Ultraviolet light C prototype device against Sporothrix brasiliensis as a potential physical method for surface disinfection.

Sporothrix brasiliensis is recognized as an emergent fungal pathogen and the high amount of fungal propagules in the lesions of infected cats allows the contamination of surfaces by direct contact. Given that the environment can play a role in the transmission of this fungus, effective methods to eliminate this pathogen from contaminated surfaces are necessary. Physical methods, such as ultraviolet light C (UVC), are broad used for surfaces disinfection, however, non-data about its activity against S. brasiliensis is reported. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate an easy handled prototype of a UVC device, in the inhibition of S. brasiliensis. Three doses and times of exposure of irradiance were tested: 3.5 mJ/cm2 (1 s), 5.25 mJ/cm2 (1.5 s) and 329 mJ/cm2 (94 s) against a standardized inoculum of yeast and mold phase of S. brasiliensis. A decrease in CFU was shown in all doses of irradiance in both phases of S. brasiliensis, the average reduction ranged from 78 to 100% among doses, being a complete fungicidal activity achieved against the yeast phase after the 94 s exposure (329 mJ/cm2). Our data shows that UVC is a potential physical method for disinfection of surfaces contaminated with S. brasiliensis, and the prototype device developed provides an easy handling, and quickly results.

A deep learning-based approach for axle counter in free-flow tolling systems.

Enhancements in the structural and operational aspects of transportation are important for achieving high-quality mobility. Toll plazas are commonly known as a potential bottleneck stretch, as they tend to interfere with the normality of the flow due to the charging points. Focusing on the automation of toll plazas, this research presents the development of an axle counter to compose a free-flow toll collection system. The axle counter is responsible for the interpretation of images through algorithms based on computer vision to determine the number of axles of vehicles crossing in front of a camera. The You Only Look Once (YOLO) model was employed in the first step to identify vehicle wheels. Considering that several versions of this model are available, to select the best model, YOLOv5, YOLOv6, YOLOv7, and YOLOv8 were compared. The YOLOv5m achieved the best result with precision and recall of 99.40% and 98.20%, respectively. A passage manager was developed thereafter to verify when a vehicle passes in front of the camera and store the corresponding frames. These frames are then used by the image reconstruction module which creates an image of the complete vehicle containing all axles. From the sequence of frames, the proposed method is able to identify when a vehicle was passing through the scene, count the number of axles, and automatically generate the appropriate charge to be applied to the vehicle.

Governança da Saúde Pública: conflitos e desafios para uma gestão compartilhada na fronteira Brasil-Bolívia / Public Health Governance: conflicts and challenges of shared management on the Brazil-Bolivia border

Resumo Este estudo de caso tem por objetivo apresentar a importância da gestão compartilhada da saúde pública para as zonas de fronteira. Especificamente, apresentaremos como ocorreu o enfrentamento inicial da covid-19 na fronteira Brasil-Bolívia, para demonstrar as fragilidades territoriais, tanto em relação à covid-19, quanto ao enfrentamento de outras doenças infectocontagiosas. De ordem metodológica, este artigo propõe uma nova leitura teórico-analítica para os estudos da governança da saúde pública, com base na sociologia dos problemas públicos, de base pragmatista. Através de uma investigação qualitativa (teórico-reflexiva), realizada mediante levantamento bibliográfico, documental e uma consulta junto a 14 especialistas, foram identificadas as controvérsias e os conflitos que definem o problema e a ação para tentar resolvê-lo. A covid-19 reacende a importância da gestão compartilhada binacional, tanto para combate da pandemia, quanto para o controle de outras endemias locais urgentes, como a dengue e o H1N1, na fronteira.

Abstract This case study aims to present the importance of shared public health management for border areas. Specifically, we will present how the initial confrontation of covid-19 took place on the Brazil-Bolivia border, to demonstrate the territorial weaknesses, both regarding covid-19 and in the face of other infectious diseases. Of methodological order, this article proposes a new theoretical-analytical reading for the study of public health governance, based on the pragmatist sociology of public problems. By an investigation (qualitative and theoretical-reflective), carried out with a bibliographic and documental survey and a consultation with 14 specialists, the controversies and the conflicts that define the problem and the action to try to solve it were identified. covid-19 rekindles the importance of shared binational management, both to fight the pandemic and to control other urgent local endemics, such as dengue and H1N1 on the border.

High Atmospheric CO2 Concentration Mitigates Drought Effects on Acanthostyles buniifolius an Important Grassland Weed in South America.

The differential growth and yield response of plant species to rising carbon dioxide concentrations and climatic change may alter species diversity within biomes. The Pampa Biome in South America is an important grassland biome of agronomic and environmental importance. Acanthostyles buniifolius (Chirca) is one of the most important weeds in natural pasture areas widely distributed in southern South America and can adversely affect livestock production. The current study was designed to identify possible responses of Chirca to CO2 concentration ([CO2]) and drought that would indicate higher adaptation and potential proliferation within the Pampa Biome. Chirca plants were cultivated at two CO2 concentrations (400 (a[CO2]) and 700 (e[CO2]) µmol mol-1) and two water conditions (under water restriction-15% of the pot capacity; and plants without water restriction-pot capacity). Besides growth parameters, we also determined water potential (ѱw), relative water contents (RWC), proline, glycine betaine, total soluble sugars, hydrogen peroxide, lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase (SOD), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity, chlorophyll A and B, carotenoids and root dry mass (RDM). Plants exposed to e[CO2] are more efficient in water use and have a greater increase in root dry mass, enabling greater adaptation to climate-induced droughts. Among the biochemical changes observed in the plants under drought stress, the accumulation of proline, glycine betaine, and total soluble sugars were the most evident mechanisms allowing plants to tolerate drought stress by osmotic adjustment.

