ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: There is a substantial rise in the incidence of cancer in Saudi Arabia. Life style models and lack of awareness are the prime suspect in this substantial increase. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to assess the relationship between lifestyle and cancer in a population-based Survey in Northern Saudi Arabia. METHODOLOGY: This cross-sectional study was conducted in North Saudi Arabia (Hail Region). Data was collected as a part of a community based cancer's awareness movement that covered an area inhibited with approximately 500,000 individuals. RESULTS: In this study, about 2558/3227 (79.3%) and 641/794 (80.7%) believed that tobacco smoking and smokeless are not a risk of cancer development. In this study large section (87.2%) of the study population believe that exposure to diverse occupational or non-occupational chemicals has no role in cancer development. Furthermore, around 59% of the study subjects in the current study believed that repeated exposure to insecticidal chemicals doesn't influence the risk of cancer. CONCLUSION: The present study point to the urgent need for awareness educational programs and preventive measures towards may lifestyle factors that can increase or decrease the overall risk of cancer among Saudi population.
ABSTRACT
Context: Recessive mutations in TMEM38B cause type XIV osteogenesis imperfecta (OI) by dysregulating intracellular calcium flux. Objectives: Clinical and bone material phenotype description and osteoblast differentiation studies. Design and Setting: Natural history study in pediatric research centers. Patients: Eight patients with type XIV OI. Main Outcome Measures: Clinical examinations included bone mineral density, radiographs, echocardiography, and muscle biopsy. Bone biopsy samples (n = 3) were analyzed using histomorphometry, quantitative backscattered electron microscopy, and Raman microspectroscopy. Cellular differentiation studies were performed on proband and control osteoblasts and normal murine osteoclasts. Results: Type XIV OI clinical phenotype ranges from asymptomatic to severe. Previously unreported features include vertebral fractures, periosteal cloaking, coxa vara, and extraskeletal features (muscular hypotonia, cardiac abnormalities). Proband lumbar spine bone density z score was reduced [median -3.3 (range -4.77 to +0.1; n = 7)] and increased by +1.7 (1.17 to 3.0; n = 3) following bisphosphonate therapy. TMEM38B mutant bone has reduced trabecular bone volume, osteoblast, and particularly osteoclast numbers, with >80% reduction in bone resorption. Bone matrix mineralization is normal and nanoporosity low. We demonstrate a complex osteoblast differentiation defect with decreased expression of early markers and increased expression of late and mineralization-related markers. Predominance of trimeric intracellular cation channel type B over type A expression in murine osteoclasts supports an intrinsic osteoclast defect underlying low bone turnover. Conclusions: OI type XIV has a bone histology, matrix mineralization, and osteoblast differentiation pattern that is distinct from OI with collagen defects. Probands are responsive to bisphosphonates and some show muscular and cardiovascular features possibly related to intracellular calcium flux abnormalities.
Subject(s)
Coxa Vara/physiopathology , Ion Channels/genetics , Osteoblasts/physiology , Osteoclasts/physiology , Osteogenesis Imperfecta/physiopathology , Spinal Fractures/physiopathology , Adolescent , Adult , Animals , Bone Density , Calcium/metabolism , Cancellous Bone/diagnostic imaging , Cancellous Bone/pathology , Case-Control Studies , Cell Count , Cell Differentiation , Child , Child, Preschool , Coxa Vara/etiology , Echocardiography , Female , Gene Expression Profiling , Genotype , Heart Diseases/diagnostic imaging , Heart Diseases/etiology , Heart Diseases/physiopathology , Heterozygote , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Ion Channels/metabolism , Lumbar Vertebrae/diagnostic imaging , Male , Mice , Microscopy, Electron , Muscle Hypotonia/etiology , Muscle Hypotonia/physiopathology , Mutation , Organ Size , Osteoblasts/cytology , Osteoclasts/cytology , Osteogenesis Imperfecta/complications , Osteogenesis Imperfecta/diagnostic imaging , Osteogenesis Imperfecta/genetics , Phenotype , Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction , Severity of Illness Index , Spectrum Analysis, Raman , Spinal Fractures/etiology , Young AdultABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: Foetal akinesia deformation sequence syndrome (FADS) is a genetically heterogeneous disorder characterised by the combination of foetal akinesia and developmental defects which may include pterygia (joint webbing). Traditionally multiple pterygium syndrome (MPS) has been divided into two forms: prenatally lethal (LMPS) and non-lethal Escobar type (EVMPS) types. Interestingly, FADS, LMPS and EVMPS may be allelic e.g. each of these phenotypes may result from mutations in the foetal acetylcholine receptor gamma subunit gene (CHRNG). Many cases of FADS and MPS do not have a mutation in a known FADS/MPS gene and we undertook molecular genetic studies to identify novel causes of these phenotypes. RESULTS: After mapping a novel locus for FADS/LMPS to chromosome 19, we identified a homozygous null mutation in the RYR1 gene in a consanguineous kindred with recurrent LMPS pregnancies. Resequencing of RYR1 in a cohort of 66 unrelated probands with FADS/LMPS/EVMPS (36 with FADS/LMPS and 30 with EVMPS) revealed two additional homozygous mutations (in frame deletions). The overall frequency of RYR1 mutations in probands with FADS/LMPS was 8.3%. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings report, for the first time, a homozygous RYR1 null mutation and expand the range of RYR1-related phenotypes to include early lethal FADS/LMPS. We suggest that RYR1 mutation analysis should be performed in cases of severe FADS/LMPS even in the absence of specific histopathological indicators of RYR1-related disease.