Effect of ten different biomarkers in the gingival crevicular fluid of obese and non-obese undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of ten proinflammatory cytokines in GCF of participants with raised body mass index (BMI) compared to non-obese subjects undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In the cross-sectional cohort, subjects were shortlisted through the purposive sampling method with the same age and gender and similar characteristics (cohort). For inclusion and exclusion, predefined criteria were followed. In all included participants obese and non-obese collection of GCF was made from mandibular canine to canine. Identification of inflammatory mediators (MPO and CRP) leptin, adiponectin, and resistin (pg/mL). Bone remodeling biomarkers RANKL (pg/mL) and tissue remodeling biomarkers MMP8, MMP9, TIMP1, and MMP8/TIMP1, MMP9/TIMP1 ratio were collected and blinded by the investigator. Normal distribution of data i.e., age, BMI, the flow rate of GCF, indices plaque and gingival, and uWMS were compared using a t-test. Non-normality biomarker data were evaluated using Mann-Whitney U-test. To assess the relationship between the concentration of GCF biomarkers and plaque and gingival indices Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients were used. RESULTS: The total number of participants included was 44. In the obese and non-obese groups, the male/female ratio was the same i.e., (n=11 each). The mean age of participants in the obese group was (25.7±1.55 years), whereas the non-obese group was (26.1±1.29 years). In obese the mean BMI was (33.6±2.1 kg/m2) whereas in non-obese (22.9±1.9 kg/m2) (p<0.02). Among the levels of biomarkers adiponectin (p<0.006) and leptin (p<0.028) demonstrated a significant difference between obese and non-obese participants. Also, a significant difference was noted between obese and non-obese in tissue remodeling biomarker MMP9 (p<0.03). CONCLUSIONS: A surge in the level of the biomarkers, i.e., MMP9, leptin, and adiponectin in the gingival crevicular fluid is found in obese undergoing fixed orthodontic treatment.

Labial alveolar bone thickness and its correlation with buccolingual maxillary incisors angulation: a CBCT based study.

OBJECTIVE: Understanding the labial alveolar bone thickness (ABT) and buccolingual teeth angulation may reduce the complication that might arise during or post-operative treatment. The operator could determine the precise method to ensure long-term treatment success. This study aimed to evaluate the ABT with buccolingual upper incisor teeth angulation based on the maxillary plane by using the cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 371 CBCT radiographs were initially assessed and 100 CBCT radiographs were included. On the maxillary incisors, the labial alveolar bone thickness is evaluated at three points (Point A: Four mm below from CEJ, Point B: Midpoint from the labial alveolar-palatal alveolar crest plane and root apex. Point C: Root Apex of the tooth). The distance from these points to labial alveolar bone was measured for the ABT. Moreover, buccolingual angulation of the tooth was measured by the angle formed by the maxillary plane and the long axis of the tooth. RESULTS: There is no significant difference observed between genders in the labial alveolar bone thickness. The labial alveolar bone thickness grew gradually from the cementoenamel junction (CEJ) level to the apical level. Moreover, there was a statistically significant positive correlation observed between labial alveolar bone thickness at the apical level (Point C) and angulation (p<0.05). CONCLUSIONS: The labial bone thickness was less than 2 mm in the majority of cases at the three points among maxillary incisors. In addition, there is a correlation between buccolingual angulation of the maxillary incisors and labial alveolar bone thickness.

Comparative assessment of periodontal treatment needs among the electronic cigarette users and traditional smokers.

OBJECTIVE: It is currently presumptuous that electric cigarettes are less harmful than the conventional ones; this is increasing the consumption of electric cigarettes. Therefore, this study intended to evaluate the periodontal treatment needs among conventional smokers, electronic cigarette smokers and non-smokers. This cross-sectional designed study involved 150 patients with a mean age of 29.88±7.81 years. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Among all patients, 50 patients were recruited in each group. The periodontal condition and the treatment need for the patients were assessed using the community periodontal index treatment need (CPITN). Fisher exact test was used to find the significant association of all three groups with the periodontal status and the treatment need. Female patients (12.5%) showed better periodontal status than the male patients (87.5%) and required less complicated periodontal treatment independently from smoking type. RESULTS: Furthermore, deeper pocket depth ≥6 mm (75%) has been found among the conventional cigarette smokers whereas the majority of the electric cigarette smokers (50%) have calculus deposition. Thus, 50% of the electric smokers require professional scaling whereas 57.1% of conventional smokers prerequisite complex periodontal treatment. CONCLUSIONS: Besides, there was a significant difference (p≤0.05) observed among all groups in periodontal health index and treatment need. Conventional cigarette consumers need more complicated periodontal treatment compared to the patients who consume electric cigarettes.

Differences in hard and soft tissue profile after orthodontic treatment with and without extraction.

Aims and Background: Premolar extraction is often associated with variations in the soft tissue profile that lead to considerable improvements in the facial profile. This study compared the changes in the facial profile of hard and soft tissues and investigated possible differences in the various facial parameters between patients who were treated with and without premolar extraction. Materials and Methods: A total of 98 orthodontically treated patients were divided into two groups with an equal number of participants. Premolar extraction was performed in the test group only. A total of 33 landmarks were identified on each cephalometric radiograph. The intraclass correlation coefficient was calculated. We evaluated changes in measurements between pre- and post-treatment by performing the signed-rank test. We used the Kruskal-Wallis test to compare changes between the groups. Results: No significant differences were observed in the treatment outcomes of skeletal and soft tissue variables in class I and class II participants between the test and control groups (P > 0.01). However, significant differences were noted in the treatment outcomes of dental variables in class II participants between the groups. Dental variables did not show any significant difference in class III patients between the groups. Conclusion: This study showed that skeletal and soft tissue changes were similar in skeletal except for few dental parameters following orthodontic treatment with and without premolar extraction.

Low dose effect of bisphosphonates on hMSCs osteogenic response to titanium surface in vitro.

Since the 1980s, titanium (Ti) implants have been routinely used to replace missing teeth. This success is mainly due to the good biocompatibility of Ti and the phenomenon of osseointegration, with very early events at implant placement being important in determining good osseointegration. However, enhancing implant performance with coatings such as hydroxyapatite (HA) and calcium phosphate has proved largely unsuccessful. Human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are the first osteogenic cells to colonise implant surfaces and offer a target for enhancing osseointegration. We previously reported that small doses of bisphosphonate (BP) may play an integral role in enhancing hMSC proliferation and osteogenic differentiation. The aim of this study is to investigate whether small doses of bisphosphonates enhance proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of hMSCs on Ti surfaces, to enhance bone osseointegration and to accelerate wound healing around the implant surface. Our data suggests that treating cells with small doses of BP (100 nM & 10 nM) induces significant hMSC stimulation of osteogenic markers including calcium, collagen type I and ALP compared to control group on titanium surfaces (P < 0.05). In addition, cell proliferation and migration were significantly enhanced on titanium surfaces (P < 0.05).