The Role of Social Work for Emergency Medical Services (EMS): A Systematic Review.

INTRODUCTION: Emergency Medical Services (EMS) are integrated services involving doctors, paramedics, nurses, and social workers. This research was carried out to synthesize the evidence concerning social work roles for EMS. The aim of this study was to synthesize literature on the social worker's role in EMS settings. METHODS: The study was a systematic review. Data were collected through selected databases. The researcher used Scopus, Sociology Database, Social Science Database, and Public Health Database related to EMS and social work settings. English papers were selected, without restrictions on publication time, place, and year. The searched keywords were: "Social Work AND Emergency Medical Services AND Ambulance Services," "Social Worker AND Emergency Medical Systems AND Ambulance Services," "Social Work AND EMS," "Social Worker AND EMS," "Social Work OR Social Worker," "Social Work Role AND EMS," Social Worker AND EMS," "Emergency Medical Services OR/AND Emergency Medical Systems." RESULTS: The study synthesized the literature about the social work role in pre-EMS, during emergency, and post-EMS. The following themes were highlighted: social workers act as cultural liaisons, effective communicators, emergency workers, and mental health practitioners, collaborating with other disciplines and researchers, for this study. In pre-emergency stages, social workers have roles as educators, communicators, advocates, and awareness builders. During an emergency, social workers act as search and rescue workers, advocates, facilitators, networkers, psychosocial assessors, consultants, counselors, and liaisons for referral activities. And in the post-emergency period, social workers have roles as planners, liaisons, interdisciplinary collaborators, researchers, evaluators, and individuals responsible for follow up. CONCLUSION: This study synthesizes the roles of social workers in EMS settings. It is the first study on this topic, aiming to produce new knowledge, evidence, and an EMS practice framework for the social worker.

Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on the Profile of Patients in SAMU-Asturias EMS (Spain): A Two-Year Retrospective Analysis of Advanced Life Support Unit Data.

INTRODUCTION: The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic had important consequences on the health system. Emergency Medical Services (EMS) were a key element in the response and were forced to modify their daily procedures. The main objective of this study was to find out if there were differences in response times and in the profile of patients treated by the Advanced Life Support (ALS) units of Servicio de Asistencia Médica Urgente (SAMU)-Asturias, the EMS of the Principality of Asturias, between the pre-pandemic period and the pandemic period. METHODOLOGY: This was a descriptive, cross-sectional, observational, and retrospective study that included all patients treated by SAMU-Asturias ALS from January 1, 2019 through December 31, 2020. RESULTS: The pandemic has had an impact on daily activity of SAMU-Asturias, with a 9.2% decrease in daily ALS services during the pandemic, longer prehospital times during the pandemic period (mean = 54'35"; SD = 0'48"; P = 0.00) mainly due to an increase in scene time (mean = 28'01"; SD = 12'57"; P = 0.00), and a slight increase in the average age of patients during the pandemic in relation to the pre-pandemic period. No differences were found between the types of incidents for ALS or between the resolution of the patients. CONCLUSIONS: The COVID-19 pandemic mainly affects prehospital times in an emergency service, with no differences being observed in types of incidents; in EMS future pandemic planning, this should be taken into consideration.

Sensory analysis of formulations containing whey protein to individuals undergoing bariatric and metabolic surgery.

BACKGROUND: Individuals undergoing bariatric surgery often have inadequate protein intake, which can cause loss of lean body mass, low level of physical activity and sarcopenia. The whey protein supplement is the most suitable in this situation, however there is a low adherence to long-term use due to the palatability and monotony of the recipes. The aim this study was to analyze the acceptability of recipes containing whey-based protein supplements in individuals undergoing bariatric and metabolic surgery. METHODS: An on-demand sampling was performed, through a prospective, experimental study, with individuals undergoing bariatric surgery, treated by a multidisciplinary team, in a clinic located in São Paulo, Brazil. The study excluded: individuals with possible changes in taste during the sensory testing period. The study was divided into selection of recipes containing whey proteins, recruitment of tasters, sensory and chemical analysis of the recipes. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 40 tasters, adults, and elderly, who underwent bariatric and metabolic surgery, with a median of eight years of surgery, who had previously consumed a supplement. These individuals were subjected to sensory analysis of six recipes with fresh and minimally processed foods, plus protein supplement. All recipes had food acceptance above 78% and the chemical analysis of the recipes showed an average of 13 g of protein per serving. CONCLUSION: There was favorable acceptance of recipes with whey proteins, which places them as good dietary alternatives for the prevention of sarcopenia and weight relapse in individuals undergoing bariatric and metabolic surgery.

