Abrangência do Programa Saúde na Escola em Vitória de Santo Antão-PE / Scope of the School Health Program in the municipality of Vitória de Santo Antão in the State of Pernambuco, Brazil

RESUMO A pesquisa objetivou descrever, por meio de um estudo de avaliação, o alcance do Programa Saúde na Escola (PSE) em Vitória de Santo Antão-PE, no ano de 2016. Os dados foram coletados entre outubro de 2016 e fevereiro de 2017, mediante fonte documental das Secretarias Municipal de Saúde, de Educação e da Gerência Regional de Educação. O município apresentou 52 escolas cadastradas, e 26 realizaram alguma atividade referente ao programa. As ações englobaram atividades do componente I, como, por exemplo, 'Avaliação antropométrica', 'Verificação da situação vacinal', 'Promoção e avaliação da saúde bucal'. As temáticas do componente II também foram verificadas, como 'Promoção das práticas corporais e atividade física', 'Ações de segurança alimentar e alimentação saudável', 'Promoção da saúde ambiental e desenvolvimento sustentável', com foco nas arboviroses. O quantitativo de ações na zona urbana foi superior quando comparada a área rural. Um bom número de escolas cadastradas contrastando com a baixa ativação (implementação) do PSE ou, ainda, um alcance 'muito ruim' dos estudantes permearam as respostas da pesquisa, possibilitando a solidificação de subsídios para o surgimento de questionamentos essenciais às novas intervenções nesse campo de pesquisa e fornecendo outros conhecimentos sobre o programa para o público geral.

ABSTRACT The research aimed to describe, through an evaluation study in 2016, the scope of the School Health Program (PSE) in the municipality of Vitória de Santo Antão State of Pernambuco in the Northeast region of Brasil. Data were collected between October 2016 and February 2017 using documental source from the Municipal Health and Education secretaries and the Regional Education Management. The municipality had 52 registered schools and 26 carried out some activity related to the program. The actions encompassed component I activities such as 'Anthropometric assessment', 'Verification of vaccination status', 'Oral health promotion and assessment', for example. The themes of component II were also verified such as 'Promotion of body practices and physical activity', 'Food safety and healthy eating actions', 'Promotion of Environmental Health and sustainable development', with focus on arboviruses. The number of actions in the urban area was higher when compared to the rural area. A good number of registered schools contrasting with the low activation (implementation) of the PSE, or even a 'very bad' reach of students, permeated the survey answers, enabling the solidification of subsidies of essential questions to new interventions in this research field and providing other knowledges about the program to the general public.

Effect of Tahiti lime (Citrus latifolia) juice on the Production of the PGF2α/PGE2 and Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines involved in Menstruation.

Tahiti lemon juice (Citrus latifolia) (TLJ), as a natural source of flavonoids, has been used as an alternative to anti-inflammatory drugs for the treatment of dysmenorrhea and menstrual excessive bleeding, often associated with an imbalance of the prostaglandins (PG) levels. However, despite the positive effects, the mechanisms that rule menstruation control are still unknown. Therefore, the objectives were to characterize the TLJ and analyze its effect on the production of PGF2α, PGE2 and pro-inflammatory cytokines involved inmenstruation. Flavonoids from TLJ were discriminated by UPLC-DAD-MS/MS (Qq-TOF) and the effects of TLJ were studied in vitro by quantification of the contraction of myoblasts in culture and PGF2α and PGE2 productions. Further, the systemic and menstrual fluid levels of PGF2α, PGE2, IL-1ß, TNF-α, IL-6, AK1B1 and AK1C3 enzymes produced by women during the menstrual period were compared after exposition or not to TLJ or meloxicam. The results showed that TLJ induces an increase in the contraction of myoblasts and the PGF2α supernatant level. Regarding in vivo analysis, a higher concentration of PGF2α and an unaltered PGE2 level was also found in the menstrual blood of women treated with TLJ, in contrast with a lower level of PGE2 and PGF2α observed in the meloxicam group. Concerning cytokines, only menstrual TNF-α levels decrease after treatment with TLJ or meloxicam. In conclusion, TLJ may favor the control of menstruation events via a PGF2α mediated muscle contractile response.

