Cell-specific cross-talk proteomics reveals cathepsin B signaling as a driver of glioblastoma malignancy near the subventricular zone.

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most prevalent and aggressive malignant primary brain tumor. GBM proximal to the lateral ventricles (LVs) is more aggressive, potentially because of subventricular zone contact. Despite this, cross-talk between GBM and neural stem/progenitor cells (NSC/NPCs) is not well understood. Using cell-specific proteomics, we show that LV-proximal GBM prevents neuronal maturation of NSCs through induction of senescence. In addition, GBM brain tumor-initiating cells (BTICs) increase expression of cathepsin B (CTSB) upon interaction with NPCs. Lentiviral knockdown and recombinant protein experiments reveal that both cell-intrinsic and soluble CTSB promote malignancy-associated phenotypes in BTICs. Soluble CTSB stalls neuronal maturation in NPCs while promoting senescence, providing a link between LV-tumor proximity and neurogenesis disruption. Last, we show LV-proximal CTSB up-regulation in patients, showing the relevance of this cross-talk in human GBM biology. These results demonstrate the value of proteomic analysis in tumor microenvironment research and provide direction for new therapeutic strategies in GBM.

Cell-specific crosstalk proteomics reveals cathepsin B signaling as a driver of glioblastoma malignancy near the subventricular zone.

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most prevalent and aggressive malignant primary brain tumor. GBM proximal to the lateral ventricles (LVs) is more aggressive, potentially due to subventricular zone (SVZ) contact. Despite this, crosstalk between GBM and neural stem/progenitor cells (NSC/NPCs) is not well understood. Using cell-specific proteomics, we show that LV-proximal GBM prevents neuronal maturation of NSCs through induction of senescence. Additionally, GBM brain tumor initiating cells (BTICs) increase expression of CTSB upon interaction with NPCs. Lentiviral knockdown and recombinant protein experiments reveal both cell-intrinsic and soluble CTSB promote malignancy-associated phenotypes in BTICs. Soluble CTSB stalls neuronal maturation in NPCs while promoting senescence, providing a link between LV-tumor proximity and neurogenesis disruption. Finally, we show LV-proximal CTSB upregulation in patients, showing the relevance of this crosstalk in human GBM biology. These results demonstrate the value of proteomic analysis in tumor microenvironment research and provide direction for new therapeutic strategies in GBM. Highlights: Periventricular GBM is more malignant and disrupts neurogenesis in a rodent model.Cell-specific proteomics elucidates tumor-promoting crosstalk between GBM and NPCs.NPCs induce upregulated CTSB expression in GBM, promoting tumor progression.GBM stalls neurogenesis and promotes NPC senescence via CTSB.

A Syx-RhoA-Dia1 signaling axis regulates cell cycle progression, DNA damage, and therapy resistance in glioblastoma.

Glioblastomas (GBM) are aggressive tumors that lack effective treatments. Here, we show that the Rho family guanine nucleotide exchange factor Syx promotes GBM cell growth both in vitro and in orthotopic xenografts derived from patients with GBM. Growth defects upon Syx depletion are attributed to prolonged mitosis, increased DNA damage, G2/M cell cycle arrest, and cell apoptosis, mediated by altered mRNA and protein expression of various cell cycle regulators. These effects are phenocopied by depletion of the Rho downstream effector Dia1 and are due, at least in part, to increased phosphorylation, cytoplasmic retention, and reduced activity of the YAP/TAZ transcriptional coactivators. Furthermore, targeting Syx signaling cooperates with radiation treatment and temozolomide (TMZ) to decrease viability in GBM cells, irrespective of their inherent response to TMZ. The data indicate that a Syx-RhoA-Dia1-YAP/TAZ signaling axis regulates cell cycle progression, DNA damage, and therapy resistance in GBM and argue for its targeting for cancer treatment.

Cadherins and catenins in cancer: connecting cancer pathways and tumor microenvironment.

