ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Research with adults suggests that anxiety is associated with poor control of executive attention. However, in children, it is unclear (a) whether anxiety disorders and non-clinical anxiety are associated with deficits in executive attention, (b) whether such deficits are specific to anxiety versus other psychiatric disorders, and (c) whether there is heterogeneity among anxiety disorders (in particular, specific phobia versus other anxiety disorders). METHOD: We examined executive attention in 860 children classified into three groups: anxiety disorders (n = 67), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD; n = 67) and no psychiatric disorder (n = 726). Anxiety disorders were subdivided into: anxiety disorders excluding specific phobia (n = 43) and specific phobia (n = 21). The Attention Network Task was used to assess executive attention, alerting and orienting. RESULTS: Findings indicated heterogeneity among anxiety disorders, as children with anxiety disorders (excluding specific phobia) showed impaired executive attention, compared with disorder-free children, whereas children with specific phobia showed no executive attention deficit. Among disorder-free children, executive attention was less efficient in those with high, relative to low, levels of anxiety. There were no anxiety-related deficits in orienting or alerting. Children with ADHD not only had poorer executive attention than disorder-free children, but also higher orienting scores, less accurate responses and more variable response times. CONCLUSIONS: Impaired executive attention in children (reflected by difficulty inhibiting processing of task-irrelevant information) was not fully explained by general psychopathology, but instead showed specific associations with anxiety disorders (other than specific phobia) and ADHD, as well as with high levels of anxiety symptoms in disorder-free children.
Subject(s)
Anxiety Disorders/psychology , Anxiety/psychology , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/psychology , Attention , Child Behavior/physiology , Executive Function , Analysis of Variance , Anxiety Disorders/diagnosis , Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity/diagnosis , Brazil , Child , Child Behavior/psychology , Female , Humans , Interview, Psychological , Male , Psychology, ChildABSTRACT
Este estudo avaliou a estabilidade e as mudanças nas práticas de socialização maternas, nos problemas externalizantes e o impacto das práticas, aos 18 e 36 sobre os problemas externalizantes aos 36 e 48 meses da criança. Participaram do estudo 22 mães que responderam a uma entrevista sobre práticas e ao CBCL. Verificou-se um aumento de práticas coercitivas dos 18 para os 36 meses e uma redução nos problemas externalizantes dos 36 para os 48 meses. As punições verbais e físicas estiveram positivamente correlacionadas aos problemas externalizantes, enquanto explicações e negociações estiveram negativamente correlacionadas a essas queixas. Discute-se a influência do desenvolvimento da linguagem da criança sobre as práticas de socialização maternas, e a influência dessas práticas sobre os problemas externalizantes (AU)
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adult , Child Development , Maternal Behavior/psychology , Social BehaviorABSTRACT
Este estudo avaliou a estabilidade e as mudanças nas práticas de socialização maternas, nos problemas externalizantes e o impacto das práticas, aos 18 e 36 sobre os problemas externalizantes aos 36 e 48 meses da criança. Participaram do estudo 22 mães que responderam a uma entrevista sobre práticas e ao CBCL. Verificou-se um aumento de práticas coercitivas dos 18 para os 36 meses e uma redução nos problemas externalizantes dos 36 para os 48 meses. As punições verbais e físicas estiveram positivamente correlacionadas aos problemas externalizantes, enquanto explicações e negociações estiveram negativamente correlacionadas a essas queixas. Discute-se a influência do desenvolvimento da linguagem da criança sobre as práticas de socialização maternas, e a influência dessas práticas sobre os problemas externalizantes