Vitamin D deficiency in bedridden elderly people at home.

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate serum 25(OH)D concentrations in the homebound elderly people and relate them to level of dementia, nutritional risk, and route of dietary administration. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study involving 207 bedridden elderly people assisted by the Home Care Service in the city of Santo André - SP, from June to December 2016. The following factors were evaluated: dietary intake of vitamin D, arm circumference, triceps skin fold thickness, calf circumference, nutritional risk by Mini-Nutritional Assessment, level of dementia by the adapted Clinical Dementia Rating questionnaire, and laboratory tests such as serum concentrations of 25(OH)D, ultrasensitive C-reactive protein, alkaline phosphatase, serum calcium, and parathormone. RESULTS: The mean age of the elderly people was 81.6 (9.2) years. Deficiency of 25(OH)D was observed in 76.3% of the elderly people. There was an inverse correlation between serum concentrations of 25(OH)D: parathormone (r=-0.418, p<0.001) and alkaline phosphatase (r=-0.188, p=0.006) and a direct correlation with serum calcium (r=-0.158, p=0.022). Logistic regression showed that vitamin D deficiency was directly and independently associated with oral feeding (odds ratio 7.71; 95%CI 2.91-20.40). CONCLUSION: Bedridden households showed high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency without association with nutritional risk and level of dementia. Oral diet was associated with vitamin D deficiency, possibly due to low consumption of source foods.

Vitamin D deficiency in bedridden elderly people at home

SUMMARY OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to evaluate serum 25(OH)D concentrations in the homebound elderly people and relate them to level of dementia, nutritional risk, and route of dietary administration. METHODS: This is a cross-sectional study involving 207 bedridden elderly people assisted by the Home Care Service in the city of Santo André - SP, from June to December 2016. The following factors were evaluated: dietary intake of vitamin D, arm circumference, triceps skin fold thickness, calf circumference, nutritional risk by Mini-Nutritional Assessment, level of dementia by the adapted Clinical Dementia Rating questionnaire, and laboratory tests such as serum concentrations of 25(OH)D, ultrasensitive C-reactive protein, alkaline phosphatase, serum calcium, and parathormone. RESULTS: The mean age of the elderly people was 81.6 (9.2) years. Deficiency of 25(OH)D was observed in 76.3% of the elderly people. There was an inverse correlation between serum concentrations of 25(OH)D: parathormone (r=-0.418, p<0.001) and alkaline phosphatase (r=-0.188, p=0.006) and a direct correlation with serum calcium (r=-0.158, p=0.022). Logistic regression showed that vitamin D deficiency was directly and independently associated with oral feeding (odds ratio 7.71; 95%CI 2.91-20.40). CONCLUSION: Bedridden households showed high prevalence of vitamin D deficiency without association with nutritional risk and level of dementia. Oral diet was associated with vitamin D deficiency, possibly due to low consumption of source foods.

Top Research Priorities in Prehospital Care in Spain.

OBJECTIVE: The objective is to identify research priorities in prehospital care in Spain. METHOD: This was a Delphi-type study of three rounds with a panel of experts made up of members of the Red de Investigación en Emergencias Prehospitalarias (RINVEMER; Prehospital Emergency Research Network) Network and the Sociedad Española de Medicina de Urgencias y Emergencias (SEMES; Spanish Society of Emergency Medicine) Emergency Secretariat. In the first round, each participant identified up to 15 priorities. In the second round, they scored the 30 thematic areas on a Likert scale. In the third round, they ordered and scored from one to ten the first ten priorities among those that obtained a median greater than or equal to four in the second round. After adding the assigned scores, the ten priorities with the highest total score were obtained. RESULTS: The ten identified research priorities were: special clinical codes and time-dependent conditions; mass-casualty incident (MCI) coordination and management; innovation in Emergency Medical Services (EMS); human factor in decision making; triage, analysis, and management of calls in the Emergency Call Center; new technologies, telemedicine, and emergencies; adverse events, clinical safety, and quality in emergencies; cardiac arrest; continuous education and training (methodology, quality, and evaluation); and big data and emergencies. CONCLUSIONS: The research priorities perceived by emergency professionals are related to clinical care and organizational aspects of EMS, in addition to the need to incorporate innovative aspects and new data analysis technologies.

Training of Medical Students for Mass Casualty Incidents Using Table-Top Gamification.