Cadherin-catenin complexes are integral components of the adherens junctions crucial for cell-cell adhesion and tissue homeostasis. Dysregulation of these complexes is linked to cancer development via alteration of cell-autonomous oncogenic signaling pathways and extrinsic tumor microenvironment. Advances in multiomics have uncovered key signaling events in multiple cancer types, creating a need for a better understanding of the crosstalk between cadherin-catenin complexes and oncogenic pathways. In this review, we focus on the biological functions of classical cadherins and associated catenins, describe how their dysregulation influences major cancer pathways, and discuss feedback regulation mechanisms between cadherin complexes and cellular signaling. We discuss evidence of cross regulation in the following contexts: Hippo-Yap/Taz and receptor tyrosine kinase signaling, key pathways involved in cell proliferation and growth; Wnt, Notch, and hedgehog signaling, key developmental pathways involved in human cancer; as well as TGFß and the epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition program, an important process for cancer cell plasticity. Moreover, we briefly explore the role of cadherins and catenins in mechanotransduction and the immune tumor microenvironment.

Epigenomics may begin to explain in vitro differential response to hypomethylating agents in MMR-D hypermethylated endometrial cancer.

This work examines differences in chromatin accessibility, methylation, and response to DNA hypomethylating agents between mismatch repair-deficient and non-mismatch repair-deficient endometrial cancer. Next-generation sequencing of a stage 1B, grade 2 endometrioid endometrial cancer tumor revealed microsatellite instability and a variant of unknown significance in POLE along with global and MLH1 hypermethylation. Inhibition of viability by decitabine in the study and comparison tumors was minimal, as shown by an inhibitory effect of 0 and 17.9, respectively. Conversely, the inhibitory effect of azacitidine on the study tumor was more pronounced, at 72.8 versus 41.2. In vitro, mismatch repair-deficient endometrial cancer with MLH1 hypermethylation respond better to DNA methyltransferase inhibition by azacytidine (DNA/RNA inhibition), than to decitabine (DNA-only inhibition). Additional large studies are needed to substantiate our findings.

Verteporfin-loaded microparticles for radiosensitization of preclinical lung and breast metastatic spine cancer.

OBJECTIVE: The vertebral column is the most common site for skeletal metastasis, often leading to debilitating pain and weakness. Metastatic cancer has unique genetic drivers that potentiate tumorigenicity. There is an unmet need for novel targeted therapy in patients with spinal metastatic disease. METHODS: The authors assessed the effect of verteporfin-induced yes-associated protein (YAP) inhibition on spine metastatic cell tumorigenicity and radiation sensitivity in vitro. Animal studies used a subcutaneous xenograft mouse model to assess the use of systemic intraperitoneal verteporfin (IP-VP) and intratumoral verteporfin microparticles (IT-VP) to inhibit the tumorigenicity of lung and breast spinal metastatic tumors from primary patient-derived tissue. RESULTS: Verteporfin led to a dose-dependent decrease in migration, clonogenicity, and cell viability via inhibition of YAP and downstream effectors cyclin D1, CTGF, TOP2A, ANDRD1, MCL-1, FOSL2, KIF14, and KIF23. This was confirmed with knockdown of YAP. Verteporfin has an additive response when combined with radiation, and knockdown of YAP rendered cells more sensitive to radiation. The addition of verteporfin to YAP knockdown cells did not significantly alter migration, clonogenicity, or cell viability. IP-VP and IT-VP led to diminished tumor growth (p < 0.0001), especially when combined with radiation (p < 0.0001). Tissue analysis revealed diminished expression of YAP (p < 0.0001), MCL-1 (p < 0.0001), and Ki-67 (p < 0.0001) in tissue from verteporfin-treated tumors compared with vehicle-treated tumors. CONCLUSIONS: This is the first study to demonstrate that verteporfin-mediated inhibition of YAP leads to diminished tumorigenicity in lung and breast spinal metastatic cancer cells. Targeting of YAP with verteporfin offers promising results that could be translated to human clinical trials.

