ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Community-acquired infection caused by extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing microorganisms has an increasing frequency. AIM: The aim of this study was to determine the fecal carriage of ESBL and AmpC beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in community and to investigate cefotaxime-M (CTX-M) genes among ESBL isolates. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 1402 fecal specimens which were collected from outpatients included in the study. ESBL screening, ESBL production, and AmpC beta-lactamase detection were performed. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) was used for identification of species. Antibiotic susceptibilities of the isolates were detected by disk diffusion method. CTX-M beta-lactamase genes were investigated by polymerase chain reaction. RESULTS: During the study period, a total of 1402 fecal samples were analysed with ESBL screening test and 490 Enterobacteriaceae strains isolated from these samples (Escherichia coli [n = 461, 94.1%], Klebsiella pneumoniae [n = 25, 5.1%], and Enterobacter cloacae [n = 4, 0.8%]). Fecal carriage of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae in the community was 34.3%. AmpC beta-lactamases were detected in 26 (5.3%), and the frequency of CTX-M was found as 96.9%. The resistance rates of the E. coli strains to fluoroquinolones, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, and carbapenems were 31.2%, 33.3%, and 0%, respectively. CONCLUSION: The relative high prevalence of fecal carriage of ESBL-producing bacteria in community warrants further study in this field including developing policies about antimicrobial use and close monitoring of resistance patterns.
Subject(s)
Bacterial Proteins/biosynthesis , Carrier State/epidemiology , Carrier State/microbiology , Enterobacteriaceae/enzymology , Enterobacteriaceae/isolation & purification , Feces/microbiology , beta-Lactamases/biosynthesis , Adult , Aged , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Bacterial Proteins/analysis , Enterobacter cloacae/enzymology , Enterobacter cloacae/genetics , Enterobacter cloacae/isolation & purification , Enterobacteriaceae/genetics , Escherichia coli/drug effects , Escherichia coli/enzymology , Escherichia coli/isolation & purification , Escherichia coli Proteins/genetics , Feces/enzymology , Humans , Klebsiella pneumoniae/enzymology , Klebsiella pneumoniae/genetics , Klebsiella pneumoniae/isolation & purification , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Middle Aged , Prevalence , Turkey/epidemiology , Young Adult , beta-Lactamases/analysis , beta-Lactamases/geneticsABSTRACT
The authors surveyed dentists in Istanbul, Turkey to determine the modes they were using to access current professional information. A questionnaire was sent to 379 privately practicing dentists. The response rate was 35 percent. Privately practicing dentists frequently preferred to use traditional methods, such as discussions with colleagues, textbooks, and the brochures of products, to obtain information. Textbooks were found to be the most helpful information retrieval method. The lack of time after work and the difficulties in traffic in Istanbul were cited as the leading barriers to accessing information. We conclude that Turkish dentists in private practice need to improve their computer literacy skills in order to benefit from the generous opportunities that technology offers them and also to overcome the problem of professional isolation in their lives.
Subject(s)
Dentists/psychology , Education, Dental, Continuing/methods , Adult , Advertising , Computer Literacy , Humans , Internet/statistics & numerical data , Interprofessional Relations , Surveys and Questionnaires , Textbooks as Topic , TurkeyABSTRACT
The histone localization, template activity of chromatin and epinephrine fluorescence in L. Coeruleus (LC) neurons of normal a. guanethidine sympathectomized (GS) rats (15 mg/kg during 3, 8 or 14 days after birth) were studied. The absence of chromatin rearrangements connected with genome reprogramming under sympathectomy was documented by the fact that maximal doses of guanethidine gives no changes in ammoniacal silver staining pattern. However GS caused the decrease in nuclear and extranuclear template activity and in epinephrine fluorescence proportionally with GS. It is obvious that LC cells tend to form discrete classes according to their transcription levels.