The role of angiogenesis inhibitors associated with tyrosine kinase inhibitors in the first-line treatment for EGFR-mutated advanced lung cancer.

Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) are the standard treatment for epidermal growth factor receptor mutant (EGFRm) advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Combining TKIs with an angiogenesis inhibitor has shown promise in pre-clinical studies. A systematic search of clinical trials found that combining erlotinib (a first-generation TKI) with bevacizumab or ramucirumab (angiogenesis inhibitors) improved progression-free survival (PFS) in EGFRm advanced NSCLC patients compared to TKI alone. However, no significant benefit in overall survival (OS) was observed in trials. Similar efficacy was seen in patients with specific EGFR mutations. Third generation TKIs were used as second-line therapy for patients with the T790M mutation. The combination treatment was associated with a higher incidence of severe adverse events. Overall, combining erlotinib or another TKI with an angiogenesis inhibitor is a safe and effective alternative for first-line treatment in EGFRm advanced NSCLC, particularly in countries without access to osimertinib and for patients with the EGFR L858R mutation.

Prognostic factors in potentially resectable stage III non-small cell lung cancer receiving neoadjuvant treatment-a narrative review.

Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death in worldwide. The most important treatment for patients with stage I and II non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is surgery. Resected stage II and III NSCLC patients should be offered adjuvant chemotherapy and in patients with resected stage IB disease and with a primary tumor >4 cm this treatment could be considered. The treatment of resectable locally advanced NSCLC should be evaluated within an experienced multidisciplinary team. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy can be considered in patients with resectable disease and clear candidates for complementary chemotherapy. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy has similar impact on overall survival (OS) than adjuvant chemotherapy, however postoperative chemotherapy has more evidence-based support. Immunotherapy is being studied in early and locally advanced NSCLC as a neoadjuvant or adjuvant treatment. Different prognostic factors have been described in patients with stage III who have received neoadjuvant treatment, which we intend to review in this article.

Author Correction: Perceived match between own and observed models' bodies: influence of face, viewpoints, and body size.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

Perceived match between own and observed models' bodies: influence of face, viewpoints, and body size.

People are generally unable to accurately determine their own body measurements and to translate this knowledge to identifying a model/avatar that best represents their own body. This inability has not only been related to health problems (e.g. anorexia nervosa), but has important practical implications as well (e.g. online retail). Here we aimed to investigate the influence of three basic visual features-face presence, amount of viewpoints, and observed model size-on the perceived match between own and observed models' bodies and on attitudes towards these models. Models were real-life models (Experiment 1) or avatar models based on participants' own bodies (Experiment 2). Results in both experiments showed a strong effect of model size, irrespective of participants' own body measurements. When models were randomly presented one by one, participants gave significantly higher ratings to smaller- compared to bigger-sized models. The reverse was true, however, when participants observed and compared models freely, suggesting that the mode of presentation affected participants' judgments. Limited evidence was found for an effect of facial presence or amount of viewpoints. These results add evidence to research on visual features affecting the ability to match observed bodies with own body image, which has biological, clinical, and practical implications.

Anticuerpos anti-SARS-COV-2 en gestantes en un hospital nivel III de Perú / SARS-COVID-19 antibodies in pregnant women at a level III hospital in Peru / SARS-COVID-19 antibodies in pregnant women at a level III hospital in Peru

RESUMEN Introducción . La enfermedad de COVID-19 se propaga rápidamente. Se desconoce la seroprevalencia en mujeres embarazadas que ingresan a hospitalización y sus características propias en este tipo de población en Perú. Objetivo . Determinar la prevalencia y características clínico-epidemiológicas de gestantes con anticuerpos anti-SARS-CoV-2 en un hospital nivel III de Perú. Métodos . Estudio observacional de tipo transversal, realizado en el Instituto Nacional Materno Perinatal de Perú, entre el 15 de abril y 15 de mayo de 2020. Participaron todas las gestantes que ingresaron a hospitalización y fueron tamizadas para la infección por SARS-CoV-2 mediante pruebas serológicas, cuyos resultados fueron analizados conjuntamente con sus características clínicas y epidemiológicas, utilizando estadígrafos descriptivos e intervalos de confianza al 95%, y mediante la prueba de independencia de chi cuadrado con una significancia de 0,05. Resultados . Se tamizaron 2 419 embarazadas, identificando una prevalencia de 7,0% con resultados positivos a los anticuerpos anti-SARS-CoV-2 (IC95%: 6,1% a 8,1%). Se observó IgM en 10% (IC95%: 6,1% a 15,8%), IgM/IgG en 78,8% (IC95%: 71,8% a 84,6%), IgG en 11,2% (IC95%: 7% a 17,1%). El 89,4% de gestantes seropositivas fueron asintomáticas. Se observó como complicaciones obstétricas más frecuentes la rotura prematura de membranas (11,8%) y la preeclampsia (6,5%). No se halló asociación de las características clínico epidemiológicas y el tipo de respuesta serológica para el virus SARS-CoV-2 (p>0,05). Conclusiones . Las gestantes con ingreso hospitalario en el periodo estudiado presentaron prevalencia de anticuerpos anti-SARS-CoV-2 de 7,0%, siendo mayormente asintomáticas. No se evidenció asociación entre las características clínico-epidemiológicas analizadas y el tipo de respuesta de los anticuerpos anti- SARS-CoV-2.