INTRODUCTION: "Table-top" exercises can improve knowledge and skills related to mass casualty incidents (MCIs) with little logistical efforts. We aim to evaluate the learning process of 5th year medical school students related to MCI response using table-top simulation and measure their methodology perception. METHODS: A theoretical part plus an MCI simulation board exercise was organized. Knowledge pretest and 1 mo after posttest was scored, and an assessment questionnaire with 27 questions with a Likert-type scale with 3 dimensions: methodology, knowledge acquisition, and skills acquisition was administered. Students did not receive any written or training material between pretest and posttest. RESULTS: A total of 108 (80%) completed the evaluation questionnaire, pretest, and posttest. For the pretest, average grade was 4.25 (SD = 1.71) and 42% passed, and for the posttest, average grade was 8.33 (SD = 1.28) and 97 % pass (P < 0.0001). All variables measuring methodology perception scored more than 8, except for the duration of the exercise (7.3). Most knowledge acquisition scored above 9. Self-perception skill acquisition scores were slightly lower, although all above 7. CONCLUSIONS: "Table-top" methodology is useful for acquiring knowledge and skills related to MCI response. Retention of knowledge is very high. Students consider that this methodology can be very useful for medical studies. Active or nonactive role is a factor that only influences final results in specific items.

Management of the COVID-19 Pandemic: Analysis of the Perception of Professionals of Emergency Medical Systems in Spain after the First Wave.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to identify the perceived problems by medical and nursing professionals that have arisen in the Spanish Emergency Medical Services (EMS) as a consequence of the first wave of the severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2/SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, as well as the measures or solutions adopted to manage those problems and improve response. METHOD: This was a cross-sectional study of quantitative and qualitative methodology ("mixed methods") using a self-administered questionnaire in 23 key informants of EMS of Spain selected by purposeful sampling, followed by the statistical analysis of both types of variables and an integration of the results in the discussion. RESULTS: Common problems had been identified in many EMS, as well as similar solutions in some of them. Among the former, the following had been found: lack of leadership and support from managers, initial shortage of personal protective equipment (PPE), lack of participation in decision making, initial lack of clinical protocols, and slowness and/or lack of adaptability of the system, among others. Among the solutions adopted: reinforcement of emergency call centers, development of specific coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) telephone lines and new resources, personal effort of professionals, new functions of EMS, support to other structures, and reinforcement of the role of nursing. CONCLUSION: The general perception among the respondents was that there was a lack of support and communication with health care managers and that the staff expertise was not used by policy makers to make decisions adapted to reality, also expressing the need to improve the capacity for analysis of the EMS response. Few respondents reported good overall satisfaction with their EMS response. The EMS adopted different types of measures to adapt to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Síndrome de Down e patologias associadas: uma revisão narrativa da literatura / Down syndrome and associated pathologies: a narrative review of the literature / Síndrome de Down y patologías asociadas: una revisión narrativa de la literatura

Objetivo: identificar por meio de uma revisão narrativa de literatura as patologias mais recorrentes em indivíduos com Síndrome de Down. Método: trata-se de uma revisão narrativa. Realizou-se um levantamento da literatura no Portal Pubmed e nas bases de dados de publicações científicas indexadas: Scientific Eletronic Library Online (Scielo), Literatura Latino-Americana e do Caribe em Ciências da Saúde (LILACS), Base de Dados de Enfermagem (BDENF) e Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) e Portal PubMed, usando os descritores "Down's syndrome", "Pathologies", "Trisomy 21", "Intellectual Disability", "Clinical manifestations". Resultados: foram encontrados 696 artigos, dos quais 24 foram analisados na íntegra, destes, foram selecionados 9 artigos que compuseram a amostra desta revisão. A maioria dos estudos selecionados mensurou as características fenotípicas peculiares nos indivíduos com essa anomalia, a saber: olhos oblíquos, orelhas baixas, braquidactilia, hipotonia, baixa estatura, braquicefalia, fissuras oblíquas na pálpebra, epicanto, manchas de Brushfield na íris, dentre outras. Conclusão: torna-se necessária uma atenção e acompanhamento regular dos profissionais de saúde acerca das patologias malignas, doenças autoimunes e inflamatórias que acometem as pessoas com SD.

