensive care unit in 2016 were assigned to cohort 1, and those admitted in 2017 were assigned to cohort 2. In cohort 1, hemodynamic and fluid management was performed in accordance with the traditional pressure-based hemodynamic parameters and clinical examination, whereas in cohort 2, it was performed in accordance with the TPT monitor-measured flow-based parameters. The incidence of delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) and pulmonary edema (PE) was determined. The functional outcome of patients was assessed using the modified Rankin scale (mRS) score and Montreal cognitive assessment (MoCA) test at 1 year following aSAH. RESULTS: Cohort 1 included 45 patients and cohort 2 included 39 patients who completed the trial. The incidence of DCI (38% versus 26%) and PE (11% versus 3%) was comparable between the cohorts (p > 0.05). The mRS score was similar between the cohorts (p = 0.11). However, the MoCA score was 20.2 (19.2-21.4) and 23.5 (22.2-24.8) in cohort 1 and cohort 2, respectively (p < 0.001). Accordingly, the occurrence of poor MoCA score (38% versus 18%) was significantly lower in cohort 2 (p = 0.045). CONCLUSIONS: TPT monitor-based hemodynamic management provides better cognitive outcome than standard hemodynamic management in patients with aSAH.

Ability of mini-fluid challenge to predict fluid responsiveness in obese patients undergoing surgery in the prone position.

BACKGROUND: Pulse pressure variation (PPV) and stroke volume variation (SVV) can predict fluid responsiveness effectively. However, high Body Mass Index (BMI) can restrict their use due to changes in respiratory system compliance (CS), intra-abdominal pressure, and stroke volume (SV) in the prone position. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effectiveness of mini-fluid challenge (MFC) in predicting fluid responsiveness in obese (BMI ≥30 kg/m2) patients in the prone position. METHODS: A total of 33 patients undergoing neurosurgery were included. After standardized anesthesia induction, patients' PPV, SVV, stroke volume index (SVI) and CS values were recorded in the prone position (T1), after the infusion of 100 mL of crystalloid named as MFC (T2) and after fluid loading was completed with additional 400 mL of crystalloid. Patients whose SVI increased more than 15% after the fluid loading were defined as volume responders. RESULTS: Fifteen (45%) patients were responders to 500 mL fluid loading. After the 100 mL fluid load, a higher percentage increase in SVI was observed among responders (P<0.001), with values of 6.6% (6.2-8.6%) and 3.5% (1.7-4.8%) in responders and non-responders, respectively. Areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves of MFC, PPV, and SVV were 0.967 (95% CI: 0.838-0.999), 0.683 (95% CI: 0.499-0.834), and 0.709 (95% CI: 0.526-0.853), respectively. The area under the curve of MFC was significantly higher than that of PPV (P=0.003) and SVV (P=0.005). CONCLUSIONS: The increase in SVI after a rapid infusion of 100 mL crystalloid could predict fluid responsiveness in patients with BMI ≥30 kg/m2 in the prone position.

Association Between Inflammatory Markers and Cognitive Outcome in Patients with Acute Brain Dysfunction Due to Sepsis.

INTRODUCTION: Sepsis-induced brain dysfunction (SIBD) has been neglected until recently due to the absence of specific clinical or biological markers. There is increasing evidence that sepsis may pose substantial risks for long term cognitive impairment. METHODS: To find out clinical and inflammatory factors associated with acute SIBD serum levels of cytokines, complement breakdown products and neurodegeneration markers were measured by ELISA in sera of 86 SIBD patients and 33 healthy controls. Association between these biological markers and cognitive test results was investigated. RESULTS: SIBD patients showed significantly increased IL-6, IL-8, IL-10 and C4 d levels and decreased TNF-α, IL-12, C5a and iC3b levels than healthy controls. No significant alteration was observed in neuronal loss and neurodegeneration marker [neuron specific enolase (NSE), amyloid ß, tau] levels. Increased IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α and decreased C4 d, C5a and iC3b levels were associated with septic shock, coma and mortality. Transient mild cognitive impairment was observed in 7 of 21 patients who underwent neuropsychological assessment. Cognitive dysfunction and neuronal loss were associated with increased duration of septic shock and delirium but not baseline serum levels of inflammation and neurodegeneration markers. CONCLUSION: Increased cytokine levels, decreased complement activity and increased neuronal loss are indicators of poor prognosis and adverse events in SIBD. Cognitive dysfunction and neuronal destruction in SIBD do not seem to be associated with systemic inflammation factors and Alzheimer disease-type neurodegeneration but rather with increased duration of neuronal dysfunction and enhanced exposure of the brain to sepsis-inducing pathogens.