Characterization and computational simulation of human Syx, a RhoGEF implicated in glioblastoma.

Structural discovery of guanine nucleotide exchange factor (GEF) protein complexes is likely to become increasingly relevant with the development of new therapeutics targeting small GTPases and development of new classes of small molecules that inhibit protein-protein interactions. Syx (also known as PLEKHG5 in humans) is a RhoA GEF implicated in the pathology of glioblastoma (GBM). Here we investigated protein expression and purification of ten different human Syx constructs and performed biophysical characterizations and computational studies that provide insights into why expression of this protein was previously intractable. We show that human Syx can be expressed and isolated and Syx is folded as observed by circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy and actively binds to RhoA as determined by co-elution during size exclusion chromatography (SEC). This characterization may provide critical insights into the expression and purification of other recalcitrant members of the large class of oncogenic-Diffuse B-cell lymphoma (Dbl) homology GEF proteins. In addition, we performed detailed homology modeling and molecular dynamics simulations on the surface of a physiologically realistic membrane. These simulations reveal novel insights into GEF activity and allosteric modulation by the plekstrin homology (PH) domain. These newly revealed interactions between the GEF PH domain and the membrane embedded region of RhoA support previously unexplained experimental findings regarding the allosteric effects of the PH domain from numerous activity studies of Dbl homology GEF proteins. This work establishes new hypotheses for structural interactivity and allosteric signal modulation in Dbl homology RhoGEFs.

Utilization of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-C156S in Therapeutic Lymphangiogenesis: A Systematic Review.

Background: Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) C156S is an engineering variant of VEGF-C that has the potential to promote lymphangiogenesis, activating on VEGF receptor (VEGFR) 3, without promoting angiogenesis (i.e., not acting on VEGFR-2). We conducted a systematic review of publications assessing the use of this growth factor in lymphedema treatment. We hypothesized that VEGF-C156S specificity for VEGFR-3 was an important differential for the lymphangiogenesis promoted by it. Methods and Results: We conducted a comprehensive systematic review of the published literature on PubMed/Medline, Embase, and Cochrane Clinical Answers. Eligibility criteria included articles reporting data on the use of VEGF-C156S in lymphedema treatment. We excluded articles that investigated physiology action of VEGF-C156S and articles that focused on other therapies. From 304 potential articles found in the literature, four studies fulfilled the study eligibility criteria. To date, all studies about this growth factor have been experimental. The effect of VEGF-C156 on lymph node transfer was investigated in half of the experiments. Interestingly, delivery of VEGF-C156S was mostly performed through viral gene transfer, but injection (subcutaneously or intravenously) of it as a protein (liposomal or nonliposomal) was also investigated by one author to assess drug bioavailability. Conclusions: Although authors reported promotion of lymphangiogenesis, VEGF-C156S was correlated with lymphatic hyperplasia or nonstatistically significant lymphangiogenesis compared with controls. Scientific evidence about the use of VEGF-C156S in lymphedema treatment is still limited. However, authors have shown that its lymphangiogenic effect is inferior to VEGF-C.

Use of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor-D As a Targeted Therapy in Lymphedema Treatment: A Comprehensive Literature Review.

Background: Lymphangiogenic growth factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-D, are subjects of interest in studies of targeted therapies in lymphedema treatment. Methods and Results: We conducted a systematic review assessing the use of VEGF-D as a targeted therapy in lymphedema treatment. We hypothesized that VEGF-D was a promising therapy to induce lymphangiogenesis. Our search yielded 90 studies in the literature, but only 4 articles fulfilled our study eligibility criteria, and they were all experimental studies using viral gene transfer. The majority of the studies were conducted on small animals (mice) and investigated the effects of VEGF-D on lymph node transfer. All authors agreed about VEGF-D's lymphangiogenic potential, but they noticed that VEGF-C induced a superior lymphangiogenesis, and one study noticed that VEGF-D induced seroma. Conclusions: The publications assessing the use of VEGF-D as a targeted therapy in lymphedema treatment were able to demonstrate its lymphangiogenic potential. Nonetheless, further studies are still necessary to investigate VEGF-D's efficacy and safety in lymphedema treatment on patients.