Objective: to identify through a narrative literature review the most recurrent pathologies in individuals with Down syndrome. Method: this is a narrative review. A survey of literature was conducted on the Pubmed Portal and in the databases of indexed scientific publications: Scientific Electronic Library Online (Scielo), Latin American and Caribbean Literature on Health Sciences (LILACS), Nursing Database (BDENF) and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) and PubMed Portal, using the descriptors "Down's syndrome", "Pathologies", "Trisomy 21", "Intellectual Disability" , "Clinical manifestations". Results: 696 articles were found, of which 24 were fully analyzed, of which 9 articles were selected that comprised the sample of this review. Most of the selected studies measured the peculiar phenotypic characteristics in individuals with this anomaly, namely: oblique eyes, low ears, brachydactyly, hypotonia, short stature, brachycephaly, oblique clefts in the eyelid, epicant, Brushfield spots on the iris, among others. Conclusion: it is necessary to have regular attention and follow-up of health professionals about malignant pathologies, autoimmune and inflammatory diseases that affect people with DS.

Objetivo: identificar a través de una literatura narrativa revisar las patologías más recurrentes en individuos con síndrome de Down. Método: esta es una revisión narrativa. Una encuesta de literatura se realizó en el Portal Pubmed y en las bases de datos de publicaciones científicas indexadas: Biblioteca Electrónica Científica en Línea (Scielo), Literatura Latinoamericana y del Caribe en Ciencias de la Salud (LILACS), Base de Datos de Enfermería (BDENF) e Índice Acumulativo de Literatura de Enfermería y Salud Aliada (CINAHL) y PubMed Portal, utilizando los descriptores "Síndrome de Down", "Patologías", "Trisomy 21", "Discapacidad Intelectual" , "Manifestaciones clínicas". Resultados: se encontraron 696 artículos, de los cuales 24 fueron analizados en su totalidad, de los cuales se seleccionaron 9 artículos que comprendían la muestra de este examen. La mayoría de los estudios seleccionados midieron las peculiares características fenotípicas en individuos con esta anomalía, a saber: ojos oblicuos, orejas bajas, braquidactilia, hipotonía, estatura baja, braquicefalia, hendiduras oblicuas en el párpado, epicante, manchas de Brushfield en el iris, entre otros. Conclusión: es necesario tener atención regular y seguimiento de los profesionales de la salud sobre patologías malignas, enfermedades autoinmunes e inflamatorias que afectan a las personas con DS.

Nurses' roles in emergency response coordination centers in Spain: a resource to consider. / El rol del personal de enfermería en los centros coordinadores de urgencias de España: un elemento a considerar.

OBJECTIVES: To study nurse staffing at emergency response coordination centers (ERCCs) and determine nurses' functions and activities within the structure and organization of ERCCs. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Observational cross-sectional study in January and April 2019 in the 17 Spanish autonomous communities and the autonomous cities of Ceuta and Melilla. We consulted ERCC institutional reports and webpages, conducted telephone interviews, and maintained email correspondence with key informants (nurse supervisors and staff directly implicated in managing emergency calls). RESULTS: All the ERCCs except those in Asturias, Rioja, and the 2 autonomous cities have nurses on staff. Their usual functions are prevention and health promotion; supporting primary care physicians; managing health alerts, multiple victim incidents, and secondary patient transport; activating response codes; coordinating transport for transplants; and contacting hospitals so they expect arrivals. CONCLUSION: Nurses in Spanish ERCCs have similar functions, but they are developed at different levels in each center.

OBJETIVO: Conocer la dotación de personal de enfermería de los centros de coordinación de urgencias (CCU) españoles, así como las funciones y actividades de los profesionales dentro de la estructura y organización de los CCU. METODO: Estudio observacional transversal realizado entre enero y abril del 2019 mediante consulta de la información institucional en memorias y páginas web de los servicios de emergencia, así como entrevistas telefónicas y correos electrónicos a informantes clave (responsables de enfermería o profesionales implicados directamente en la gestión de llamadas) de las 17 comunidades autónomas (CCAA) y las ciudades autónomas de Ceuta y Melilla. RESULTADOS: Todas las CCAA, excepto Asturias, La Rioja y las dos ciudades autónomas, tienen personal de enfermería cuyas funciones más habituales son la prevención y promoción de la salud, atención a consultas sanitarias, apoyo a atención primaria, alertas epidemiológicas, gestión de incidentes de múltiples víctimas, transporte secundario, activación de códigos asistenciales, coordinación de trasplantes y preavisos hospitalarios. CONCLUSIONES: El personal de enfermería en los CCU de España tiene funciones similares, pero con distinto nivel de desarrollo en cada CCAA.