Neuroimaging Findings in Sepsis-Induced Brain Dysfunction: Association with Clinical and Laboratory Findings.

BACKGROUND: Incidence and patterns of brain lesions of sepsis-induced brain dysfunction (SIBD) have been well defined. Our objective was to investigate the associations between neuroimaging features of SIBD patients and well-known neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration factors. METHODS: In this prospective observational study, 93 SIBD patients (45 men, 48 women; 50.6 ± 12.7 years old) were enrolled. Patients underwent a neurological examination and brain magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). Severity-of-disease scoring systems (APACHE II, SOFA, and SAPS II) and neurological outcome scoring system (GOSE) were used. Also, serum levels of a panel of mediators [IL-1ß, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, IL-17, IFN-γ, TNF-α, complement factor Bb, C4d, C5a, iC3b, amyloid-ß peptides, total tau, phosphorylated tau (p-tau), S100b, neuron-specific enolase] were measured by ELISA. Voxel-based morphometry (VBM) was employed to available patients for assessment of neuronal loss pattern in SIBD. RESULTS: MRI of SIBD patients were normal (n = 27, 29%) or showed brain lesions (n = 51, 54.9%) or brain atrophy (n = 15, 16.1%). VBM analysis showed neuronal loss in the insula, cingulate cortex, frontal lobe, precuneus, and thalamus. Patients with abnormal MRI findings had worse APACHE II, SOFA, GOSE scores, increased prevalence of delirium and mortality. Presence of MRI lesions was associated with reduced C5a and iC3b levels and brain atrophy was associated with increased p-tau levels. Regression analysis identified an association between C5a levels and presence of lesion on MRI and p-tau levels and the presence of atrophy on MRI. CONCLUSIONS: Neuronal loss predominantly occurs in limbic and visceral pain perception regions of SIBD patients. Complement breakdown products and p-tau stand out as adverse neuroimaging outcome markers for SIBD.

Comparison of ability of pulse pressure variation to predict fluid responsiveness in prone and supine position: an observational study.

We aimed to compare the ability of pulse pressure variation (PPV) to predict fluid responsiveness in prone and supine positions and investigate effect of body mass index (BMI), intraabdominal pressure (IAP) and static respiratory compliance (CS) on PPV. A total of 88 patients undergoing neurosurgery were included. After standardized anesthesia induction, patients' PPV, stroke volume index (SVI), CS and IAP values were recorded in supine (T1) and prone (T2) positions and after fluid loading (T3). Also, PPV change percentage (PPVΔ%) between T2 and T1 times was calculated. Patients whose SVI increased more than 15% after the fluid loading were defined as volume responders. In 10 patients, PPVΔ% was ≤ - 20%. All of these patients had CST2 < 31 ml/cmH2O, seven had BMI > 30 kg/m2, and two had IAPT2 > 15 mmHg. In 16 patients, PPVΔ% was ≥ 20%. In these patients, 10 had CST2 < 31 ml/cmH2O, 10 had BMI > 30 kg/m2, and 12 had IAPT2 > 15 mmHg. Thirty-nine patients were volume responder. When all patients were examined for predicting fluid responsiveness, area under curves (AUC) of PPVT2 (0.790, 95%CI 0.690-0.870) was significantly lower than AUC of PPVT1 (0.937, 95%CI 0.878-0.997) with ROC analysis (p = 0.002). When patients whose CST2 was < 31 ml/cmH2O and whose BMI was > 30 kg/m2 were excluded from analysis separately, AUC of PPVT2 became similar to PPVT1. PPV in the prone can predict fluid responsiveness as good as PPV in the supine, only if BMI is < 30 kg/m2 and CS value at prone is > 31 ml/cmH2O.

Haemodynamic Response to Four Different Laryngoscopes.

