Co-production of 155Tb and 152Tb irradiating 155Gd / 151Eu tandem target with a medium energy α-particle beam.

INTRODUCTION: Four terbium isotopes 149,152,155,161Tb emitting various types of radiation can be used for both diagnostics and therapy. 152Tb emits positrons and is ideal for PET. 155Tb is considered a promising Auger emitter and a diagnostic pair for other terbium therapeutic isotopes. Several methods for the production of 155Tb using charged particle accelerators have been proposed, but they all have significant limitations. The restricted availability of this isotope hinders its medical applications. We have proposed a new method for production of 155Tb, irradiating enriched 155Gd by alpha particles. The possibility of simultaneous production of two isotopes of terbium, 152,155Tb, was also studied for more efficient cyclotron beam use. METHODS: Irradiation of 155Gd enriched targets and 155Gd / 151Eu tandem target with alpha-particles with an energy of 54 MeV was carried out at the U-150 cyclotron at the NRC "Kurchatov Institute". The cross sections of nuclear reactions on enr-155Gd were measured by the stack foil technique, detecting the gamma-radiation of the activation products. The separation of rare earth elements was performed by extraction chromatography with the LN Resin. 155Tb was produced via 155Dy decay. RESULTS: The cross sections for the 155,156Tb and 155,157Dy production were measured by the irradiation of a gadolinium target enriched with the 155Gd isotope with alpha-particles in an energy range of 54 → 33 MeV. The yield of 155Dy on a thick target at 54 MeV was 130 MBq/µAh, which makes it possible to obtain 1 GBq of 155Tb in 11 hour-irradiation with 20 µA beam current. The possibility of simultaneous production of 152,155Tb by irradiation of 155Gd and 151Eu tandem target with medium-energy alpha-particles is implemented. Optimal irradiation energy ranges of alpha -particles as 54 → 42 MeV for 155Tb and 42 → 34 MeV for 152Tb were suggested. Product activity and radionuclidic purity were calculated.

Photonuclear production of medical radioisotopes 161Tb and 155Tb.

The production possibility of 161Tb and 155Tb by irradiating of natural dysprosium with gamma rays obtained by decelerating an electron beam with an energy of 55 MeV has been demonstrated experimentally. The yield of 161Tb was 14.4 × 103 Bq × µA-1 × h-1 × cm2 × gDy2O3-1. Simultaneously, upon irradiation, 155Dy is formed with the yield of 25 × 103 Bq × µA-1 × h-1 × cm2 × gDy2O3-1, which leads to the formation of 1.6 × 103 Bq × µA-1 × h-1 × cm2 × gDy2O3-1 of 155Tb. It has been shown that the isolation of terbium radioisotopes from tens of mg of dysprosium target can be achieved by extraction chromatography, and final separation yield was 39%. The impurity of 160Tb is 7.3% of the 161Tb activity at EOB.

New method for production of 155Tb via 155Dy by irradiation of natGd by medium energy alpha particles.