This study evaluated stability and changes in maternal socialization practices, in externalizing behaviors and the impact of maternal practices at 18 and 36 on externalizing behaviors at 36 and 48 months of child. Participants in the study were 22 mothers who answered an interview about practices and the CBCL. It was founded an increase of coercive practices from 18 to 36 months and a reduction in total externalizing behaviors from 36 to 48 months. Verbal and physical punishments were positively correlated with externalizing behaviors, while explanations and negotiations were negatively correlated to those complaints. The influence of language development in children on the maternal socialization practices, and the influence of these practices on externalizing problems are discussed
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adult , Maternal Behavior/psychology , Social Behavior , Child DevelopmentABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Both inhibitory-based executive functioning (IB-EF) and basic information processing (BIP) deficits are found in clinic-referred attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) samples. However, it remains to be determined whether: (1) such deficits occur in non-referred samples of ADHD; (2) they are specific to ADHD; (3) the co-morbidity between ADHD and oppositional defiant disorder/conduct disorder (ODD/CD) has additive or interactive effects; and (4) IB-EF deficits are primary in ADHD or are due to BIP deficits. METHOD: We assessed 704 subjects (age 6-12 years) from a non-referred sample using the Development and Well-Being Assessment (DAWBA) and classified them into five groups: typical developing controls (TDC; n = 378), Fear disorders (n = 90), Distress disorders (n = 57), ADHD (n = 100), ODD/CD (n = 40) and ADHD+ODD/CD (n = 39). We evaluated neurocognitive performance with a Two-Choice Reaction Time Task (2C-RT), a Conflict Control Task (CCT) and a Go/No-Go (GNG) task. We used a diffusion model (DM) to decompose BIP into processing efficiency, speed-accuracy trade-off and encoding/motor function along with variability parameters. RESULTS: Poorer processing efficiency was found to be specific to ADHD. Faster encoding/motor function differentiated ADHD from TDC and from fear/distress whereas a more cautious (not impulsive) response style differentiated ADHD from both TDC and ODD/CD. The co-morbidity between ADHD and ODD/CD reflected only additive effects. All ADHD-related IB-EF classical effects were fully moderated by deficits in BIP. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings challenge the IB-EF hypothesis for ADHD and underscore the importance of processing efficiency as the key specific mechanism for ADHD pathophysiology.
Subject(s)
Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders/psychology , Executive Function/physiology , Inhibition, Psychological , Mental Processes/physiology , Models, Statistical , Analysis of Variance , Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders/diagnosis , Attention Deficit and Disruptive Behavior Disorders/epidemiology , Case-Control Studies , Child , Comorbidity , Diagnosis, Differential , Fear/psychology , Female , Humans , Interview, Psychological , Male , Neuropsychological Tests/statistics & numerical data , Reaction Time/physiology , Stress, Psychological/psychologyABSTRACT
This study investigated the consequences of intrauterine protein restriction on the gastrointestinal tract and particularly on the gene expression and activity of intestinal disaccharidases in the adult offspring. Wistar rat dams were fed isocaloric diets containing 6% protein (restricted, n = 8) or 17% protein (control, n = 8) throughout gestation. Male offspring (n = 5-8 in each group) were evaluated at 3 or 16 weeks of age. Maternal protein restriction during pregnancy produced offspring with growth restriction from birth (5.7 ± 0.1 vs 6.3 ± 0.1â g; mean ± SE) to weaning (42.4 ± 1.3 vs 49.1 ± 1.6â g), although at 16 weeks of age their body weight was similar to control (421.7 ± 8.9 and 428.5 ± 8.5â g). Maternal protein restriction also increased lactase activity in the proximal (0.23 ± 0.02 vs 0.15 ± 0.02), medial (0.30 ± 0.06 vs 0.14 ± 0.01) and distal (0.43 ± 0.07 vs 0.07 ± 0.02 U·g-1·min-1) small intestine, and mRNA lactase abundance in the proximal intestine (7.96 ± 1.11 vs 2.38 ± 0.47 relative units) of 3-week-old offspring rats. In addition, maternal protein restriction increased sucrase activity (1.20 ± 0.02 vs 0.91 ± 0.02 U·g-1·min-1) and sucrase mRNA abundance (4.48 ± 0.51 vs 1.95 ± 0.17 relative units) in the duodenum of 16-week-old rats. In conclusion, the present study shows for the first time that intrauterine protein restriction affects gene expression of intestinal enzymes in offspring.
