Advances in the Optimization of Fe Nanoparticles: Unlocking Antifungal Properties for Biomedical Applications.

In recent years, nanotechnology has achieved a remarkable status in shaping the future of biological applications, especially in combating fungal diseases. Owing to excellence in nanotechnology, iron nanoparticles (Fe NPs) have gained enormous attention in recent years. In this review, we have provided a comprehensive overview of Fe NPs covering key synthesis approaches and underlying working principles, the factors that influence their properties, essential characterization techniques, and the optimization of their antifungal potential. In addition, the diverse kinds of Fe NP delivery platforms that command highly effective release, with fewer toxic effects on patients, are of great significance in the medical field. The issues of biocompatibility, toxicity profiles, and applications of optimized Fe NPs in the field of biomedicine have also been described because these are the most significant factors determining their inclusion in clinical use. Besides this, the difficulties and regulations that exist in the transition from laboratory to experimental clinical studies (toxicity, specific standards, and safety concerns) of Fe NPs-based antifungal agents have been also summarized.

Synthesis, characterization and anti-breast cancer potential of an incensole acetate nanoemulsion from Catharanthus roseus essential oil; in silico, in vitro, and in vivo study.

The characteristics of phytocompounds and essential oils have undergone extensive research in the medical and pharmaceutical sectors due to their extensive usage. In spite of the fact that these molecules are widely used, terpenes, terpenoids, and their derivatives have not yet been well characterized. This study intends to evaluate the prospective activity of incensole acetate (IA), a compound identified and isolated from Catharanthus roseus essential oil by GC/MS analysis and column chromatography, and to analyze the anticancer effect of an IA biosynthesized nanoemulsion against breast cancer. The in silico activity of IA against breast cancer targets was observed by molecular docking, ADMET assessment and molecular dynamics simulations. The IA-mediated nanoformulation exhibited cytotoxicity against breast cancer cell lines at an effective concentration when analyzed by MTT and crystal violet assay. The increased interleukin serum indicators were significantly improved as a result of nanoemulsion treatment in a DMBA-induced rat model. In addition, the anticancer properties of IA biosynthesized nanoemulsion are supported due to their potential effects on biochemical parameters, oxidative stress markers, proinflammatory cytokines, and upon tumor growth profiling in cancer-induced rats.

Anti-Inflammatory Oxicams as Multi-donor Ligand Systems: pH- and Solvent-Dependent Coordination Modes of Meloxicam and Piroxicam to Ru and Os.

The nitrogen- and sulfur-containing 1,2-benzothiazines meloxicam and piroxicam are widely used as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Intrigued by the presence of multiple donor atoms and therefore potentially rich coordination chemistry, we prepared a series of organometallic Ru and Os compounds with meloxicam and piroxicam featuring either as mono- or bidentate ligand systems. The choice of the solvent and the pH value was identified as the critical parameter to achieve selectively mono- or bidentate coordination. The coordination modes were confirmed experimentally by NMR spectroscopy and single crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Using DFT calculations, it was established that complexes in which meloxicam acts as a bidentate N,O donor are energetically more favorable than coordination as O,O and S,O donor systems. Since meloxicam and piroxicam derivatives have shown anticancer activity in the past, we aimed to compare the complexes with mono- and bidentate ligands on their in vitro anticancer activity. However, stability studies revealed that only the latter complexes were stable in [D6 ]DMSO/D2 O (5:95) and therefore no direct comparisons could be made. The meloxicam complexes 1 and 2 showed moderate cytotoxicity, whereas the piroxicam derivatives 5 and 6 were hardly active against the utilized cell lines.

4-Hy-droxy-2-methyl-1,1-dioxo-N-phenyl-2H-1λ(6),2-benzothia-zine-3-carboxamide.

In the title mol-ecule, C(16)H(14)N(2)O(4)S, the thia-zine ring adopts a twist chair conformation with the N and adjacent C atom displaced by 0.966 (3) and 0.386 (4) Å, respectively, on the same side of the mean plane formed by the remaining ring atoms. The dihedral angle between the mean planes of the benzene rings is 37.65 (10)°. The mol-ecular structure features an intra-molecular O-H⋯O hydrogen bond, which generates an S(6) ring. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked by N-H⋯O and C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds.

N-Benzyl-4-hy-droxy-2-methyl-1,1-dioxo-2H-1λ(6),2-benzothia-zine-3-carboxamide.

In the title mol-ecule, C(17)H(16)N(2)O(4)S, the heterocyclic thia-zine ring adopts a half-chair conformation, with the S and N atoms displaced by 0.546 (4) and 0.281 (4) Å, respectively, on opposite sides of the mean plane formed by the remaining ring atoms. The mol-ecular structure is stabilized by an intra-molecular O-H⋯O hydrogen bond. The two aromatic rings are inclined to one another by 42.32 (11)°. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked by pairs of N-H⋯O hydrogen bonds, forming inversion dimers. The dimers are linked via a series of C-H⋯O inter-actions, leading to the formation of a three-dimensional network.

2,3-Dihydro-1λ(6),2-benzothia-zine-1,1,4-trione.

In the title compound, C(8)H(7)NO(3)S, the benzene ring is oriented at a dihedral angle of 69.25 (7)° to the S and O atoms of the sulfonyl group. The heterocyclic ring approximates to an envelope, with the N atom in the flap position. In the crystal, mol-ecules are linked by N-H⋯O(c) (c = carbon-yl) hydrogen bonds, forming C(5) chains along [001]. Two R(2) (2)(10) loops arise from pairs of C-H⋯O hydrogen bonds and a weak aromatic π-π stacking inter-action [centroid-centorid separation = 3.8404 (11) Å] also occurs.

4-Hy-droxy-2-methyl-1,1-dioxo-2H-1λ,2- benzothia-zine-3-carb-oxy-lic acid hemihydrate.

In the title compound, C(10)H(9)NO(5)S·0.5H(2)O, two geometrically different organic mol-ecules are present. The benzene rings and the carboxyl-ate groups are oriented at dihedral angles of 13.44 (4) and 21.15 (18)°. In both mol-ecules, an intra-molecular O-H⋯O hydrogen bond generates an S(6) ring. In the crystal, both moleucles form inversion dimers linked by pairs of O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds to generate R(2) (2)(8) loops. The dimers are consolidated into chains extending along [100] by bridging O-H⋯O hydrogen bonds from the water mol-ecule. A weak C-H⋯O hydrogen bond also occurs.