El rol del personal de enfermería en los centros coordinadores de urgencias de España: un elemento a considerar / Nurses' roles in emergency response coordination centers in Spain: a resource to consider

OBJETIVO: Conocer la dotación de personal de enfermería de los centros de coordinación de urgencias (CCU) españoles, así como las funciones y actividades de los profesionales dentro de la estructura y organización de los CCU. MÉTODO: Estudio observacional transversal realizado entre enero y abril del 2019 mediante consulta de la información institucional en memorias y páginas web de los servicios de emergencia, así como entrevistas telefónicas y correos electrónicos a informantes clave (responsables de enfermería o profesionales implicados directamente en la gestión de llamadas) de las 17 comunidades autónomas (CCAA) y las ciudades autónomas de Ceuta y Melilla. RESULTADOS: Todas las CCAA, excepto Asturias, La Rioja y las dos ciudades autónomas, tienen personal de enfermería cuyas funciones más habituales son la prevención y promoción de la salud, atención a consultas sanitarias, apoyo a atención primaria, alertas epidemiológicas, gestión de incidentes de múltiples víctimas, transporte secundario, activación de códigos asistenciales, coordinación de trasplantes y preavisos hospitalarios. CONCLUSIONES: El personal de enfermería en los CCU de España tiene funciones similares, pero con distinto nivel de desarrollo en cada CCAA

OBJETIVES: To study nurse staffing at emergency response coordination centers (ERCCs) and determine nurses' functions and activities within the structure and organization of ERCCs. METHODS: Observational cross-sectional study in January and April 2019 in the 17 Spanish autonomous communities and the autonomous cities of Ceuta and Melilla. We consulted ERCC institutional reports and webpages, conducted telephone interviews, and maintained email correspondence with key informants (nurse supervisors and staff directly implicated in managing emergency calls). RESULTS: All the ERCCs except those in Asturias, Rioja, and the 2 autonomous cities have nurses on staff. Their usual functions are prevention and health promotion; supporting primary care physicians; managing health alerts, multiple victim incidents, and secondary patient transport; activating response codes; coordinating transport for transplants; and contacting hospitals so they expect arrivals. CONCLUSION: Nurses in Spanish ERCCs have similar functions, but they are developed at different levels in each center

Comparison of quick SOFA and SIRS scales at the bedside of patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia / [Comparación de la escala qSOFA para evaluar la falla orgánica secuencial y los criterios SIRS para sepsis a la cabecera de pacientes con bacteriemia por Staphylococcus aureus].

Introduction: One of the primary causes of community-acquired bacteremia also associated with nosocomial infections is Staphylococcus aureus, which is responsible for a high percentage of complications leading to high morbidity and mortality rates. The systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) criteria have been traditionally used to evaluate the presence of sepsis; however, recent evidence questions its predictive value due to its low sensitivity and specificity. In 2016, new criteria for sepsis were published and a new tool emerged, quick SOFA (qSOFA), for the rapid evaluation of infection in emergency services. Objective: To compare the qSOFA and SRIS tools for the prediction of bacteremia caused by S. aureus. Materials and methods: We conducted an observational study in patients with S. aureus bacteremia to evaluate their phenotypic resistance patterns, some special features (sociodemographic characteristics, clinical and paraclinical values), complications, and mortality. The results of the qSOFA and SIRS scales were analyzed to identify which of them could better predict the presence of S. aureus bacteremia. Results: Twenty-six bacteremic patients were identified. Staphylococcus aureus was the second most frequently isolated bacteria. The results evidenced a mortality rate of 50% (13 cases) and a prevalence of 30% of MRSA. For the clinical scores evaluated, the qSOFA scale was positive in 30.8% of the patients, and the SIRS scale, in 92.3%. Discussion: The mortality rate for the population under study was high and the qSOFA tool had a lower diagnostic yield compared to the classic criteria for SIRS.

Introducción. Staphylococcus aureus es una de las principales causas de bacteriemia, adquirida en la comunidad o asociada con la atención en salud, la cual presenta un gran porcentaje de complicaciones y elevadas tasas de morbilidad y mortalidad. Los criterios SRIS (Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome) se han usado tradicionalmente con el fin de establecer la presencia de sepsis; sin embargo, recientemente se ha cuestionado su valor predictivo dada su baja sensibilidad y especificidad. En el 2016, apareció la escala qSOFA (quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment), como una nueva herramienta para la evaluación rápida de las infecciones en los servicios de urgencias. Objetivo. Comparar las herramientas qSOFA y SRIS para la predicción de la bacteriemia por S. aureus. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio observacional sobre el comportamiento clínico de pacientes con bacteriemia por S. aureus para evaluar el perfil de resistencia fenotípica, algunas características sociodemográficas, clínicas y de laboratorio, las complicaciones y la mortalidad, así como los resultados de las evaluaciones con la escala qSOFA y los criterios SRIS, para establecer cuál podría predecir mejor la presencia de bacteriemia por S. aureus. Resultados. Se seleccionaron 26 pacientes con bacteriemia, en cuyas muestras S. aureus había sido el segundo germen más frecuentemente aislado. Se encontró una mortalidad del 50 % (13 casos) y una prevalencia del 30 % de S. aureus resistente a meticilina (SARM). Según los puntajes clínicos obtenidos, la escala qSOFA fue positiva en 30,8 % de los pacientes y los criterios SRIS lo fueron en el 92,3 %. Discusión. Se encontró una elevada mortalidad en la población analizada. La escala qSOFA fue menos efectiva para el diagnóstico que los criterios clásicos de reacción inflamatoria sistémica.