Subject(s)
Diet, Protein-Restricted , Disaccharidases/metabolism , Gene Expression Regulation/physiology , Intestine, Small/enzymology , Adaptation, Physiological , Animals , Animals, Newborn , Disaccharidases/analysis , Female , Pregnancy , Rats, Wistar , Real-Time Polymerase Chain ReactionABSTRACT
This study investigated the consequences of intrauterine protein restriction on the gastrointestinal tract and particularly on the gene expression and activity of intestinal disaccharidases in the adult offspring. Wistar rat dams were fed isocaloric diets containing 6% protein (restricted, n = 8) or 17% protein (control, n = 8) throughout gestation. Male offspring (n = 5-8 in each group) were evaluated at 3 or 16 weeks of age. Maternal protein restriction during pregnancy produced offspring with growth restriction from birth (5.7 ± 0.1 vs 6.3 ± 0.1 g; mean ± SE) to weaning (42.4 ± 1.3 vs 49.1 ± 1.6 g), although at 16 weeks of age their body weight was similar to control (421.7 ± 8.9 and 428.5 ± 8.5 g). Maternal protein restriction also increased lactase activity in the proximal (0.23 ± 0.02 vs 0.15 ± 0.02), medial (0.30 ± 0.06 vs 0.14 ± 0.01) and distal (0.43 ± 0.07 vs 0.07 ± 0.02 U·g-1·min-1) small intestine, and mRNA lactase abundance in the proximal intestine (7.96 ± 1.11 vs 2.38 ± 0.47 relative units) of 3-week-old offspring rats. In addition, maternal protein restriction increased sucrase activity (1.20 ± 0.02 vs 0.91 ± 0.02 U·g-1·min-1) and sucrase mRNA abundance (4.48 ± 0.51 vs 1.95 ± 0.17 relative units) in the duodenum of 16-week-old rats. In conclusion, the present study shows for the first time that intrauterine protein restriction affects gene expression of intestinal enzymes in offspring.
Subject(s)
Animals , Female , Pregnancy , Diet, Protein-Restricted , Disaccharidases/metabolism , Gene Expression Regulation/physiology , Intestine, Small/enzymology , Adaptation, Physiological , Animals, Newborn , Disaccharidases/analysis , Rats, Wistar , Real-Time Polymerase Chain ReactionABSTRACT
Recent studies suggest that there is a relationship between rheumatic fever (RF) and some neuropsychiatric disorders. Thus, it has been thought that autoimmune mechanisms might be related to the etiology of these neuropsychiatric disorders. It has also been demonstrated that a B cell alloantigen associated to RF is also abnormally overexpressed in patients with such neuropsychiatric disorders. This alloantigen is recognised by a monoclonal antibody known as D8/17. The aim of this article is to introduce the recent work done about D8/17 and its possible implications to the study of neuropsychiatric disorders related or not to RF.
Subject(s)
Isoantigens/analysis , Isoantigens/immunology , Mental Disorders/immunology , Rheumatic Fever/immunology , Antibodies, Monoclonal/blood , Biomarkers/analysis , Chorea/immunology , Genetic Predisposition to Disease , Humans , Mental Disorders/complications , Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder/immunology , Rheumatic Fever/complications , Tourette Syndrome/immunologyABSTRACT
Este trabalho teve por finalidade estudar a ocorrencia de pacientes queimados internados no Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina de Ribeirao Preto da Universidade de Sao Paulo. Foram estudados 149 casos de queimaduras entre os anos de 1972 e 1981. Os resultados evidenciam que uma em cada tres pessoas que se queimaram tinha menos de dez anos de idade, sendo os meninos mais atingidos que as meninas. Nas quatro decadas seguintes foram mais frequentes as queimaduras por liquidos quentes. A maioria dos pacientes chega apos as primeiras 48 horas do acidente e o periodo de internacao e, via de regra, longo