COVID-19 no município de Bagé/RS: radiografia da evolução da pandemia / COVID-19 inthe city of Bagé, Brazil: radiographyof the evolution of the pandemic / COVID-19 en el municipiode Bagé, Brasil: radiografía de la evolución de la pandemia

Objetivo: caracterizar a dinâmica da COVID-19 no município de Bagé, construindo uma radiografia detalhada da propagação do SARS-CoV-2, relacionando a disseminação com as medidas de contenção impostas pelos governos estadual e municipal. Paralelamente, analisou-se uma série de eventos sociais e o comportamento da população frente essas medidas, de modo a relacionar seus impactos na disseminação do vírus. Metodologia: a pesquisa é caracterizada como quali-quantitativa, com um período de análise entre março de 2020 até abril de 2021. Foram utilizados dados de registros diários de novos casos, casos ativos, curados e suspeitos, números de óbitos, de leitos clínicos e de vagas em UTI, em conjunto com os dados de isolamento social. Resultados: diante dos dados analisados identificou-se indícios de que as medidas adotadas pela gestão pública impactaram na propagação do vírus, além disso, observou-se quatro fases do comportamento populacional durante a pandemia no município: medo, incerteza, relaxamento e descontrole. Conclusão: a flexibilização das medidas adotadas pelo poder público gerou picos acentuados de contaminação, porém, não foi possível reduzir significativamente o número de casos ativos da doença após esses picos, indicando que as decisões do poder público e a incerteza gerada em parte da população impossibilitaram o controle efetivo da disseminação do vírus no período analisado.

Objective: to characterize the dynamics of COVID-19 in the municipality of Bagé, constructa detailed x-ray of the spread of the virus and analyze the impacts of the containment measures imposed by the state and municipal governments on contamination. Simultaneously, a series of social events and the behavior of the population against these measures are analyzed, torelate their impacts onthe spread of the virus. Methods: the research wascharacterized quali-quantitatively, with an analysis period between March 2020 and April 2021. Data from daily records of new cases, active, cured and suspected cases, numbers of deaths, clinical beds and vacanciesin ICU, together with social isolation data. Results: giventhe analyzed data, there was evidence that the measures adopted by public management had an impact on the spread of the virus, in addition, four phases of population behavior were observed duringthe pandemic in the municipality: fear, uncertainty, relaxation and lack of control.Conclusions:the measures of flexibility adopted by the government generated sharp peaks in contamination and after these peaks, it was not possible to significantly reduce the number of active cases of the diseasein general, indicating the decisions of the government hadgenerateduncertainlyin part of the populationandmade it impossible to effectively control the spread of the virus in the period analyzed.

Objetivo: caracterizar la dinámica del COVID-19 en el municipio de Bagé, construyendo una radiografía detallada de la propagación del SARS-CoV-2, relacionando la propagación con las medidas de contención impuestas por los gobiernos estatales y municipales. A su vez, se analizaron una serie de hechos sociales y el comportamiento de la población frente a estas medidas, con el fin de relacionar sus impactos en la propagación del virus. Metodología: la investigación se caracteriza cuali-cuantitativa, con un período de análisis entre marzo de 2020 y abril de 2021. Se utilizaron datos de registros diarios de nuevos casos, casos activos, curados y sospechosos, número de muertes, camas clínicas y vacantes de UCI, junto con datos sobre aislamiento social. Resultados: ante los datos analizados, se identificaron evidencias de que las medidas adoptadas por la gestión pública incidieron en la propagación del virus, además, se observaron cuatro fases de comportamiento de la población durante la pandemia en el municipio: miedo, incertidumbre, relajación y falta de control. Conclusión: la flexibilidad de las medidas adoptadas por el gobierno generó fuertes picos de contaminación y que, en general, luego de estos picos no fue posible reducir significativamente el número de casos activos de la enfermedad, lo que indica que las decisiones del gobierno y la incertidumbre generada en parte de la población imposibilitó el control efectivo de la propagación del virus en el período analizado.

Hazardous elements in the soil of urban cemeteries; constructive solutions aimed at sustainability.

Urban cemeteries on a global scale raise concerns due to their potential to concentrate differing levels of hazardous pollutants in their native soils due to the unnatural concentration of burials in a limited space. It is paramount for sustainability that designers of future cemeteries take this into account in order to minimize the deposition and movement of these contaminants within the soil profile. The objective of this manuscript is to identify the levels of certain hazardous element contamination, specifically heavy metals, in the soil of horizontal urban cemeteries that do not utilize herbicides for weed control. In this, solutions were sought for the construction of future urban cemeteries capable of mitigating further contamination of the environment by the increase in interments. The soils of three urban cemeteries (A, B and C) in the Brazilian city of Carazinho, in Rio Grande do Sul State, were sampled with 5 monitoring points in the internal area and 5 points in the external area of the cemeteries. At each point, 3 replications were performed at two depths (0-20 and 20-40 cm), totaling 180 samples in all, to determine the concentration of the following metals: copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn), lead (Pb), and chromium (Cr) (g kg-1). In addition, online interviews with 15 architects who design cemeteries were conducted. Architectural design solutions to mitigate environmental contamination were modeled utilizing the Building Information Modeling system (BIM). The results showed an excess of Cu in the soil of cemeteries A, B and C, surpassing the standards allowed by Brazilian federal regulations. A total of 80% of the interviewed architects expressed their preference for the vertical cemetery, with gas and effluent treatment systems to mitigate environmental impacts.

