ABSTRACT
Keratoconus (KC) is a noninflammatory cornea disease leading to progressive thinning, causing it to change from its normal dome shape to a cone shape. One of the novel treatments of KC is corneal collagen cross-linking (CXL). Due to its importance, many studies have been conducted to compare corneal cross-linking protocols; this review article aims to discuss corneal cross-linking and compare its different treatment options, including Dresden, accelerated, and customized protocols in patients with progressive KC and their respective long-term outcomes. A search was performed in PubMed and Google Scholar with no language, dates, or study type restriction. Most of the results showed almost no difference between protocols over traditional cross-linking. However, published data are limited, long-term outcomes of novel age groups remain unclear, and further studies are needed.
ABSTRACT
Scleroderma is a family of systemic and local diseases that tighten and harden the skin and other connective tissues. Local scleroderma (i.e., morphea) typically involves the skin and underlying tissue causing progressive functional and cosmetic disturbances. While the etiology of scleroderma is unknown, it is correlated with autoimmune dysfunction. Linear morphea is a disorder that primarily affects children. This report describes the case of a nine-year-old girl with skin eruptions in the forehead, near the left eye, and in the anterior neck in addition to an underlying focal hemispheric frontal brain atrophy. There is no evidence of neurological deficits in this case. Linear morphea can lead to brain atrophy, causing several neurological dysfunctions such as seizures and cognitive impairment. Follow-up monitoring is critical, and also early recognition of new symptoms for optimal patient outcomes.
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION: This study's purpose is to describe the performance of healthy community dwelling Saudi Arabians on fluency tasks and explore the effects of age, sex and education. METHODS: Arabic-speaking Saudi Arabians > 18 were chosen through convenience sampling. Included were healthy community members whose first language is Arabic. Excluded were anyone with a past history of psychiatric or central neurological diseases, or who was taking medications that affect the central nervous system. Information regarding the variables sex, age, and education was collected. Participants were required to name as many words as they could that started with the letters Ain (ع), Sheen (Ø´), and Qaf (Ù) (letter task), and words that belonged to the categories "countries," "boy names," "girl names," and "four-legged animals" (categorical task). Mean scores were derived for the three letters (ASQ) and four categories (TC). Descriptive statistics, percentile curves, and quantile regressions (0.05, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, and 0.95) were conducted to determine performance range. RESULTS: The study included 301 participants, comprising 162 (53.47%) females. The M(SD) for age was 46.74 (16) and for years of education 14 (4.78). The M(SD) for ASQ was 26.26 (10.01), and for TC, 81.56 (20.77). Percentile curves demonstrated an initial increase, followed by a decrease, in performance with increasing age on letter and categorical fluency tasks. Performance scores showed an increase of 1 to 1.5 and 2 to 3.5 words in the letter and categorical tasks, respectively, for each additional year of education across the quantiles (both with p < 0.0001). Males scored higher in the 0.05 and 0.95 quantiles of the letter fluency task only. CONCLUSION: We demonstrated a range of normative performance from a Saudi Arabian community, with varying age and education levels. The assessment demonstrated the importance of education as a major variable linearly associated with performance, influencing both tasks.