Evolving Role of Oncolytic Virotherapy: Challenges and Prospects in Clinical Practice.

Selective oncotropism and cytolytic activity against tumors have made certain viruses subject to investigation as novel treatment modalities. However, monotherapy with oncolytic viruses (OVs) has shown limited success and modest clinical benefit. The capacity to genetically engineer OVs makes them a desirable platform to design complementary treatment modalities to overcome the existing treatment options' shortcomings. In recent years, our knowledge of interactions of the tumors with the immune system has expanded profoundly. There is a growing body of literature supporting immunomodulatory roles for OVs. The concept of bioengineering these platforms to induce the desired immune response and complement the current immunotherapeutic modalities to make immune-resistant tumors responsive to immunotherapy is under investigation in preclinical and early clinical trials. This review provides an overview of attempts to optimize oncolytic virotherapy as essential components of the multimodality anticancer therapeutic approach and discusses the challenges in translation to clinical practice.

Strategies to Develop Potent Oncolytic Viruses and Enhance Their Therapeutic Efficacy.

Despite advancements in cancer therapy that have occurred over the past several decades, successful treatment of advanced malignancies remains elusive. Substantial resources and significant efforts have been directed toward the development of novel therapeutic modalities to improve patient outcomes. Oncolytic viruses (OVs) are emerging tools with unique characteristics that have attracted great interest in developing effective anticancer treatment. The original attraction was directed toward selective replication and cell-specific toxicity, two unique features that are either inherent to the virus or could be conferred by genetic engineering. However, recent advancements in the knowledge and understanding of OVs are shifting the therapeutic paradigm toward a greater focus on their immunomodulatory role. Nonetheless, there are still significant obstacles that remain to be overcome to enhance the efficiency of OVs as effective therapeutic modalities and potentially establish them as part of standard treatment regimens. In this review, we discuss advances in the design of OVs, strategies to enhance their therapeutic efficacy, functional translation into the clinical settings, and various obstacles that are still encountered in the efforts to establish them as effective anticancer treatments.

In search for biomarkers and potential drug targets for uterine serous endometrial cancer.

OBJECTIVE: Serous endometrial cancer (USC) is a challenging malignancy associated with metastasis, recurrence and poor outcome. To identify clinically relevant prognostic biomarkers, we focused on a panel of proteins selected after a comprehensive literature review, for tumour profiling of a homogeneous cohort of USC patients. METHODS: Protein levels and localization were assessed by immunohistochemistry analysis in 36 hysterectomy samples. Tissue sections were stained with the following antibodies: Aurora A, phospho (T288) Aurora A, BRCA1, CHK1, CIP2A, Cyclin B1, Cyclin E, E2F-1, phospho (S364) E2F-1, FBXW7, FOXM1, phospho (S9) GSK3Beta, PLK1, phospho (T210) PLK1, PPP2R1B, p73, RAD51. Each marker was evaluated as a continuously-scaled variable for association with disease progression and death, using Cox proportional hazards models. The sample consisted of 36 patients with USC, half with stage III or IV disease. RESULTS: Results showed that higher CHK1 (Checkpoint kinase 1) expression was associated with a decreased risk of progression and death, after adjusting for stage. Interestingly, analysis of a TCGA data set of 109 USC patients corroborates our results showing a favourable prognostic role of CHEK1 after adjusting for stage. Higher FBXW7 (F-box and WD repeat domain containing 7) expression and higher cytoplasmic expression of PPP2R1B (Protein Phosphatase 2 A, Scaffold Subunit Abeta) were each associated with a decreased risk of progression, after adjusting for stage. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, results from the present study identify new clinically relevant biomarkers and potential drug targets for uterine serous endometrial cancer.