Interaction of acetyl-CoA carboxylase enzyme inhibiting herbicides with auxin herbicides on ryegrass / Interação de herbicidas inibidores da enzima acetil-CoA carboxilase com herbicidas auxínicos sobre azevém

ABSTRACT: This study aimed to evaluate the antagonistic effect of the mixture ofacetyl coenzyme-A carboxylase (ACCase) enzyme inhibiting herbicides and auxin herbicides in Lolium multiflorum and to determine mechanisms to mitigate this possible effect. The first experiments were conducted by associating the herbicide clethodim (108 g a.i. ha−1), quizalofop-p-ethyl (54 g a.i. ha−1), and clethodim + quizalofop-p-ethyl (108+54 g a.i. ha−1) with 2,4-D (1005 g a.e. ha−1) or triclopyr (720 g a.e. ha−1), in addition to the sole application of the respective graminicides. Another experiment included clethodim (54; 81; 108; 162; 216 g a.i. ha−1), quizalofop-p-ethyl (27; 40.5; 54; 81; 108 g a.i. ha−1), and clethodim + quizalofop-p-ethyl (54+27; 81+40.5; 108+54; 162+81; 216+108 g a.i. ha−1) mixed with 2,4-D (1005 g a.e. ha−1), or triclopyr (720 g a.e. ha−1), in addition to the control treatments without herbicide application. In the second experiment, herbicides clethodim (108 g a.i. ha−1), quizalofop-p-ethyl (54 g a.i. ha−1), and clethodim + quizalofop-p-ethyl (108+54 g a.i. ha−1) in combination with the herbicides 2,4-D (1005 g a.e. ha−1) or triclopyr (720 g a.e. ha−1)had malathion (1000 g a.i. ha−1) or glyphosate (720 g a.e. ha−1) mixed, in addition to the sole applications of the graminicides. The herbicide clethodim + quizalofop-p-ethyl did not present an antagonistic interaction with the auxin herbicides, and obtained 85% weed control. To obtain control similar to the sole application of this graminicide, the dose of the herbicide clethodim needs to be increased by 20%. However, the mixture of the herbicide quizalofop-p-ethyl with 2,4-D and triclopyr affects the ryegrass control. The use of strategies that increase the absorption of ACCase herbicides or the inhibition of P450 enzymes are ways to mitigate the antagonistic effect caused by the association of the two auxin herbicides.

RESUMO: O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito antagônico da mistura de herbicidas inibidores da enzima ACCase e herbicidas auxínicos em Lolium multiflorum e determinar mecanismos de mitigação deste possível efeito. No primeiro momento foram conduzidos experimentos associando o herbicida clethodim (108 g i.a. ha-1), quizalofop-p-ethyl (54 g i.a. ha-1) e clethodim + quizalofop-p-ethyl (108 + 54 g i.a. ha-1) com 2,4-D (1005 g e.a. ha-1) ou triclopyr (720 g e.a. ha-1), além da aplicação isolada dos respectivos graminicidas. Outro experimento contou com clethodim (54; 81; 108; 162; 216 g i.a ha-1), quizalofop-p-ethyl (27; 40,50; 54; 81; 108 g i.a ha-1) e clethodim + quizalofop-p-ethyl (54 + 27; 81 + 40,50; 108 +54; 162 +81; 216 + 108 g i.a ha-1) em mistura com 2,4-D (1005 g e.a ha-1) ou triclopyr (720 g e.a. ha-1), além das testemunhas sem aplicação herbicida. No segundo momento os herbicidas clethodim (108 g i.a. ha-1), quizalofop-p-ethyl (54 g i.a. ha-1) e clethodim + quizalofop-p-ethyl (108 + 54 g i.a. ha-1) em associação com os herbicidas 2,4-D (1005 g e.a ha-1) ou triclopyr (720 g e.a. ha-1), contaram com adição de malathion (1000 g i.a. ha-1) ou glyphosate (720 g e.a. ha-1), além das aplicações isoladas dos graminicidas. O herbicida clethodim + quizalofop-p-ethyl não apresentou interação antagônica com os herbicidas auxínicos, obtendo controle de 85%. Já para o herbicida clethodim é necessário o aumento de dose em 20 % é capaz de obter controle similar a aplicação isolada deste graminicida. Porém para o herbicida quizalofop-p-ethyl a mistura com os herbicidas 2,4-D e triclopyr repercute na diminuição do controle do azevém. O uso de estratégias que aumente a absorção do herbicida inibidor de ACCase ou a inibição das enzimas P450 são formas de mitigar o efeito antagônico causado pela associação destes dois tipos de herbicidas.

Importance of sequential herbicide application in the control of Elephantopus mollis / A importância da aplicação sequencial no controle de Elephantopus mollis

RESUMO: Popularmente conhecida como pata de elefante ou sussuaiá, Elephantopus mollis, é uma espécie que recentemente surgiu como uma planta daninha em lavouras de cultivos de grãos. Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar a sensibilidade diferencial de biótipos de E. mollis oriundos de áreas agrícolas e não agrícolas e determinar as melhores combinações de herbicidas aplicados em diferentes estádios de desenvolvimento para o controle desta espécie. Foram realizados três experimentos. No experimento de sensibilidade diferencial foram utilizados dez herbicidas em dois biótipos em duas fases de desenvolvimento. O experimento de dose resposta foi conduzido com oito doses de sete herbicidas. O experimento a campo foi realizado em uma área que apresenta problemas com a planta daninha para validar os resultados dos experimentos anteriores. O biótipo oriundo de área agrícola apresentou menor sensibilidade aos herbicidas quando comparado ao biótipo oriundo de área não agrícola. Os herbicidas de contato inicialmente apresentam controle superior, mas logo a planta apresenta rebrote em função de gemas presentes no colo da planta. A aplicação isolada de 2,4-D com doses entre 1005 e 1675 g e.a ha-1 possui controle de 25%. Quando o 2,4-D é seguido da aplicação de paraquat (400 g i.a ha-1) o controle passa a ser entre 51 e 68%. O melhor tratamento para o controle de plantas desenvolvidas é a mistura de 2,4-D + glyphosate (1340 + 1080 g e.a ha-1) com aplicação sequencial de paraquat.