OBJECTIVE: In this prospective randomized study, we aimed to evaluate the effect of tracheal intubation with four different laryngoscopes [Macintosh direct laryngoscope-classic laryngoscope (CL), McCoy (MC), C-Mac video-laryngoscope (CM) and McGrath video-laryngoscope (MG)] on haemodynamic responses in patients with a normal airway. METHODS: One hundred and sixty patients were included. Succeeding haemodynamic measurements were performed immediately after intubation (T2) and for 5 min with 1-min intervals (T3-T4-T5-T6-T7). The primary outcome was the heart rate (HR) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) change triggered by the four different laryngoscopes. The intubation time, the number of intubation attempts, need for stylet or additional manipulation, glottic view and traumatic complications caused by intubation procedure were recorded as secondary outcomes. RESULTS: HR values significantly increased with the completion of laryngoscopy and intubation at T2 for the CL, MC and CM groups. Lesser fluctuation in HR and SBP was observed in the MG group. Intubation time was significantly shorter in the MG group (p<0.001). There was no statistically significant difference between the groups regarding the number of intubation attempts, need for stylette and glottic view. Fewer patients in the MG and CM groups experienced a moderate and severe sore throat than in the other two groups. Shorter intubation time and lesser sore throat incidence were observed in the MG group. CONCLUSION: MG offers less haemodynamic stimulation than CL, MC, and CM. Our findings showed that tracheal intubation with MG is advantageous in preventing cardiovascular stress responses with short intubation time and less sore throat incidence.

Comparison of Different Cuff Pressure Use with the Supreme Laryngeal Mask Airway on Haemodynamic Response, Seal Pressure and Postoperative Adverse Events: A Prospective Randomized Study.

OBJECTIVE: The Supreme™ laryngeal mask airway (SLMA) is a supra glottic airway (SGA) device that is used as an alternative to endotracheal tubes. In the present study, we aimed to compare the use of the SLMA with normal cuff pressure and low cuff pressure, primarily for haemodynamic response. METHODS: In the present study, 120 patients diagnosed with hypertension and scheduled for varicose vein or inguinal hernia operation were enrolled and 99 patients finished. Using randomization, patients were divided into two groups according to cuff pressure as a low-pressure group (Group L, 45 cm H2O) and a normal-pressure group (Group N, 60 cm H2O). Demographics, Mallampati score and the type and duration of surgery, heart rate (HR), mean arterial pressure (MAP), percentage of tidal volume leakage, Ppeak, Pmean, etCO2, seal pressure, fibreoptic scores and postoperative adverse effects of all patients were recorded. RESULTS: MAP and HR values immediately and 2 minutes after SLMA insertion were significantly lower in Group L (p<0.001). In Group L and Group N, the seal pressures were 24.1±3.1 cm H2O and 26.2±3.9 cm H2O, respectively (p=0.003). Also, blood staining and sore throat occurred less frequently in Group L (p<0.05). The fibreoptic average score, insertion features and ventilation parameters were similar between the groups (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: SLMA use with a cuff pressure of 45 cm H2O significantly decreases haemodynamic response and post-operative side effects compared with a normal cuff pressure. Therefore, except for some specific surgeries that require higher seal pressures, we recommend the use of the SLMA with cuff pressures as low as 45 cm H2O.

Is nighttime laparoscopic general surgery under general anesthesia safe?

BACKGROUND: Fatigue and sleep deprivation can affect rational decision-making and motor skills, which can decrease medical performance and quality of patient care. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association between times of the day when laparoscopic general surgery under general anesthesia was performed and their adverse outcomes. METHODS: All laparoscopic cholecystectomies and appendectomies performed at the emergency surgery department of a tertiary university hospital from 01. 01. 2016 to 12. 31. 2016 were included. Operation times were divided into three groups: 08.01-17.00 (G1: daytime), 17.01-23.00 (G2: early after-hours), and 23.01-08.00 (G3: nighttime). The files of the included patients were evaluated for intraoperative and postoperative surgery and anesthesia-related complications. RESULTS: We used multiple regression analyses of variance with the occurrence of intraoperative complications as a dependent variable and comorbidities, age, gender, body mass index (BMI), ASA score, and operation time group as independent variables. This revealed that nighttime operation (p<0.001; OR, 6.7; CI, 2.6-16.9) and older age (p=0.004; OR, 1.04; CI, 1.01-1.08) were the risk factor for intraoperative complications. The same analysis was performed for determining a risk factor for postoperative complications, and none of the dependent variables were found to be associated with the occurrence of postoperative complications. CONCLUSION: Nighttime surgery and older patient age increased the risk of intraoperative complications without serious morbidity or mortality, but no association was observed between the independent variables and the occurrence of postoperative complications.