INTRODUCTION: 155Tb (T1/2 = 5.32 d) is considered both as a promising Auger electron emitter and as a diagnostic pair for other therapeutic terbium radionuclides. Despite several methods for its production proposed, it remains scarcely available. Most of the methods using low-energy protons and deuterons beams result in a high content of radionuclidic impurities. High purity 155Tb can be obtained using high-energy proton beams combined with online mass separation of products, but the method remains inaccessible to most potential consumers. We have proposed an indirect method for the production of 155Tb via formation of 155Dy (T1/2 = 9.9 h), which can be implemented using medium energy alpha particles beam. METHODS: Gadolinium oxide targets of natural isotopic composition were irradiated by 60 MeV alpha particles beam on a U-150 cyclotron of the National Research Center "Kurchatov Institute". The cross sections of nuclear reactions were measured by the stack foil technique, detecting the gamma radiation of the activation products. Gd, Tb, and Dy were separated by extraction chromatography using the LN Resin sorbent in nitric media. The isolated dysprosium fraction was stored for a day, and the formed 155Tb was isolated by the same method. RESULTS: The cross sections for the formation of 159Gd, 153-156Tb, and 155,157Dy under irradiation by alpha particles of a gadolinium target of natural isotopic composition in the energy range 20-60 MeV have been measured. The 155Dy yield on a thick target at 60 MeV was 35 MBq/µAh, which makes it possible to obtain 1 GBq 155Tb as a result of 12-hour irradiation with a beam current of 50 µA. Extraction chromatography on LN Resin sorbent in nitric enabled quick and efficient separation of Gd, Tb, and Dy. The radiochemical yield of Dy was 95%, for Tb > 95%. The main radionuclidic impurity is 153Tb (T1/2 = 2.34 d; <5.4% of 155Tb activity). CONCLUSIONS: The developed method allows the production of therapeutic amounts of 155Tb with acceptable radionuclidic purity without the need for isotopically enriched materials. The amount of 155Tb is sufficient for its use in Auger therapy, as well as for preclinical studies of the suitability of SPECT preparations in laboratory animals. Nevertheless, to obtain higher activities, a longer irradiation time and a higher projectile current are proposed. The 153Tb radionuclide present in the final preparation has a shorter half-life than the target radionuclide, and its hard γ-lines have a probability of emission of less than 1%, from which it can be concluded that the negative effect will not be significant. However, a product of this purity and type of contamination requires additional testing for toxicity in living organisms. The final sample also includes a certain amount of 157Tb (T1/2 = 71 a, the only γ-line 54.5 keV Iγ = 0.0084%), which will complicate the labeling conditions. Thus, more research is needed in the labeling area. It should be noted that the use of gadolinium enriched in the 155Gd or 156Gd nuclide as a target will help not only reduce the amount of impurities but also increase the yield of 155Tb.

Experimental study of α-particle induced reactions on natural erbium for the production of Auger-emitters 167Tm, 165Er and 169Yb.

The cross sections for nuclear reactions natEr(α,x) were measured in the energy range 60 â†’ 10 MeV using the stacked-foil technique. The experiments were carried out in a wider energy range in comparison with previous works. The results are consistent with other studies and modeling using TENDL-2019. The 167Tm yield was 5.4 MBq/µAh in the range 60 â†’ 30 MeV, and the main long-lived impurity is 168Tm (0.78% in terms of activity). The 165Tm yield is 4.6 MBq/µAh (60 â†’ 40 MeV). 169Yb is formed with a yield of 1.0 MBq/µAh in the energy range 60 â†’ 20 MeV.

Cross sections of 3He-particle induced reactions on 186W.

Irradiation of 186W targets by 3He particles was carried out. For the first time the cross sections for the reactions of production of 183, 184, 186, 188Re, 183, 185Os, 187W were measured by the stack foil technique in the 3He energy range of 15-45 MeV. The results were compared to the data from the TENDL-2019 library. Using the experimental excitation functions, the thick target yields of medically relevant rhenium radioisotopes were calculated.

Cross section measurements of 151Eu(3He,5n) reaction: new opportunities for medical alpha emitter 149Tb production.

Method for production of alpha emitter 149Tb by irradiation of 151Eu with 70 MeV 3He nuclei is proposed. For the first time, the cross sections for the formation of isotopes 149,150,151,152Tb were measured experimentally using a stack foil technique in the 3He particles energy range 70 → 12 MeV. The thick target yield of 149Tb is 39 MBq/µAh, or 230 MBq/µA 149Tb at saturation. The optimal energy range from the point of view of radioisotopic purity is 70 → 40 MeV. At these conditions about 150 MBq/µA 149Tb can be produced in 8 hours irradiation, which is sufficient for therapeutic applications. The main impurities are 150Tb (~100% in activity) and 151Tb (~30% in activity). The proposed method surpasses its counterparts by the high content of the target isotope in the natural mixture and the simplicity of the radiochemical separation of 149Tb from the bulk target material.

Z-Distance Based IF-THEN Rules.