Prevalência e fatores associados à autopercepção negativa em saúde dos adolescentes: uma revisão sistemática / Prevalence of and factors associated with the adolescents'negative self- perception in health: a systematic review / Prevalencia y factores asociados a la autopercepción negativa de salud de adolescentes: una revisión sistemática

Objetivo: Revisar na literatura a prevalência e os fatores associados à autopercepção negativa em saúde dos adolescentes. Métodos: Trata-se de uma revisão sistemática que utilizou, como fonte de busca, as seguintes bases de dados: Lilacs, Medline/Pubmed e Adolec, utilizando descritores indexados ao DeCS/MeSH. No processo de seleção, os artigos foram analisados em três etapas: leitura dos títulos, dos resumos e do artigo na íntegra de acordo com os critérios de elegibilidade. Resultados: Dos 886 artigos encontrados, após a utilização dos filtros, foram selecionados 25 artigos para leitura na integra, mas, após a leitura, somente 10 artigos foram inclusos nos resultados desta pesquisa. Os estudos apresentaram uma prevalência de autopercepção negativa em adolescentes que variou de 1,2% a 38%, sendo verificados também outros fatores associados, como fatores socioeconômicos, relações interpessoais e comportamentos de riscos à saúde. Conclusão: As evidências científicas apontam que fatores socioeconômicos, relação com a família e amigos, estresse, aspectos psicológicos e comportamentos de risco a saúde estão interligados à autopercepção negativa em saúde dos adolescentes. Além disso, ser do sexo feminino, ter baixa renda e apresentar uma idade maior também foram fatores para um aumento na avaliação negativa do estado de saúde do adolescente.

Objective: To review in the literature the prevalence of and the factors associated with the adolescents' negative self- perception in health. Methods: A systematic review that used, assources for search, the following databases: LILACS, MEDLINE/PubMed and ADOLEC, using descriptors indexed to DeCS/MeSH. In the selection process, the articles were analyzed in three stages: reading of the titles, abstracts and full texts of the articles according to the eligibility criteria. Results: Of the 886 articles found, after the using the filters, 25 articles were selected for full-text reading but, after that, only 10 articles were included in the results of this research. The studies showed a prevalence of negative self-perception in adolescents ranging from 1.2% to 38%, and other associated factors, such as the socioeconomic factors, interpersonal relationships, and health risk behaviors were also verified. Conclusion: The scientific evidence indicates that socioeconomic factors, relationship with family and friends, stress, psychological aspects and health risk behaviors are linked to the adolescents' negative self-perception in health. Furthermore, being female, having low income, and being older were also factors for an increase in the adolescent's negative evaluation of their health status.

Objetivo: Revisar la prevalencia y los factores asociados a la autopercepción negativa de salud de adolescentes en la literatura. Métodos: Se trata de una revisión sistemática que se utilizó como fuente de búsqueda las siguientes bases de datos: LILACS, MEDLINE/PubMed y Adolec utilizando los descriptores indexados al DeCS/MeSH. En el proceso de selección los artículos fueron analizados en tres etapas: la lectura de los títulos, de los resúmenes y del artículo completo según los criterios de elegibilidad. Resultados: Después de la utilización de los filtros fueron elegidos 25 artículos para la lectura del texto completo de los 886 artículos encontrados, pero tras la lectura, solamente 10 artículos fueron incluidos en los resultados de esa investigación. Los estudios presentaron una prevalencia de autopercepción negativa de adolescentes que varió entre 1,2% y 38% y fueron verificados también otros factores asociados como los factores socioeconómicos, las relaciones interpersonales y las conductas de riesgo para la salud. Conclusión: Las evidencias científicas señalan que los factores socioeconómicos, la relación con la familia y los amigos, el estrés, los aspectos psicológicos y las conductas de riesgo para la salud están asociados a la autopercepción negativa de salud de los adolescentes. Además de eso, pertenecer al sexo femenino, tener baja renta y más edad también fueron factores para un aumento de la evaluación negativa del estado de salud del adolescente.