ABSTRACT Introduction: COVID-19 disease spreads rapidly. Seroprevalence in pregnant women entering for hospitalization and clinical characteristics in this type of population in Peru is not known. Objective: To determine the prevalence and clinical-epidemiological characteristics of pregnant women with anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies at a level III hospital in Peru. Methods: Observational and cross-sectional study performed at the National Maternal Perinatal Institute of Peru. Pregnant women admitted for hospitalization were screened for COVID-19 infection. Results of anti-SARSCoV-2 serological tests and information on maternal and perinatal characteristics were obtained. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics and 95% confidence intervals. Results: In 2 419 pregnant women screened we identified a prevalence of 7.0% of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies (95% IC: 6.1% to 8.1%), including IgM in 10% (95% IC: 6.1% to 15.8%), IgM / IgG in 78.8% (95% IC: 71.8% to 84.6%), IgG in 11.2% (95% IC: 7.0% to 17.1%). 89.4% of the seropositive pregnant women were asymptomatic. Most frequent complications were premature rupture of membranes (11.8%) and preeclampsia (6.5%). No association was found between clinical and epidemiologic characteristics and type of serological response to SARS-CoV-2 (p > 0.05). Conclusions: Pregnant women had prevalence of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibodies of 7.0% on admission to the hospital; most of them were asymptomatic. There was no association between clinical-epidemiological characteristics analyzed and type of anti-SARS-CoV-2 antibody response.

Gene expression changes related to the production of phenolic compounds in potato tubers grown under drought stress.

Polyphenols represent a large family of plant secondary metabolites implicated in the prevention of various diseases such as cancers and cardiovascular diseases. The potato is a significant source of polyphenols in the human diet. In this study, we examined the expression of thirteen genes involved in the biosynthesis of polyphenols in potato tubers using real-time RT-PCR. A selection of five field grown native Andean cultivars, presenting contrasting polyphenol profiles, was used. Moreover, we investigated the expression of the genes after a drought exposure. We concluded that the diverse polyphenolic profiles are correlated to variations in gene expression profiles. The drought-induced variations of the gene expression was highly cultivar-specific. In the three anthocyanin-containing cultivars, gene expression was coordinated and reflected at the metabolite level supporting a hypothesis that regulation of gene expression plays an essential role in the potato polyphenol production. We proposed that the altered sucrose flux induced by the drought stress is partly responsible for the changes in gene expression. This study provides information on key polyphenol biosynthetic and regulatory genes, which could be useful in the development of potato varieties with enhanced health and nutritional benefits.

Modification of the health-promoting value of potato tubers field grown under drought stress: emphasis on dietary antioxidant and glycoalkaloid contents in five native andean cultivars (Solanum tuberosum L.).

The effects of drought stress on dietary antioxidant and glycoalkaloid contents in potato tubers were investigated using a selection of five native Andean cultivars. Both freshly harvested and 4 month-stored tubers were analyzed. Responses to drought stress were highly cultivar-specific. The antioxidant contents of the yellow tuber-bearing cultivars (Sipancachi and SS-2613) were weakly affected by the drought treatment, whereas the pigmented cultivars demonstrated highly cultivar-dependent variations. A drastic reduction of anthocyanins and other polyphenols was revealed in the red- (Sullu) and purple-fleshed (Guincho Negra) cultivars, whereas an increase was shown in the purple-skinned and yellow-fleshed cultivar (Huata Colorada). The hydrophilic antioxidant capacity (evaluated by Folin-Ciocalteu and H-oxygen radical absorbance capacity assays) was highly correlated with the polyphenol content and followed, therefore, the same behavior upon drought. Carotenoid contents, including beta-carotene, as well as vitamin E, tended to increase or remain stable following drought exposure, except for the cultivar Sullu, in which the level of these lipophilic antioxidants was decreased. Vitamin C contents were not affected by drought with the exception of Guincho Negra, in which the level was increased. These variations of health-promoting compounds were associated with increased or stable levels of the toxic glycoalkaloids, alpha-solanine and alpha-chaconine. Storage at 10 degrees C for 4 months tended to decrease the concentrations of all dietary antioxidants, except those of vitamin E. This storage also reduced the drought-induced variations observed in freshly harvested tubers. These results were discussed in terms of their implications for human diet and health as well as in plant stress defense mechanisms.