ABSTRACT: Elephantopus mollis, popularly known as elephant paw or sussuaiá, is a species that has recently emerged as a weed affecting grain crops. This study aimed to evaluate the differential sensitivity of biotypes of E. mollis obtained from agricultural and nonagricultural areas and to determine the best combinations of herbicides applied at different stages of development for controlling this species. Three experiments were conducted. In the differential sensitivity experiment, 10 herbicides were used in 2 biotypes in 2 stages of development. The dose-response experiment was conducted using 8 doses of 7 herbicides. The field experiment was conducted in an area with weed issues to validate the results of previous experiments. The biotype from the agricultural area showed lower sensitivity to herbicides than the biotype from the nonagricultural area. The contact herbicides initially presented better control; however, the weed shortly showed re-growth due to the presence of buds in the plant crown. Isolated application of 2.4-D amine at doses between 1005 and 1675 g a.e. ha−1 demonstrated 25% control. When 2,4-D amine was followed by paraquat application (400 g a.i. ha−1), the control observed was between 51% and 68%. The best treatment for the control of completely developed weeds is 2,4-D amine + glyphosate mixture (1340 + 1080 g a.e. ha−1), followed by sequential paraquat application.

Molecular characterization and gene expression analysis of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1ß and IL-8 in the South American fish Piaractus mesopotamicus challenged with Aeromonas dhakensis.

In the present study, the complete characterization of cDNA and genomic sequences of IL-1ß and IL-8, as well as the expression profile of these genes in the South American fish pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) is provided. The full-length pmIL-1ß cDNA was composed of 1208 nucleotides that would produce a precursor peptide with 273 amino acid residues. A putative caspase-1 cleavage site, similar to what is found in mammalian IL-1ß, was identified producing a mature peptide with a theoretical molecular weight of 17.21 kDa. The pmIL-8 cDNA sequence consisted of 1019 nucleotides which encoded a 95-amino acid protein with a theoretical molecular weight of 10.43 kDa that showed all typical CXC chemokine features, including a 20-residue signal peptide and four conserved cysteine residues. Constitutive mRNA expression was detected for both genes in the liver, head kidney, gill, intestine, skin and spleen. After a bacterial challenge, up-regulation was detected for both pmIL-1ß and pmIL-8 in the spleen and head kidney at 12 h post-infection. At 24 h post-infection there was a decrease in the expression of both genes, with pmIL-8 showing a significant down-regulation in the liver and head kidney when compared to the control groups.

Diálogos entre gênero e as experiências com a população de rua / Dialogues between gender and experiences with the street population / Diálogos entre género y las experiencias con las personas sin hogar / Dialogues entre les questions de genre et les expériences avec la population sans-abri

Este artigo buscou compreender a relação entre as experiências da população de rua - articuladas com o Movimento Nacional da População de Rua em Santa Catarina (MNPR/SC) - e as questões de gênero. Para tanto, realizamos uma pesquisa qualitativa com base na cartografia, através do acompanhamento das reuniões e ações do Movimento. A análise crítica destas informações aliou-se aos estudos feministas, com ênfase no pensamento de Judith Butler. Os resultados apontam que as discussões de gênero tem se constituído elemento de problematização e configuração de pautas de luta, principalmente frente às demandas das mulheres na rua. Analisamos que a dimensão de gênero atua como uma categoria implicada na produção de relações binárias e corrobora a manutenção de privilégios dos homens sobre as mulheres e a população LGBT+. Ainda, consideramos que a normatividade de gênero produz efeitos nas condições de reconhecimento, (in)visibilidade e apreensão das vidas nas ruas, intensificando sua condição precária.

This article sought to understand the relation between the experiences of the street population - articulated with the Street Population National Movement in Santa Catarina (MNPR/SC) - and gender issues. To this end, we carried out a qualitative and cartography-based research, accompanying the Movement's meetings and actions. The critical analysis of these information was allied with feminist studies, with emphasis on Judith Butler's thoughts. The results indicate that gender discussions have become an element of problematization and setting political fight agendas, especially regarding the demands of homeless women. We analyzed that the gender dimension acts as a category implicated in the production of binary relations and corroborates to the maintenance of male privilege over women and the LGBT+ population. Furthermore, we consider that the gender normativity produces effects on the conditions of recognition, (in)visibility and apprehension of lives on the streets, intensifying their precarious condition.

Este artículo buscó comprender la relación entre las experiencias de personas sin hogar, relacionadas con el Movimiento Nacional de Población sin Hogar en Santa Catarina (MNPR) y las cuestiones de género. Para eso, realizamos una investigación cualitativa basada en la cartografía, a partir de un seguimiento de las reuniones y acciones de este colectivo. El análisis crítico de estas informaciones se alió a los estudios feministas, con énfasis en el pensamiento de Judith Butler. Los resultados apuntan que las discusiones de género se constituyen como elementos de problematización y configuración de pautas de lucha, principalmente frente a las demandas de las mujeres en la calle. Analizamos que la dimensión de género actúa como una categoría implicada en la producción de relaciones binarias y corrobora el mantenimiento de privilegios de los hombres sobre las mujeres y la población LGBT. Además, consideramos que la normatividad de género produce efectos en las condiciones de reconocimiento, (in) visibilidad y aprehensión de las vidas en las calles, intensificando su condición precaria.

Cet article a pour but de comprendre la relation entre les expériences de la population sans-abri - articulées au Mouvement National de la Population sans-abri de Santa Catarina (MNPR / SC) - et les questions de genre. Pour cela, nous avons mené une recherche qualitative basée sur la cartographie, à travers le suivi des rencontres et des actions de ce Mouvement. L'analyse critique de ces informations a été réalisée à partir des études féministes, en mettant l'accent sur les propos de Judith Butler. Les résultats montrent que les discussions sur le genre ont été un élément de problématisation et de configuration des programmes de lutte, en particulier face aux demandes des femmes sans domicile fixe. En effet, notre conclusion montre que la dimension de genre agit comme une catégorie impliquée dans la production de relations binaires et corrobore le maintien des privilèges des hommes sur les femmes et la population LGBT +. En outre, nous considérons que la normativité de genre présente des effets sur les conditions de reconnaissance, de (in)visibilité et d'appréhension des vies de ceux/celles qui appartiennent à cette population, intensifiant leur précarité.