Comparación de la escala qSOFA para evaluar la falla orgánica secuencial y los criterios SIRS para sepsis a la cabecera de pacientes con bacteriemia por Staphylococcus aureus / Comparison of quick SOFA and SIRS scales at the bedside of patients with Staphylococcus aureus bacteremia

Introducción. Staphylococcus aureus es una de las principales causas de bacteriemia, adquirida en la comunidad o asociada con la atención en salud, la cual presenta un gran porcentaje de complicaciones y elevadas tasas de morbilidad y mortalidad. Los criterios SRIS (Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome) se han usado tradicionalmente con el fin de establecer la presencia de sepsis; sin embargo, recientemente se ha cuestionado su valor predictivo dada su baja sensibilidad y especificidad. En el 2016, apareció la escala qSOFA (quick Sequential Organ Failure Assessment), como una nueva herramienta para la evaluación rápida de las infecciones en los servicios de urgencias. Objetivo. Comparar las herramientas qSOFA y SRIS para la predicción de la bacteriemia por S. aureus. Materiales y métodos. Se hizo un estudio observacional sobre el comportamiento clínico de pacientes con bacteriemia por S. aureus para evaluar el perfil de resistencia fenotípica, algunas características sociodemográficas, clínicas y de laboratorio, las complicaciones y la mortalidad, así como los resultados de las evaluaciones con la escala qSOFA y los criterios SRIS, para establecer cuál podría predecir mejor la presencia de bacteriemia por S. aureus. Resultados. Se seleccionaron 26 pacientes con bacteriemia, en cuyas muestras S. aureus había sido el segundo germen más frecuentemente aislado. Se encontró una mortalidad del 50 % (13 casos) y una prevalencia del 30 % de S. aureus resistente a meticilina (SARM). Según los puntajes clínicos obtenidos, la escala qSOFA fue positiva en 30,8 % de los pacientes y los criterios SRIS lo fueron en el 92,3 %. Discusión. Se encontró una elevada mortalidad en la población analizada. La escala qSOFA fue menos efectiva para el diagnóstico que los criterios clásicos de reacción inflamatoria sistémica.

Introduction: One of the primary causes of community-acquired bacteremia also associated with nosocomial infections is Staphylococcus aureus, which is responsible for a high percentage of complications leading to high morbidity and mortality rates. The systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) criteria have been traditionally used to evaluate the presence of sepsis; however, recent evidence questions its predictive value due to its low sensitivity and specificity. In 2016, new criteria for sepsis were published and a new tool emerged, quick SOFA (qSOFA), for the rapid evaluation of infection in emergency services. Objective: To compare the qSOFA and SRIS tools for the prediction of bacteremia caused by S. aureus. Materials and methods: We conducted an observational study in patients with S. aureus bacteremia to evaluate their phenotypic resistance patterns, some special features (sociodemographic characteristics, clinical and paraclinical values), complications, and mortality. The results of the qSOFA and SIRS scales were analyzed to identify which of them could better predict the presence of S. aureus bacteremia. Results: Twenty-six bacteremic patients were identified. Staphylococcus aureus was the second most frequently isolated bacteria. The results evidenced a mortality rate of 50% (13 cases) and a prevalence of 30% of MRSA. For the clinical scores evaluated, the qSOFA scale was positive in 30.8% of the patients, and the SIRS scale, in 92.3%. Discussion: The mortality rate for the population under study was high and the qSOFA tool had a lower diagnostic yield compared to the classic criteria for SIRS.

