ABSTRACT
IMPORTANCE: Antimicrobial sensitivity data are important to guide antimicrobial therapy. In microbiological laboratories, routine sensitivity measurements are typically performed with automated testing systems such as VITEK2 and Phoenix. Using data from the Dutch national surveillance system for antimicrobial resistance over a 6-year period, we found that the measured minimum inhibitory concentrations for aminoglycosides in Enterobacterales and non-fermenters were too high for the Phoenix system. In addition, we observed a yearly increase in resistance for several species measured by Phoenix. These findings might have consequences for clinical treatment of patients with sepsis.
Subject(s)
Aminoglycosides , Gammaproteobacteria , Humans , Aminoglycosides/pharmacology , Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Gram-Negative Bacteria , LaboratoriesSubject(s)
Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology , Carbapenems/pharmacology , Cephalosporins/pharmacology , Registries/statistics & numerical data , Streptococcus mitis/drug effects , Streptococcus oralis/drug effects , beta-Lactam Resistance , Humans , Microbial Sensitivity Tests , Netherlands/epidemiology , Prevalence , Streptococcal Infections/epidemiology , Streptococcal Infections/microbiology , Streptococcus mitis/isolation & purification , Streptococcus oralis/isolation & purificationABSTRACT
BACKGROUND AND AIM: The aim of the present study was to investigate the association of plant and animal protein intake with 5-year changes in blood pressure (BP) level. METHODS AND RESULTS: Analyses were based on 702 observations of 272 men participating in the Zutphen Elderly Study. Men did not use antihypertensive medication and were initially free of cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus and cancer. Physical and dietary examinations were performed in 1985, 1990, 1995, and 2000. Diet was assessed using the cross-check dietary history method. Men were categorised into tertiles according to their plant and animal protein intake. BP was measured twice at each examination. The associations of plant and animal protein intake with 5-year changes in BP level were investigated by a random intercept model with first-order autoregressive (AR [1]) serial correlation and a nugget effect. Adjustments were made for age, examination year, BMI, socioeconomic status, smoking, physical activity, prescribed diet, alcohol consumption and intake of energy and nutrients. In 1985, men were 70.1 ± 4.6 years old and had a mean BP of 147/84 mmHg. Mean protein intake was 15 en%, of which one-third consisted of plant protein. The higher-intake tertiles of plant protein intake were associated with a mean 5-year change of -2.9 mmHg (95% CI: -5.6, -0.2) systolic and -1.7 mmHg (95% CI: -3.2, -0.2) diastolic, compared with the lowest-intake tertile. No associations were observed for animal protein intake. CONCLUSION: Intake of plant protein, but not animal protein, was inversely associated with 5-year changes in BP level in elderly men.
Subject(s)
Blood Pressure/drug effects , Diet , Dietary Proteins/administration & dosage , Plant Proteins, Dietary/administration & dosage , Aged , Animals , Body Mass Index , Cohort Studies , Follow-Up Studies , Humans , Male , Meat , Motor Activity , Netherlands , Nutrition Assessment , Risk Factors , Socioeconomic Factors , Surveys and QuestionnairesABSTRACT
There is growing evidence from epidemiological studies that dietary protein may beneficially influence blood pressure (BP), but findings are inconclusive. We performed a meta-analysis of 29 observational studies and randomized controlled trials (RCTs) of dietary protein and types of protein in relation to BP or incident hypertension, published until January 2012. The analysis included eight cross-sectional studies (n=48 985), four prospective studies (n=11 761) and 17 RCTs (n=1449). A modest inverse association between total protein intake and BP (-0.20 mm Hg systolic (95% CI: -0.39, -0.01) per 25 g (â¼1 s.d.)) was found in cross-sectional studies, but not in prospective studies (relative risk of 0.99 (95% CI: 0.96, 1.02)). For RCTs that used carbohydrate as a control treatment, the pooled BP effect was -2.11 mm Hg systolic (95% CI: -2.86, -1.37) for a weighed mean contrast in protein intake of 41 g per day. A non-significant inverse association of -0.52 mm Hg systolic (95% CI: -1.10, +0.05) per 11 g (â¼1 s.d.) was found for plant protein in cross-sectional studies, whereas animal protein was not associated with BP. In prospective studies and RCTs, however, the associations of plant protein and animal protein with BP were broadly similar. These findings suggest that increasing the intake of protein at the expense of carbohydrates may have a beneficial effect on BP. The BP effect of specific types of protein remains to be established.