PLEKHA7, an Apical Adherens Junction Protein, Suppresses Inflammatory Breast Cancer in the Context of High E-Cadherin and p120-Catenin Expression.

Inflammatory breast cancer is a highly aggressive form of breast cancer that forms clusters of tumor emboli in dermal lymphatics and readily metastasizes. These cancers express high levels of E-cadherin, the major mediator of adherens junctions, which enhances formation of tumor emboli. Previous studies suggest that E-cadherin promotes cancer when the balance between apical and basolateral cadherin complexes is disrupted. Here, we used immunohistochemistry of inflammatory breast cancer patient samples and analysis of cell lines to determine the expression of PLEKHA7, an apical adherens junction protein. We used viral transduction to re-express PLEKHA7 in inflammatory breast cancer cells and examined their aggressiveness in 2D and 3D cultures and in vivo. We determined that PLEKHA7 was deregulated in inflammatory breast cancer, demonstrating improper localization or lost expression in most patient samples and very low expression in cell lines. Re-expressing PLEKHA7 suppressed proliferation, anchorage independent growth, spheroid viability, and tumor growth in vivo. The data indicate that PLEKHA7 is frequently deregulated and acts to suppress inflammatory breast cancer. The data also promote the need for future inquiry into the imbalance between apical and basolateral cadherin complexes as driving forces in inflammatory breast cancer.

Integration of Comprehensive Genomic Analysis and Functional Screening of Affected Molecular Pathways to Inform Cancer Therapy.

OBJECTIVE: To select optimal therapies based on the detection of actionable genomic alterations in tumor samples is a major challenge in precision medicine. METHODS: We describe an effective process (opened December 1, 2017) that combines comprehensive genomic and transcriptomic tumor profiling, custom algorithms and visualization software for data integration, and preclinical 3-dimensiona ex vivo models for drug screening to assess response to therapeutic agents targeting specific genomic alterations. The process was applied to a patient with widely metastatic, weakly hormone receptor positive, HER2 nonamplified, infiltrating lobular breast cancer refractory to standard therapy. RESULTS: Clinical testing of liver metastasis identified BRIP1, NF1, CDH1, RB1, and TP53 mutations pointing to potential therapies including PARP, MEK/RAF, and CDK inhibitors. The comprehensive genomic analysis identified 395 mutations and several structural rearrangements that resulted in loss of function of 36 genes. Meta-analysis revealed biallelic inactivation of TP53, CDH1, FOXA1, and NIN, whereas only one allele of NF1 and BRIP1 was mutated. A novel ERBB2 somatic mutation of undetermined significance (P702L), high expression of both mutated and wild-type ERBB2 transcripts, high expression of ERBB3, and a LITAF-BCAR4 fusion resulting in BCAR4 overexpression pointed toward ERBB-related therapies. Ex vivo analysis validated the ERBB-related therapies and invalidated therapies targeting mutations in BRIP1 and NF1. Systemic patient therapy with afatinib, a HER1/HER2/HER4 small molecule inhibitor, resulted in a near complete radiographic response by 3 months. CONCLUSION: Unlike clinical testing, the combination of tumor profiling, data integration, and functional validation accurately assessed driver alterations and predicted effective treatment.

A phase 1 and randomized, placebo-controlled phase 2 trial of bevacizumab plus dasatinib in patients with recurrent glioblastoma: Alliance/North Central Cancer Treatment Group N0872.