Importância do tratamento da água no setor de terapia renal / Importance of water treatment in the renal therapy sector / Importancia del tratamiento de la água en sector de la terapia renal

Introdução: A insuficiência renal consiste em um decréscimo da função renal, resultando no acúmulo de eletrólitos e metabólitos no organismo, principalmente ureia e creatinina. Nos quadros crônicos, o paciente necessita ser submetido a tratamento dialítico contínuo, através da depuração do sangue por meio de um equipamento chamado dialisador. A água utilizada em hemodiálise deve passar por rigoroso controle de purificação, a fim de assegurar a total retirada de contaminantes químicos e microbiológicos. Para tanto, a técnica de purificação recomendada pela legislação brasileira é a osmose reversa, cujo monitoramento da qualidade da água deve ser rigorosamente implantado. Objetivo: Discutir os parâmetros de qualidade da água utilizada em hemodiálise e ressaltar a importância do monitoramento físico, químico e microbiológico no processo de purificação. Método: Revisão bibliográfica, com busca de artigos publicados no período de 2000 a 2017, efetuada por meio do portal Lilacs, empregando os descritores "tratamento água hemodiálise" e "osmose reversa água". Resultado: Foram encontrados oito artigos publicados sobre o tema no período considerado e a análise dos mesmos evidenciou a necessidade de um controle rigoroso no serviço de hemodiálise, de extrema importância para garantir melhor qualidade de vida aos pacientes. Conclusão: Entre as principais considerações, os trabalhos reforçam que a água para hemodiálise, quando inadequadamente tratada, coloca em risco a vida e a segurança do paciente com insuficiência renal. Portanto, a garantia da qualidade da água para hemodiálise não depende somente da escolha do sistema de tratamento, mas também de manutenção eficiente de seus componentes.(AU)

Introduction: Renal failure consists of a decrease in renal function, resulting in the accumulation of electrolytes and metabolites in the body, mainly urea and creatinine. In chronic conditions, the patient needs to be submitted to continuous dialytic treatment, through the purification of the blood by means of a device called dialyzer. The water used in hemodialysis must undergo strict purification control in order to ensure the total removal of chemical and microbiological contaminants. For this, the purification technique recommended by Brazilian legislation is reverse osmosis, whose monitoring of water quality must be rigorously implemented. Objective: To discuss water quality parameters used in hemodialysis and to emphasize the importance of physical, chemical and microbiological monitoring in the purification process. Method: Bibliographic review, with search of articles published in the period 2000 to 2017, performed through the Lilacs portal, using the descriptors "treatment water hemodialysis" and "reverse water osmosis". Result: We found eight articles published on the subject in the period considered and their analysis showed the need for a strict control in the hemodialysis service, of extreme importance to ensure better quality of life to patients. Conclusion: Among the main considerations, the studies reinforce that water for hemodialysis, when inadequately treated, puts the life and safety of the patient with renal failure at risk. Therefore, ensuring the quality of water for hemodialysis depends not only on the choice of the treatment system, but also on the efficient maintenance of its components.(AU)

Introducción: La insuficiencia renal consiste en un disminución de la función renal, resultando en la acumulación de electrólitos y metabolitos en el organismo, principalmente la urea y la creatinina. En los cuadros crónicos, el paciente necesita ser sometido a tratamiento dialítico continuo, a través de la depuración de la sangre por medio de un equipo llamado dialisador. El agua utilizada en hemodiálisis debe pasar por un riguroso control de purificación, a fin de asegurar la total retirada de contaminantes químicos y microbiológicos. Para tanto, la técnica de purificación recomendada por la legislación brasileña es la osmosis reversa, cuyo monitoreo de la calidad del agua debe ser rigurosamente implantado. Objetivo: Discutir los parámetros de calidad del agua utilizada en hemodiálisis y resaltar la importancia del monitoreo físico, químico y microbiológico en el proceso de purificación. Método: Revisión bibliográfica, con búsqueda de artículos publicados en el período 2000 a 2017, efectuada por medio del portal Lilacs, empleando los descriptores "tratamiento agua hemodiálisis" y "osmosis reversa agua". Resultado: Se encontraron ocho artículos publicados sobre el tema en el período considerado y el análisis de los mismos evidenció la necesidad de un control riguroso en el servicio de hemodiálisis, de extrema importancia para garantizar una mejor calidad de vida a los pacientes. Conclusión: Entre las principales consideraciones, los trabajos refuerzan que el agua para hemodiálisis, cuando inadecuadamente tratada, pone en riesgo la vida y la seguridad del paciente con insuficiencia renal. Por lo tanto, la garantía de la calidad del agua para hemodiálisis no depende sólo de la elección del sistema de tratamiento, sino también de mantenimiento eficiente de sus componentes.(AU)

Glyphosate-resistant soybeans yield in function of glyphosate salts, doses and stadium phenological / Produtuvidade de cultivares de soja em função dos sais de glyphosate, doses e épocas de aplicação

Given the importance of soybean to the global economy and as a food source, improving crop management techniques is integral to obtaining higher yields. As such, this study aimed to assess the yield of soybean cultivars as a function of different glyphosate salt formulations, doses and application times. Two field experiments were conducted simultaneously using a randomized block design and 3x4x2 factorial scheme, with three repetitions. Factor A consisted of three glyphosate formulations: isopropylamine salt (Roundup Original®), ammonium salt (Roundup WG®), and potassium salt (Zapp Qi®), factor B four application times: 0, 14, 28, 42 days after planting (DAP), and factor C two doses: the recommended dose of 720 grams of acid equivalent per hectare and twice that (1440 grams of acid equivalent per hectare). There was no difference between the glyphosate salts for the BMX Ativa RR® cultivar, but yields of BMX Apolo RR® submitted to ammonium salt were 28% higher than those recorded for the other salts studied. Glyphosate potassium salt resulted in lower soybean yields. Potassium salt application between 14 and 28 DAP caused greater toxicity in both the soybean cultivars analyzed.