Percepção de gestantes sobre a organização do serviço/assistência em um pré-natal de baixo risco de Recife / Perceptions of pregnant women about the organization of the service/assistance in prenatal low risk in Recife / Las percepciones de las mujeres embarazadas sobre la organización delservicio/asistencia en bajo riesgo prenatal de Recife

Objective: To describe the epidemiological profile and the perception of low risk pregnant women care metin a maternity hospital in Recife. Method: Descriptive study with 94 pregnant women attending prenatal low risk, from April to May 2014. Data were collected from subjects and the Maternity Card, using a questionnaire. Results: 71% were brown/black, 17% low education, 26% single/divorced, 49% unemployed and 48% had family incomes below the minimum wage. 28% multigesta and 17% said at least one abortion. However, of the 69 (73.4%) who had undergone tests, 46% were little satisfied/dissatisfied with the delivery time of the exams. Conclusion: Knowing the profile and the satisfaction of pregnant women brings contributions to nursing, since it is for nurses to make prenatal visits of pregnant women considered low risk, being your responsibility to ensure a qualified prenatal care in an integrated manner.

Objetivo: Descrever o perfil epidemiológico e a percepção da assistência de gestantes de baixo risco atendidas em uma maternidade do Recife/PE. Método: Estudo descritivo com 94 gestantes atendidas no pré-natal de baixo risco, de abril a maio de 2014. Os dados foram coletados dos sujeitos e do Cartão da Gestante, utilizando questionário. Resultados: 71% eram pardas/negras, 17% baixa escolaridade, 26% solteira/divorciada, 49% desempregada e 48% tinha renda familiar menor que um salário mínimo. 28% multigesta e 17% referiu no mínimo um aborto. Entretanto, das 69 (73,4%) que haviam realizado exames, 46% estavam pouco satisfeitas/insatisfeitas com o tempo de entrega dos exames. Conclusão: Conhecer o perfil e a satisfação das gestantes traz contribuições para enfermagem, uma vez que compete ao enfermeiro realizar as consultas de pré-natal das gestantes consideradas de baixo risco, sendo de sua responsabilidade assegurar uma assistência pré-natal qualificada de maneira integral.

Objetivo: Describir el perfil epidemiológico y la percepción de las mujeres embarazadas de bajo riesgo asistencial se reunió en un hospital de maternidad en Recife. Metodo: Estudio descriptivo con 94 mujeres embarazadas que acuden a bajo riesgo prenatal, de abril a mayo de 2014. Los datos se obtuvieron de los sujetos y la tarjeta de la maternidad, mediante un cuestionario. Resultados: El 71% eran de color marrón/negro, 17% bajo nivel de educación, 26% solteras/divorciada, 49% de desempleadas y el 48% tienen ingresos familiares por debajo del salario mínimo. 28% multigesta y 17% dicho al menos un aborto. Sin embargo, de las pruebas de 69 (73,4%) que habían sido sometidos, el 46% eran poco satisfechos/insatisfechos con el tiempo de entrega de los exámenes. Conclusión: Conocer el perfil y la satisfacción de las mujeres embarazadas aporta contribuciones a la enfermería, ya que es para que las enfermeras realizan visitas prenatales de las mujeres embarazadas consideradas de bajo riesgo, siendo su responsabilidad garantizar una atención prenatal calificada de una manera integrada.

Matrix metalloproteinase-2 polymorphism is associated with prognosis in prostate cancer.