BACKGROUND: Src signaling is markedly upregulated in patients with invasive glioblastoma (GBM) after the administration of bevacizumab. The Src family kinase inhibitor dasatinib has been found to effectively block bevacizumab-induced glioma invasion in preclinical models, which led to the hypothesis that combining bevacizumab with dasatinib could increase bevacizumab efficacy in patients with recurrent GBM. METHODS: After the completion of the phase 1 component, the phase 2 trial (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier NCT00892177) randomized patients with recurrent GBM 2:1 to receive 100 mg of oral dasatinib twice daily (arm A) or placebo (arm B) on days 1 to 14 of each 14-day cycle combined with 10 mg/kg of intravenous bevacizumab on day 1 of each 14-day cycle. The primary endpoint was 6-month progression-free survival (PFS6). RESULTS: In the 121 evaluable patients, the PFS6 rate was numerically, but not statistically, higher in arm A versus arm B (28.9% [95% CI, 19.5%-40.0%] vs 18.4% [95% CI, 7.7%-34.4%]; P = .22). Similarly, there was no significant difference in the median overall survival noted between the treatment arms (7.3 months and 7.7 months, respectively; P = .93). The objective response rate was 15.7% in arm A and 26.3% in arm B (P = .52), but with a significantly longer duration in patients treated on arm A (16.3 months vs 2 months). The incidence of grade ≥3 toxicity was comparable between treatment arms, with hematologic toxicities occurring more frequently in arm A versus arm B (15.7% vs 7.9%) (adverse events were assessed as per the National Cancer Institute Common Terminology Criteria for Adverse Events [version 4.0]). Correlative tissue analysis demonstrated an association between pSRC/LYN signaling in patient tumors and outcome. CONCLUSIONS: Despite upregulation of Src signaling in patients with GBM, the combination of bevacizumab with dasatinib did not appear to significantly improve the outcomes of patients with recurrent GBM compared with bevacizumab alone.

Efficacy of the MDM2 Inhibitor SAR405838 in Glioblastoma Is Limited by Poor Distribution Across the Blood-Brain Barrier.

Controversy exists surrounding whether heterogeneous disruption of the blood-brain barrier (BBB), as seen in glioblastoma (GBM), leads to adequate drug delivery sufficient for efficacy in GBM. This question is especially important when using potent, targeted agents that have a poor penetration across an intact BBB. Efficacy of the murine double minute-2 (MDM2) inhibitor SAR405838 was tested in patient-derived xenograft (PDX) models of GBM. In vitro efficacy of SAR405838 was evaluated in PDX models with varying MDM2 expression and those with high (GBM108) and low (GBM102) expression were evaluated for flank and orthotopic efficacy. BBB permeability, evaluated using TexasRed-3 kDa dextran, was significantly increased in GBM108 through VEGFA overexpression. Drug delivery, MRI, and orthotopic survival were compared between BBB-intact (GBM108-vector) and BBB-disrupted (GBM108-VEGFA) models. MDM2-amplified PDX lines with high MDM2 expression were sensitive to SAR405838 in comparison with MDM2 control lines in both in vitro and heterotopic models. In contrast with profound efficacy observed in flank xenografts, SAR405838 was ineffective in orthotopic tumors. Although both GBM108-vector and GBM108-VEGFA readily imaged on MRI following gadolinium contrast administration, GBM108-VEGFA tumors had a significantly enhanced drug and gadolinium accumulation, as determined by MALDI-MSI. Enhanced drug delivery in GBM108-VEGFA translated into a marked improvement in orthotopic efficacy. This study clearly shows that limited drug distribution across a partially intact BBB may limit the efficacy of targeted agents in GBM. Brain penetration of targeted agents is a critical consideration in any precision medicine strategy for GBM. Mol Cancer Ther; 17(9); 1893-901. ©2018 AACR.

Simultaneous E-cadherin and PLEKHA7 expression negatively affects E-cadherin/EGFR mediated ovarian cancer cell growth.