Diante da importância da cultura da soja tanto na economia mundial quanto para a alimentação, a melhoria das técnicas de cultivo torna-se um ponto fundamental na obtenção de maiores produtividades. Desta forma o objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar a produtividade de cultivares de soja sob a influência da aplicação de diferentes sais de glyphosate, doses e épocas de aplicação. Dois experimentos de campo foram realizados simultaneamente em delineamento de blocos casualizados com arranjo trifatorial (3x4x2) com três repetições. O fator A consistiu de três formulações de glyphosate: sal de isopropilamina (Roundup Original®), sal de amônio (Roundup WG®), sal de potássio (Zapp Qi®). O fator B consistiu de quatro épocas de aplicação: 0, 14, 28, 42 dias após a semeadura (DAS). O fator C consistiu em duas doses: a dose recomendada de 720 gramas de equivalente ácido por hectare e duas vezes a dose recomendada com 1440 gramas de equivalente ácido por hectare. Para a cultivar BMX Ativa RR® não se observou diferença quanto aos sais, porém a cultivar BMX Apolo RR® submetida a aplicação de sal de amônio demostrou uma produtividade 28% superior em relação aos demais sais. O glyphosate na formulação sal de potássio apresentou redução da produtividade da cultura da soja. Aplicações de glyphosate na formulação sal de potássio realizadas entre os 14 e 28 dias após a semeadura causam maior toxidez em ambas cultivares de soja utilizadas.

Morphometric Study of the Atlas.

Objective To determine the anatomical parameters of the atlas (C1) in a sample of the Brazilian population and compare them with the results already presented in the literature for other populations and, thus, to identify and change the indications of implants used in the treatment of the upper cervical spine. Methods We performed a retrospective observational study of a prospective database, including 100 patients seen between January 2012 and December 2013. We used axial and sagittal sections of computed tomography (CT) scans. The parameters studied were; axial: distance from posterior tubercle to the screw entry point (DPT_EP), safety angle of the axial screw (SA_AS), ideal axial screw length (_ASL) and distance of the spinal canal from the transverse foramen (DSC_TF); Sagittal: ideal sagittal screw length (_SSL), safety angle of the sagittal screw (SA_SS) and posterior arch thickness (_PAT). All of the parameters were divided according to age, gender, and left and right sides. Results The minimum mean point of entry ranged from 20 mm to 22.7 mm. The average security zone ranged from 18.09° to 23.68°. The mean posterior arch thickness ranged from 7.21 mm to 8.95 mm. The lowest averages were found in females. Using an original and reproducible technique of CT evaluation. Conclusion The anatomical parameters of the atlas found in the sample of the studied population were similar to those previously presented in the literature. However, differences between the sexes were observed.

Morphometric Study of the Atlas / Estudo morfométrico do atlas

Abstract Objective To determine the anatomical parameters of the atlas (C1) in a sample of the Brazilian population and compare them with the results already presented in the literature for other populations and, thus, to identify and change the indications of implants used in the treatment of the upper cervical spine. Methods We performed a retrospective observational study of a prospective database, including 100 patients seen between January 2012 and December 2013. We used axial and sagittal sections of computed tomography (CT) scans. The parameters studied were; axial: distance from posterior tubercle to the screw entry point (DPT_EP), safety angle of the axial screw (SA_AS), ideal axial screw length (_ASL) and distance of the spinal canal from the transverse foramen (DSC_TF); Sagittal: ideal sagittal screw length (_SSL), safety angle of the sagittal screw (SA_SS) and posterior arch thickness (_PAT). All of the parameters were divided according to age, gender, and left and right sides. Results The minimum mean point of entry ranged from 20 mm to 22.7 mm. The average security zone ranged from 18.09º to 23.68º. The mean posterior arch thickness ranged from 7.21 mm to 8.95 mm. The lowest averages were found in females. Using an original and reproducible technique of CT evaluation. Conclusion The anatomical parameters of the atlas found in the sample of the studied population were similar to those previously presented in the literature. However, differences between the sexes were observed.

Resumo Objetivo Determinar os parâmetros anatômicos do atlas (C1) em uma amostra da população brasileira, compará-los aos resultados já apresentados na literatura para outras populações e, assim, identificar e alterar as indicações dos implantes utilizados no tratamento das afecções da coluna cervical alta. Métodos Foi realizado um estudo observacional retrospectivo de um banco de dados prospectivo, incluindo 100 pacientes atendidos entre janeiro de 2012 a dezembro de 2013. Foram utilizados cortes axiais e sagitais de tomografias computadorizadas (TCs). Os parâmetros estudados foram; axial: ponto de entrada do parafuso (DTPPE), ângulo de segurança (ADSPA), tamanho ideal do parafuso (TPA) e tamanho da massa lateral entre os forames vertebral e transverso (DCVFT); sagital: tamanho ideal do parafuso (TPS), ângulo de segurança (ADSPS) e espessura do arco posterior (EAP). Todos os parâmetros foram divididos de acordo com a idade, gênero e lado esquerdo e direito. Resultados A média mínima do ponto de entrada variou de 20 mm a 22,7 mm. A zona de segurança média variou de 18,09º a 23,68º. A espessura média do arco posterior variou entre 7,21 mm e 8,95 mm. As menores médias foram encontradas no sexo feminino. Por meio de uma técnica original e reprodutível de avaliação de TC. Conclusão Os parâmetros anatômicos do atlas encontrados na amostra da população estudada foram semelhantes aos apresentados previamente na literatura. No entanto, foram observadas diferenças entre os sexos.

Characterization and gene expression analysis of pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) following Aeromonas dhakensis infection.