OBJECTIVE: Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most frequent tumor in males in Brazil. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) have been demonstrated in the promoter region of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) genes and have been associated with development and progression of some cancers. In this study, our aim was to investigate a possible relation between polymorphism of the promoter region of the MMP2 gene and classical prognostic parameters in prostate cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Genomic DNA was extracted using conventional protocols. The DNA sequence containing the polymorphic site was amplified by real-time polymerase chain reaction, using fluorescent probes (TaqMan). RESULTS: In patients with tumors of a higher stage (pT3), a polymorphic allele in the MMP2 gene was more frequent (P = 0.026) than in patients with lower tumor stage. A polymorphic allele in the MMP2 gene was more frequent in Gleason ≥ 7 than in Gleason ≤ 6 (P = 0.042). CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that MMP2 polymorphism can be used together with pathological stage and Gleason score to identify patients with worse prognosis. Our results illustrate the potential use of MMP2 SNP as a molecular marker for prostate cancer.

A simple method to measure cell viability in proliferation and cytotoxicity assays.

Resazurin dye has been broadly used as indicator of cell viability in several types of assays for evaluation of the biocompatibility of medical and dental materials. Mitochondrial enzymes, as carriers of diaphorase activities, are probably responsible for the transference of electrons from NADPH + H+ to resazurin, which is reduced to resorufin. The level of reduction can be quantified by spectrophotometers since resazurin exhibits an absorption peak at 600 etam and resorufin at 570 etam wavelengths. However, the requirement of a spectrophotometer and specific filters for the quantification could be a barrier to many laboratories. Digital cameras containing red, green and blue filters, which allow the capture of red (600 to 700 etam) and green (500 to 600 etam) light wavelengths in ranges bordering on resazurin and resorufin absorption bands, could be used as an alternative method for the assessment of resazurin and resorufin concentrations. Thus, our aim was to develop a simple, cheap and precise method based on a digital CCD camera to measure the reduction of resazurin. We compared the capability of the CCD-based method to distinguish different concentrations of L929 and normal Human buccal fibroblast cell lines with that of a conventional microplate reader. The correlation was analyzed through the Pearson coefficient. The results showed a strong association between the measurements of the method developed here and those made with the microplate reader (r(2) = 0.996; p < 0.01) and with the cellular concentrations (r(2) = 0.965; p < 0.01). We concluded that the developed Colorimetric Quantification System based on CCD Images allowed rapid assessment of the cultured cell concentrations with simple equipment at a reduced cost.

Toll-like receptor activity in recurrent aphthous ulceration.

BACKGROUND: Toll-like receptors (TLR) are membrane proteins that recognize conserved molecules derived from bacterial, virus, fungal or host tissues. Activation of TLRs causes the production of cytokines that mediate inflammatory responses and drive T helper (Th) 1 and 2 cell development. As an exaggerated Th1 immune response is supposed to be involved in pathogenesis of Recurrent Aphthous Ulceration (RAU), we suggest that RAU patients may have an imbalance in TLR pathways. METHODS: To study the function of TLR activation ex vivo, peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from RAU patients (n = 17) and controls (n = 17) were exposed to TLR2 [lipoteichoic acid (LTA), heat-killed Listeria monocytogenes (HKLM) and PamC3CSK4], TLR3 [Poly(I:C)], TLR4 [lipopolysaccharide (LPS)], TLR5 (flagellin) and TLR7 (imiquimod) ligands, and the time course of supernatant tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) levels was quantified by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In addition, serological and salivary TNF-alpha and soluble CD14 levels were quantified. The TNF-alpha produced by PBMCs in contact with each TLR ligand and autologous serum or saliva at the same time was also investigated. The data were analyzed by statistical multivariate tests. RESULTS: The control group had a higher response to LTA, whereas RAU had a higher response to HKLM. LTA and LPS interfered with the salivary stimulation of the RAU PBMC and HKLM with the stimulation of the control. Autologous serum was capable of inhibiting TLR2 responsiveness to LTA and enhancing LPS stimulation. Salivary and serological levels of sCD14 and TNF-alpha were not significantly different. CONCLUSION: Recurrent Aphthous Ulceration patients have an anomalous activity of the TLR2 pathway that probably influences the stimulation of an abnormal Th1 immune response.