Luxofractura de Monteggia inusual: a propósito de un caso / Unsual Monteggia fracture: a case report

RESUMEN Fundamento: la luxofractura de Monteggia es una lesión traumática infrecuente de manera general, aún cuando se trata de una de sus lesiones equivalentes. Objetivo: mostrar la evolución clínica de una paciente con una inusual luxofractura de fractura de Monteggia. Presentación de caso: paciente de 37 años, mestiza, sin antecedentes mórbidos de salud, la cual sufrió caída de sus pies en el baño de su casa con apoyo en el antebrazo y muñeca, es llevada al servicio de urgencias de Ortopedia y Traumatología por presentar dolor e inflamación a nivel del antebrazo derecho, en específico en el codo y uniones del tercio medio y distal. Debido a la naturaleza de la lesión traumática, necesitó de tratamiento quirúrgico consistente en la reducción de la cúpula radial y fijación de ambas fracturas en el cúbito. Conclusiones: la luxofractura de Monteggia es una afección traumática infrecuente y en especial las equivalentes a las fracturas tipo 1, que ocurren por lo general en niños.

ABTRACT Background: Monteggia's fracture is generally an uncommon traumatic injury, even more when it is one of its equivalent injuries. Objective: to show the evolution of a patient with an uncommon Monteggia's fracture. Case report: a 37 year-old black, woman, without health antecedents, who suffered a fall from her own feet in her bathroom, was taken to emergency room of Orthopedic and Traumatology complaining of pain, swelling and limitation of movement of the right elbow and distal. Because of the lesion features, surgical treatment was needed by open reduction and internal fixation of both fractures of the ulna. Conclusions: Monteggia's fracture is an unusual lesion, even more some equivalent type 1 lesions which occur more common in children than adults.

Luxofractura de Monteggia inusual: a propósito de un caso / Unsual Monteggia fracture: a case report

Fundamento: la luxofractura de Monteggia es una lesión traumática infrecuente de manera general, aún cuando se trata de una de sus lesiones equivalentes. Objetivo: mostrar la evolución clínica de una paciente con una inusual luxofractura de fractura de Monteggia. Presentación de caso: paciente de 37 años, mestiza, sin antecedentes mórbidos de salud, la cual sufrió caída de sus pies en el baño de su casa con apoyo en el antebrazo y muñeca, es llevada al servicio de urgencias de Ortopedia y Traumatología por presentar dolor e inflamación a nivel del antebrazo derecho, en específico en el codo y uniones del tercio medio y distal. Debido a la naturaleza de la lesión traumática, necesitó de tratamiento quirúrgico consistente en la reducción de la cúpula radial y fijación de ambas fracturas en el cúbito. Conclusiones: la luxofractura de Monteggia es una afección traumática infrecuente y en especial las equivalentes a las fracturas tipo 1, que ocurren por lo general en niños (AU)

Background: Monteggia's fracture is generally an uncommon traumatic injury, even more when it is one of its equivalent injuries. Objective: to show the evolution of a patient with an uncommon Monteggia's fracture. Case report: a 37 year-old black, woman, without health antecedents, who suffered a fall from her own feet in her bathroom, was taken to emergency room of Orthopedic and Traumatology complaining of pain, swelling and limitation of movement of the right elbow and distal. Because of the lesion features, surgical treatment was needed by open reduction and internal fixation of both fractures of the ulna.Conclusions: Monteggia's fracture is an unusual lesion, even more some equivalent type 1 lesions which occur more common in children than adults (AU)

Primary Health Care Nurses' Self-Perception of Theoretical Knowledges and Practical Skills in Life-Threatening Emergencies: A Cross-Sectional Study.

BACKGROUND: Within out-of-hospital emergencies, primary health care (PHC) nurses must face life-threatening emergencies (LTEs), which are defined as "a situation associated with an imminent life risk that entails the start-up of resources and special means to resolve the situation." OBJECTIVES: The objectives of this study were to know the training received for out-of-hospital LTEs by PHC nurses of Asturias, Spain and the perception they have about their theoretical knowledge and practical skills in a series of emergency procedures or techniques used in LTE emergencies; as well as to analyze the differences according to the geographical area of their work. DESIGN: Cross-sectional, descriptive, and observational study was conducted in 2018 of a sample of PHC service nurses of Asturias, Spain. METHODS: A total of 236 nurses from PHC service centers of Asturias, Spain, from among the total of 730 nurses who make up the staff of nurses of the PHC service of Asturias, between April and May 2018, were surveyed. The survey was designed ad hoc using the Doctrinal Body of Emergency Nursing (DBEN) proposed by the Spanish Society of Emergency Medicine (SEMES; Madrid, Spain), which indicates the theoretical and practical procedures that must be acquired by the PHC nurses. It is composed of 37 procedures or techniques employed in LTEs using an 11-point Likert scale rating to detect their self-perception about theoretical knowledge and practical skills from zero ("Minimum") to ten ("Maximum"). RESULTS: There were significant differences in the mean of theoretical knowledge and practical skills in many procedures or techniques studied, depending on the different areas of work. CONCLUSIONS: All PHC nurses must be perfectly trained to provide initial quality assistance to the LTE, with both theoretical and practical knowledge of the different techniques, so that it can continue to be attended by the corresponding Emergency Service.