Nitric oxide (NO) is an important effector molecule which is involved in a myriad of biological processes, including immune responses against pathogens such as parasites, virus and bacteria. During the inflammatory processes in vertebrates, NO is produced by the inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) enzyme in practically all nucleated cells to suppress or kill intracellular pathogens. The aim of the present study was to characterize the full coding region of the iNOS gene of pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus), an economically and ecologically important South American fish species, and to analyze mRNA expression levels following intraperitoneal infection with the pathogenic bacterium Aeromonas dhakensis by means of quantitative real time PCR (qPCR). The results showed that the pacu iNOS transcript is 3237 bp in length, encoding a putative protein composed of 1078 amino acid residues. The amino acid sequence showed similarities ranging from 69.03% to 94.34% with other teleost fish and 57.70% with the human iNOS, with all characteristic domains and cofactor binding sites of the enzyme detected. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the iNOS from the red-bellied piranha, another South American characiform, was the closest related sequence to the pacu iNOS. iNOS transcripts were constitutively detected in the liver, spleen and head kidney, and there was a significant upregulation in the liver and spleen at 12, 24 and 48 h after infection with A. dhakensis. No significant variations were observed in the head kidney during the periods analyzed. These results show that iNOS expression was induced by A. dhakensis infection and suggest that this enzyme may be involved in the response to this bacterium in pacu.

Quantifying structural modifications of gills of two fish species Astyanax altiparanae (Lambari) and Prochilodus lineatus (Curimbatá) after exposure to biodegradable detergents in urban lake water.

Anthropic actions in rivers and urban lakes are a cause for concern to our ecosystem. The effects on fauna and flora of substances discharged into waterways have become a focus for investigations globally. Biodegradable detergents are widely used in residences and small industries, but little is known regarding the consequences on fish fauna. The objective of the present study was to identify modifications in gill structure in two fish species, Astyanax altiparanae and Prochilodus lineatus, after treatment with water obtained from an urban lake and an exposure to 1 ppm diluted biodegradable detergents (linear alkylbenzene sulfonate). Data demonstrated exposure to urban lake produced various alterations in gill functions such as lamellar fusions, aneurysms, mucous, and chlorine cell proliferation, which may be attributed to the presence of detergents in the water but may also be a consequence of synergetic actions of detergents with other pollutants. Results showed that the levels of NO-2, Na, F-, Cl-, and Fe were significantly higher in urban lake water but in the presence of detergents Ni was also detected. Evidence indicates that biodegradable detergents produce damage to gill functions, which subsequently alters the fish physiology and reduces the ability to cope with stress and survival.

Complete mitochondrial genome from South American catfish Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum (Eigenmann & Eigenmann) and its impact in Siluriformes phylogenetic tree.

The cachara (Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum) is a Neotropical freshwater catfish from family Pimelodidae (Siluriformes) native to Brazil. The species is of relative economic importance for local aquaculture production and basic biological information is under development to help boost efforts to domesticate and raise the species in commercial systems. The complete cachara mitochondrial genome was obtained by assembling Illumina RNA-seq data from pooled samples. The full mitogenome was found to be 16,576 bp in length, showing the same basic structure, order, and genetic organization observed in other Pimelodidae, with 13 protein-coding genes, 2 rNA genes, 22 trNAs, and a control region. Observed base composition was 24.63% T, 28.47% C, 31.45% A, and 15.44% G. With the exception of NAD6 and eight tRNAs, all of the observed mitochondrial genes were found to be coded on the H strand. A total of 107 SNPs were identified in P. reticulatum mtDNA, 67 of which were located in coding regions. Of these SNPs, 10 result in amino acid changes. Analysis of the obtained sequence with 94 publicly available full Siluriformes mitogenomes resulted in a phylogenetic tree that generally agreed with available phylogenetic proposals for the order. The first report of the complete Pseudoplatystoma reticulatum mitochondrial genome sequence revealed general gene organization, structure, content, and order similar to most vertebrates. Specific sequence and content features were observed and may have functional attributes which are now available for further investigation.

Chromosomal microstructure diversity in three Astyanax (Characiformes, Characidae) species: comparative analysis of the chromosomal locations of the 18S and 5S rDNAs.

The species of genus Astyanax is widely distributed in freshwater neotropical zones. Astyanax is considered to be taxonomically confused, similar to other genera placed incertae sedis in Characidae. The cytogenetics of this genus is well characterized; species vary widely in diploid number, from 2n=36 chromosomes in Astyanax schubarti to 2n=50 for most species studied. The size, number, and position of different cytological markers vary among species and populations of Astyanax. We analyzed the karyotypes of individuals from three Astyanax species (Astyanax abramis, Astyanax altiparanae, and Astyanax eigenmanniorum) from populations not previously analyzed. We describe variations in several cytogenetic markers and the karyotypic relationships between them, specifically focusing on the characteristics of the conserved and divergent locations of the ribosomal genes. Our data are useful for establishing relationships between species and for investigating the karyotype evolution within the genus.

Percutaneous fixation of fractures of the spine: 1-year clinical and radiological follow-up / Fixação percutânea de fraturas da coluna vertebral: seguimento clínico e radiológico de 1 ano / Fijación percutánea de las fracturas vertebrales: seguimiento clínico y radiológico de 1 año

Objective: To evaluate the preliminary results of the surgical treatment through minimally invasive fixation technique in patients with thoracolumbar spinal fractures. Methods: Retrospective study of 17 patients with fractures of thoracolumbar vertebrae who underwent surgery with percutaneous fixation in the period of 2009 to 2011. The clinical evaluation of the results was performed using the SF-36 and Oswestry questionnaires. The radiographic parameters evaluated were: fracture classification according to Magerl's criteria, wedge angle of the fractured vertebrae and bisegmental Cobb angle. These measurements were made in the preoperative, immediate postoperative and 1 year after surgery. Other data such as associated injuries, neurological deficit, post-surgical infection, loosening and breakage of implants were also considered. Results: The data revealed average scores above 80% in all domains of the SF-36 questionnaire while in Oswestry Questionnaire, 79% of patients had minimal or absent physical limitations with a mean score of 12.4±11.89%. The average Cobb angle for preoperative kyphosis was 5.53º±13.80o, 2.18º±13.38o in the early postoperative period and 5.26º±13.95o one year after surgery. The average correction obtained after surgery was 3.35º and the average correction loss was 3.19º. No complications such as post-surgical infection, permanent neurological deficits and implant loosening and breakage were observed. ...