Capturing candidate drought tolerance traits in two native Andean potato clones by transcription profiling of field grown plants under water stress.

Candidate traits for drought tolerance were targeted by analyzing water stress responses in two moderately drought-tolerant native Andean potato clones, SA2563 and Sullu (Solanum tuberosum L. subsp, andigena (Juz, Bukasov) Hawkes) under field conditions. SA2563 exhibited increased root growth under drought, while Sullu retained a higher relative leaf water content. Gene expression profiling using the TIGR 10 K microarray revealed 1713 significantly differentially expressed genes, 186 of these genes were up-regulated in both clones. In addition to these commonly up-regulated genes, each clone induced a specific gene set in response to drought. Gene expression and metabolite analysis pinpointed candidate traits for drought tolerance present either in one or both of the clones under investigation. These traits included osmotic adjustment, changes in carbohydrate metabolism, membrane modifications, strengthening of cuticle and cell rescue mechanisms, such as detoxification of oxygen radicals and protein stabilization. Many of the up-regulated genes have been identified previously in laboratory studies on model plants using shock treatments, and the present study confirms the importance of these factors under field conditions.

Diseño del bobinado y pruebas de motores trifasicos de induccion jaulade ardilla

El presente trabajo tiene por finalidad proporcionar un metodo adecuado para la realizacion del diseño del bobinado de motores trifasicos de induccion jaula de ardilla, cuando se tiene que realizar el diseño para motores que sufran cambios de: velocidad, tension de alimentacion frecuencia o cuando no se disponga de datos del arrollamiento para la realizacion del bobinado. El metodo proporciona la herramienta de analisis teorico practico, considerando que estos trabajos se lo realizan unicamente por copia o comparacion, lo que frecuentemente trae: bajo rendimiento, disminucion del torque, de la potencia, perdidas de tiempo y dinero, especialmente si se considera daños a equipos que deben trabajar conjuntamente con los motores electricos.Esto sin tomar en cuenta que en nuestro medio, todos los trabajos de bobinado de maquinas rotativas no son sometidas a ningun tipo de pruebas que garanticen el funcionamiento optimo de estas. La eficiencia del metodo de diseño se determina a traves de ensayos, los cuales se pliacan a dos motores con las mismas caracteristicas constructivas, un motor con diseño de fabrica y el otro con el diseño propuesto. La aplicacion del metodo propuesto comienza realizando las consideraciones iniciales y de evaluacion de ejecucion del diseño, de ser factible el anterior analisis se asume la densidad de flujo en el diente de acuerdo a algunas caracteristicas del motor, como ser potencia y velocidad, con este valor se calcula la densidad de flujo magnetico en el entrehierro y en la culata, estos valores deben estar dentro del rango sugerido, posteriormente se considera la primera densidad de flujo calculada y con este se procede a la determinacion del flujo por polo, con el que se halla el numero de espiras por fase y luego por bobina.Seleccionado el conductor para la ejecucion del bobinado, se determina la posibilidad de insercion en la ranura. Para determinarla validez del metodo de diseño sera necesario conocer las caracteristicas esenciales de las maquinas electricas rotativas sometidas a analisis, es decir la de diseño de fabrica y la del diseño propuesto, para hacer una comparacion de sus caracteristicas de rendimiento, potencia de entrega, factor de potencia, variacion de temperatura.Estas, se las obtiene a traves de pruebas de laboratorio, que se enumeran a continuacion: prueba de medicion de resistencia, de carga, de vacio, rotor trabado, de calentamiento y de resistencia de aislacion. Una vez concluidas las pruebas y analisis de las caracteristicas de los motores en cuestion, se observa que las diferencias de las caracteristicas esenciales son minimas lo que favorece en la validez del metodo propuesto para el diseño del bobinado de motores trifasicos de induccion jaula de ardilla, garantizando la conservacion de la potencia que entrga el motor, el torque, el factor de potencia y el rendimiento en este tipo de maquinas electricas.

Opresión y aculturación: la evangelización de los aymaras

Contiene: I. Raices de la religión aymara: Conceto de Dios del hombre andino - Concepto del alma - La influencia aymara y la estructura religiosa del Tawantinsuyo - II. La evangelización del siglo XVI como medio de opresión: El cristianismo justifica la destrucción y dominación de los indígenas -Consecuencias porteriores - III. El reverso del protestantismo en el mundo aymara como un fenómeno de aculturación y división: ¿Evangelización o aculturación? - El protestantismo y la comunidad aymara.