Comparación de los sistemas de triaje META y START en un ejercicio simulado de múltiples víctimas / Comparison of the Simple Triage and Rapid Treatment system versus the Prehospital Advanced Triage Model in multiple-casualty events

Objetivo: El objetivo principal fue comparar dos sistemas de triaje (Simple Triage and Rapid Treatmet, START vs. Modelo Extrahospitalario de Triaje Avanzado, META) en un mismo incidente simulado de múltiples víctimas (IMV). Los objetivos secundarios fueron analizar los tiempos y el orden de evacuación, y la adecuación del tratamiento. Método: Ensayo aleatorizado por conglomerados que incluyó 16 grupos de 4 miembros asignados al sistema de triaje START o META en un ejercicio simulado de gestión a las víctimas de un accidente aéreo. Se recogieron los tiempos y el orden de evacuación, y la adecuación del tratamiento. Resultados: El tiempo de evacuación total fue de 48 min 39 s (DE 15 min 52 s) en el grupo START y de 48 min 4 s (DE 17 min 21 s) en el grupo META (p = 0,829). Los pacientes con necesidad de atención inmediata se evacuaron más rápidamente en el grupo META que en el START, tanto en el grupo completo (31 min 36 s [DE 8 min 27 s] vs 41 min 6 s [DE 10 min 39s ]; p = 0,024) como en los que además precisaban tratamiento quirúrgico urgente (24 min 12 s [DE 4 min] vs 44 min 49 s [DE 8 min 36 s]; p = 0,001). El orden de evacuación de pacientes fue: los de necesidad de atención inmediata en las 19 primeras posiciones (14 de 19) y de atención inmediata con prioridad quirúrgica en las 14 primeras posiciones (5 de 14) en el grupo START; y los de necesidad de atención inmediata en las 14 primeras posiciones (14 de 14) y de atención inmediata y con prioridad quirúrgica en las 7 primeras posiciones (5 de 7) en el grupo META. La frecuencia de tratamiento adecuado fue de un 92% en el caso del META y de un 63% en el caso del START (p = 0,023). Conclusiones: El triaje META, en comparación con el START, podría mejorar los tiempos extrahospitalarios y el orden de evacuación de los pacientes, especialmente en el caso de aquellos con necesidad de atención inmediata y de atención inmediata con prioridad quirúrgica, así como la adecuación del tratamiento, en los IMV

Objectives: The main purpose of this simulation of a multiple-casualty event was to compare the performance of 2 triage methods: the Simple Triage and Rapid Treatment (START) system and the Prehospital Advanced Triage Model (META in its Spanish acronym). The secondary objectives were to analyze times, order of evacuations, and appropriateness of treatments. Methods: Cluster randomized trial that included 16 groups assigned to use either the START system or the META for managing casualties in a simulated event (an airline crash). Each group had 4 members. We recorded times, order of evacuation, and appropriateness of treatment. Results: The mean (SD) evacuation time was 48 minutes and 39 seconds (15 minutes, 52 seconds) in the START arm and 48 minutes and 4 seconds (17 minutes, 21 seconds) in the META arm (P=.829). The patients with greatest need of immediate care were evacuated more quickly in the META arm (31 minutes and 36 seconds [8 minutes, 27 seconds]) than in the START arm (41 minutes and 6 seconds [10 minutes, 39 seconds]) (P=.024). Evacuation of the subgroup of patients requiring emergency surgery was also faster in the META arm (24 minutes and 12 seconds [4 minutes] than in the START arm (44 minutes and 49 seconds [8 minutes, 36 seconds]) (P=.001). Analysis of the order of evacuation under the 2 triage systems revealed that 14 of the first 19 patients evacuated required immediate medical care and 5 of the first 14 evacuated required priority surgical treatment in the START arm. In the META arm, all of the first 14 patients evacuated required immediate medical care and 5 of the first 7 patients evacuated required priority surgical treatment. The rate of appropriate treatment was 92% in the META arm and 63% in the START arm (P=.023). Conclusions: Use of the META system might improve prehospital times and the order of evacuation of patients, particularly patients who need immediate medical care or urgent surgery. The META might also increase the likelihood of appropriate treatment in multiple-casualty events