Objetivo: Avaliar os resultados preliminares do tratamento cirúrgico pela técnica de fixação minimamente invasiva em pacientes portadores de fraturas toracolombares da coluna vertebral. Métodos: Estudo retrospectivo de 17 pacientes com fraturas de vértebras toracolombares submetidos a tratamento cirúrgico com fixação percutânea no período de 2009 a 2011. A avaliação clínica dos resultados foi realizada através dos questionários SF-36 e Oswestry. Os parâmetros radiográficos avaliados foram: classificação das fraturas segundo critérios de Magerl, ângulo de acunhamento da vértebra fraturada e o ângulo de Cobb bissegmentar do segmento afetado. Estas medidas foram feitas nos períodos pré-operatório, pós-operatório imediato e 1 ano após a cirurgia. Outros dados como lesões associadas, déficit neurológico, infecção pós-cirúrgica, soltura e quebra de implantes também foram considerados. Resultados: Os dados obtidos revelaram médias acima de 80% em todos os domínios do Questionário SF-36 enquanto que no Questionário de Oswestry, 79% dos indivíduos apresentaram limitações físicas mínimas ou ausentes com escore médio de 12,4%±11,89. O valor ...

Objetivo: Evaluar los resultados preliminares de la técnica de tratamiento quirúrgico para la fijación mínimamente invasiva en pacientes con fracturas de la columna toracolumbar. Métodos: Estudio retrospectivo de 17 pacientes con fracturas de vértebras toracolumbares fueron sometidos a cirugía con fijación percutánea en el período de 2009 a 2011. Se realizó la evaluación clínica de los resultados utilizando los cuestionarios SF-36 y Oswestry. Se evaluaron los parámetros radiográficos: clasificación de fracturas según criterios de Magerl, ángulo de acuñamiento de la vértebra fracturada y el ángulo de Cobb bissegmentar del segmento afectado. Estas mediciones se realizaron en el preoperatorio, postoperatorio inmediato y 1 año después de la cirugía. También se consideraron otros datos, tales como lesiones asociadas, déficit neurológico, infección post-quirúrgica y aflojamiento y rotura de los implantes. Resultados: Los datos indican promedios superiores al 80% en todos los dominios del cuestionario SF-36, mientras que en cuestionario Oswestry, el 79% de los pacientes tenían limitaciones físicas mínimas o ausentes con una puntuación media de 12,4±11,89%. El ángulo de Cobb preoperatorio promedio fue 5,53º&...

Infectious spondylodiscitis: has there been any evolution in the diagnostic and treatment outcomes? / Espondilodiscite infecciosa: houve evolução nos resultados do diagnóstico e tratamento? / ¿Espondilodiscitis infecciosa: hubo evolución en los resultados del diagnóstico y tratamiento?

Objective: To evaluate the clinical and radiological results of treatment of patients with spondylodiscitis. Methods: Imaging exams used in this study were plain radiographs and magnetic resonance imaging of the spine. Results: Data from 33 patients, 10 (30.3%) females and 23 (69.7%) males were evaluated. The average time to diagnosis was four months and 28 days (SD ± 1 month and 28 days) and 19 patients (57.5%) presented neurological deficit. Surgical treatment was performed in 22 patients (66.6%) and three patients (9.1%) had complications from the surgery. Conclusions: Despite technological advances in complementary exams, early diagnosis of spondylodiscitis remains a challenge. However, drug treatment associated with surgery shows good results. .

Objetivo: Avaliar os resultados clínicos e radiológicos do tratamento de pacientes portadores de espondilodiscite. Métodos: Os exames de imagem utilizados neste estudo foram radiografias simples e ressonância magnética da coluna vertebral. Resultados: Foram avaliados os dados de 33 pacientes, sendo 10 (30,3%) do sexo feminino e 23 (69,7%) do sexo masculino. O tempo médio gasto para o diagnóstico foi de 4 meses e 28 dias (DP ± 1 mês e 28 dias) e 19 pacientes (57,5%) apresentavam déficit neurológico. O tratamento cirúrgico foi realizado em 22 pacientes (66,6%) e três pacientes (9,1%) apresentaram complicações decorrentes do tratamento cirúrgico. Conclusões: Apesar do avanço tecnológico nos exames complementares, o diagnóstico precoce da espondilodiscite continua sendo um desafio. No entanto, o tratamento medicamentoso associado ao procedimento cirúrgico apresenta bons resultados. .

Objetivo: Evaluar los resultados clínicos y radiológicos de tratamiento de pacientes con espondilodiscitis. Métodos: Las pruebas de imagen utilizadas en este estudio fueron las radiografías simples y resonancia magnética de la columna vertebral. Resultados: Los datos de 33 pacientes, 10 (30,3 %) del sexo femenino y 23 (69,7%) del sexo masculino fueron evaluados. El tiempo medio hasta el diagnóstico fue de 4 meses y 28 días (DE ± 1 mes y 28 días) y 19 pacientes (57,5%) tuvieron déficit neurológico. El tratamiento quirúrgico se realizó en 22 (66,6%) pacientes y 3 (9,1%) tuvieron complicaciones de la cirugía. Conclusiones: A pesar de los avances tecnológicos en los exámenes complementares, el diagnóstico precoz de espondilodiscitis sigue siendo un desafío. Sin embargo, el tratamiento farmacológico asociado con la cirugía presenta buenos resultados. .