Decision making, reasoning, and analysis in real-world problems are complicated by imperfect information. Real-world imperfect information is mainly characterized by two features. In view of this, Professor Zadeh suggested the concept of a Z-number as an ordered pair Z = (A, B) of fuzzy numbers A and B, the first of which is a linguistic value of a variable of interest, and the second one is a linguistic value of probability measure of the first one, playing a role of its reliability. The concept of distance is one of the important concepts for handling imperfect information in decision making and reasoning. In this paper, we, for the first time, apply the concept of distance of Z-numbers to the approximate reasoning with Z-number based IF-THEN rules. We provide an example on solving problem related to psychological issues naturally characterized by imperfect information, which shows applicability and validity of the suggested approach.

[Determination of specific weight of the pigmented, grey and thick hairs from head].

The hair of man is one of the complicated objects of investigation in forensic medicine expertise. The purpose of this research was to determine the significance of specific gravity of grey, pigmented, thin and thick hairs from head in identification of personality. The specific gravity and diameter of 10 grey, 10 pigmented and 10 thick and 10 thin hairs were investigated in seven men. The diameter of the hair plays a significant role in determination of the body area from which the hair may have arisen. The obtained data were statistically analyzed. The specific gravity fluctuations of grey hair in each of investigated persons was: 0,58-0,65; 1,81-1,92; 1,26-1,33; 0,86-0,92; 1,56-1,66; 2,25-2,34; 2,00-2,08 10(4) H/m(3). The specific gravity fluctuations of pigmented hair in each of seven persons was: 0,57-0,64; 1,80-1,92; 1,27-1,37; 0,87-0,93; 1,57-1,66; 2,26-2,34; 1,99-2,08 10(4) H/m(3). It was concluded that establishment of specific gravity of grey and pigmented hairs from head is vital for forensic medicine.

[Haloalkaliphilic actinomycetes in soils of Mongolian desert steppes].

The abundance of actinomycetes isolated from the soils of Mongolian desert steppes varies from several thousand to hundreds of thousands of CFU/g soil, depending on soil type and isolation medium. Eight actinomycete genera have been found in these soils: Streptomyces, Micromonospora, Saccharopolyspora, Actinomadura, Microtetraspora, Thermomonospora, Nocardia, and Dactylosporangium. The streptomycete complexes of brown desert-steppe and gray-brown desert alkaline soils include halophilic, alkaliphilic, and haloalkaliphilic species that grow most successfully on the media with a salt concentration of 5% and pH 8-9.

Investigation of H-bonds in 1,1-diphenylethanol by IR spectra measurements.

The parameters of stretching vibrations nu(OH) (frequencies and integral intensities) have been calculated from IR spectra of a large number of H-complexes of 1,1-diphenylethanol [(C(6)H(5))(2)C(CH(3))OH] with solvents of various proton accepting strength which were not regularly reported. The data has been used to estimate the formation enthalpies of H-complexes and the proton-donor action of the mentioned alcohol. Also, correlations between those spectral characteristics have been investigated. The H-bonds in 1,1-diphenylethanol (DPE) have been investigated depending on concentrations in CCl(4) and temperature by means of infrared (IR) absorption spectra measurements. It has been found that the hydrogen bonds of the crystalline DPE are formed in the manner of cyclic tetramer, while in solutions with the concentration 0.5 mol/l, cyclic dimers are formed, which in higher concentrations change into cyclic tetramers.

Determination of Np-237 by radiochemical neutron activation analysis combined with extraction chromatography.

A procedure for determination of 237Np, 238Pu, 239,240Pu and 241Pu in environmental samples is described. Neptunium-237 is determined using radiochemical neutron activation analysis with pre- and post-irradiation chemistry based on solvent extraction and extraction chromatography. 238Pu, 239,240Pu is determined using alpha spectrometry and 241Pu by liquid scintillation spectrometry. The vertical profiles of 237Np, 238Pu, 239,240Pu in bottom sediments from the Black Sea are presented.

[Medical insurance in the light of social informatics]. / Meditsinskoe strakhovanie v svete sotsial'noi informatiki.

Analyzes the experience gained in cooperative studies aimed at the development and introduction of automated data processing systems, carried out by the Institute of Informatics, Russian Academy of Sciences, and the Krasnodar Territorial Foundation for Obligatory Medical Insurance and its branches.