BACKGROUND: The disruption of E-cadherin-mediated adhesion is considered an important driver of tumor progression. Nevertheless, numerous studies have demonstrated that E-cadherin promotes growth- or invasion-related signaling, contrary to the prevailing notion. During tumor progression, epithelial ovarian cancer (EOC) maintains E-cadherin expression and can positively affect EOC cell growth by contributing to PI3K/AKT activation. In polarized epithelia PLEKHA7, a regulator of the zonula adherens integrity, impinges E-cadherin functionality, but its role in EOCs has been never studied. METHODS: Ex-vivo EOC cells and cell lines were used to study E-cadherin contribution to growth and EGFR activation. The expression of the proteins involved was assessed by real time RT-PCR, immunohistochemistry and western blotting. Cells growth and drug susceptibility was monitored in different 3-dimensional (3D) systems. Recombinant lentivirus-mediated gene expression, western blotting, immunoprecipitation and confocal microscopy were applied to investigate the biological impact of PLEKHA7 on E-cadherin behaviour. The clinical impact of PLEKHA7 was determined in publicly available datasets. RESULTS: We show that E-cadherin expression contributes to growth of EOC cells and forms a complex with EGFR thus positively affecting ligand-dependent EGFR/CDK5 signaling. Accordingly, 3D cultures of E-cadherin-expressing EOC cells are sensitive to the CDK5 inhibitor roscovitine combined with cisplatin. We determined that PLEKHA7 overexpression reduces the formation of E-cadherin-EGFR complex, EGFR activation and cell tumorigenicity. Clinically, PLEKHA7 mRNA is statistically decreased in high grade EOCs respect to low malignant potential and low grade EOCs and correlates with better EOC patient outcome. CONCLUSIONS: These data represent a significant step towards untangling the role of E-cadherin in EOCs by assessing its positive effects on EGFR/CDK5 signaling and its contribution to cell growth. Hence, the inhibition of this signaling using a CDK5 inhibitor exerts a synergistic effect with cisplatin prompting on the design of new therapeutic strategies to inhibit growth of EOC cells. We assessed for the first time in EOC cells that PLEKHA7 induces changes in the asset of E-cadherin-containing cell-cell contacts thus inhibiting E-cadherin/EGFR crosstalk and leading to a less aggressive tumor phenotype. Accordingly, PLEKHA7 levels are lower in high grade EOC patient tumors and EOC patients with better outcomes display higher PLEKHA7 levels.

Close encounters of the RNAi kind: the silencing life of the adherens junctions.

The adherens junction has been historically considered an essential structural component of epithelial tissues. Although primarily discussed as targets of signaling pathways responsible for cell fate and tissue remodeling, they have also emerged as critical signaling regulators in developmental processes or in disease progression. The recent discovery of a functional localized RNA interference (RNAi) machinery at epithelial adherens junctions revealed a new layer of signaling regulation that is directly associated with the structure itself. This and other findings also indicate that our view of the subcellular localization of RNAi requires revisiting. A number of questions emerge regarding the physiological role and the modes of regulation of the junctional RNAi machinery, pointing towards new directions of investigation.

Novel targeted therapy strategies for biliary tract cancers and hepatocellular carcinoma.

Worldwide hepatobiliary cancers are the second leading cause of cancer related death. Despite their relevance, hepatobiliary cancers have a paucity of approved systemic therapy options. However, there are a number of emerging therapeutic biomarkers and therapeutic concepts that show promise. In hepatocellular carcinoma, nivolumab appears particularly promising and recently received US FDA approval. In intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, therapies targeting FGFR2 and IDH1 and immune checkpoint inhibitors are the furthest along and generating the most excitement. There are additional biomarkers that merit further exploration in hepatobiliary cancers including FGF19, ERRFI1, TERT, BAP1, BRAF, CDKN2A, tumor mutational burden and ERBB2 (HER2/neu). Development of new and innovative therapies would help address the unmet need for effective systemic therapies in advanced and metastatic hepatobiliary cancers.