ABSTRACT
A series of mixed ligand, photoluminescent organometallic Ir(III) complexes have been synthesized to incorporate substituted 2-phenyl-1H-naphtho[2,3-d]imidazole cyclometalating ligands. The structures of three example complexes were categorically confirmed using X-ray crystallography each sharing very similar structural traits including evidence of interligand hydrogen bond contacts that account for the shielding effects observed in the 1H NMR spectra. The structural iterations of the cyclometalated ligand provide tuning of the principal electronic transitions that determine the visible absorption and emission properties of the complexes: emission can be tuned in the visible region between 550 and 610 nm and with triplet lifetimes up to 10 µs. The nature of the emitting state varies across the series of complexes, with different admixtures of ligand-centered and metal-to-ligand charge transfer triplet levels evident. Finally, the use of the complexes as photosensitizers in triplet-triplet annihilation energy upconversion (TTA-UC) was investigated in the solution state. The study showed that the complexes possessing the longest triplet lifetimes showed good viability as photosensitizers in TTA-UC. Therefore, the use of an electron-withdrawing group on the 2-phenyl-1H-naphtho[2,3-d]imidazole ligand framework can be used to rationally promote TTA-UC using this class of complex.
ABSTRACT
Enterococci and methicillin-resistant S. aureus (MRSA) are among the menacing bacterial pathogens. Novel antibiotics are urgently needed to tackle these antibiotic-resistant bacterial infections. This article reports the design, synthesis, and antimicrobial studies of 30 novel pyrazole derivatives. Most of the synthesized compounds are potent growth inhibitors of planktonic Gram-positive bacteria with minimum inhibitory concertation (MIC) values as low as 0.25 µg/mL. Further studies led to the discovery of several lead compounds, which are bactericidal and potent against MRSA persisters. Compounds 11, 28, and 29 are potent against S. aureus biofilms with minimum biofilm eradication concentration (MBEC) values as low as 1 µg/mL.
Subject(s)
Bacteria/growth & development , Drug Resistance, Bacterial/drug effects , Growth Inhibitors/chemical synthesis , Growth Inhibitors/pharmacology , Pyrazoles/chemical synthesis , Pyrazoles/pharmacology , Bacteria/drug effects , Biofilms/drug effects , Cell Death/drug effects , Enterococcus faecalis/drug effects , Enterococcus faecalis/physiology , Growth Inhibitors/chemistry , HEK293 Cells , Humans , Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects , Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/physiology , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Pyrazoles/chemistryABSTRACT
Nootkatone, an approved insecticide, is a well-known natural product from grapefruit. A series of fused-thiazole derivatives of nootkatone have been synthesized, and these new compounds were tested against several strains of bacteria. Some of these compounds are found to be potent antimicrobial agents against Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecium with minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values as low as 1.56â µg/mL. The lead compound is bactericidal and very potent against S.â aureus persisters. These compounds are nontoxic to human cancer cell lines at 10â µm concentration.
Subject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Enterococcus faecium/drug effects , Polycyclic Sesquiterpenes/pharmacology , Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects , Thiazoles/pharmacology , Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemical synthesis , Anti-Bacterial Agents/chemistry , Dose-Response Relationship, Drug , Humans , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Molecular Conformation , Polycyclic Sesquiterpenes/chemistry , Structure-Activity Relationship , Thiazoles/chemistryABSTRACT
In an effort to synthesize a library of bioactive molecules, we present an efficient synthesis of fused-thiazole derivatives of natural products and approved drugs by using an environmentally usable solvent, acetic acid, and without any external reagent. Cholestenone, ethisterone, progesterone, and nootkatone-derived epoxyketones have been utilized to synthesize 50 novel compounds. The plausible mechanism of the reaction has been determined by theoretical calculation using M06-2X/6-31+G(d,p). These novel molecules have been tested against cancer cell lines and pathogenic bacterial strains. Several ethisterone-based fused-thiazole compounds are found to be potent growth inhibitors of cancer cell lines at submicromolar concentrations.