Epstein-Barr virus detection in invasive and pre-invasive lesions of the uterine cervix.

In the present study, our aim was to investigate whether EBV DNA could be found in association with invasive and pre-invasive cervical cancer lesions. We hypothesize that EBV is not merely a commensal agent when present in malignant cervical lesions. DNA was extracted from cervical scrapings followed by nested PCR-based amplification. The patients were 66 women with high grade cervical intraepithelial neoplasia and 14 women with invasive cervical cancer. The control group consisted of 89 women with a normal Pap smear and colposcopy as well as a negative HPV DNA test. Analysis of our results, in conjunction with the work of other authors, leads us to propose that EBV is not merely a commensal agent when present in malignant cervical lesions. The presence of DNA from EBV is significantly associated with cervical cancer.

A simple method to measure cell viability in proliferation and cytotoxicity assays

Resazurin dye has been broadly used as indicator of cell viability in several types of assays for evaluation of the biocompatibility of medical and dental materials. Mitochondrial enzymes, as carriers of diaphorase activities, are probably responsible for the transference of electrons from NADPH + H+ to resazurin, which is reduced to resorufin. The level of reduction can be quantified by spectrophotometers since resazurin exhibits an absorption peak at 600 çm and resorufin at 570 çm wavelengths. However, the requirement of a spectrophotometer and specific filters for the quantification could be a barrier to many laboratories. Digital cameras containing red, green and blue filters, which allow the capture of red (600 to 700 çm) and green (500 to 600 çm) light wavelengths in ranges bordering on resazurin and resorufin absorption bands, could be used as an alternative method for the assessment of resazurin and resorufin concentrations. Thus, our aim was to develop a simple, cheap and precise method based on a digital CCD camera to measure the reduction of resazurin. We compared the capability of the CCD-based method to distinguish different concentrations of L929 and normal Human buccal fibroblast cell lines with that of a conventional microplate reader. The correlation was analyzed through the Pearson coefficient. The results showed a strong association between the measurements of the method developed here and those made with the microplate reader (r² = 0.996; p < 0.01) and with the cellular concentrations (r² = 0.965; p < 0.01). We concluded that the developed Colorimetric Quantification System based on CCD Images allowed rapid assessment of the cultured cell concentrations with simple equipment at a reduced cost.

Polymorphisms of the matrix metalloproteinases associated with prostate cancer.

Prostate cancer (PCa) is the most common type of malignant tumor in Brazilian males. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) have been demonstrated to be present in the promoter region of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) genes and have been associated with the development and progression of some cancers. In this study, our aim was to investigate the association between the polymorphisms of MMP1, 2, 7, and 9 and susceptibility, and their correlation with the classic prognostic parameters of PCa. For genes MMP1, 2 and 9, the frequencies of the polymorphic homozygote genotypes were higher in the control group than in the PCa group (P<0.0001). We conclude that the MMP1, 2 and 9 polymorphisms are more common in the control group than in patients with PCa, and may have a protective effect in the development of this neoplasia.

cDNA microarray analysis of differentially expressed genes in penile tissue after treatment with tadalafil.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate differential gene expression in penile tissue after treatment with the phosphodiesterase 5 (PDE5) inhibitor tadalafil, as of the three clinically available PDE5 inhibitors (sildenafil, tadalafil, and vardenafil) used for the treatment of erectile dysfunction (ED), tadalafil has a long half-life and low incidence of side-effects. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In all, 32 adult rats were divided into two groups. The control group received 0.5 mL of drinking water alone, while the tadalafil group was treated with tadalafil at a dose of 0.27 mg/kg. At 4 h after treatment with water or tadalafil the rats were killed and the penile tissue was removed. The total RNA was isolated from the penile tissue from both groups and differentially expressed genes were identified by cDNA microarray analysis. To validate the expression data from the microarray analysis, quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and immunohistochemistry were used. RESULTS: In all, 153 genes were differentially expressed between the control group and the tadalafil group. We validated the microarray results by quantitative PCR for the insulin-like growth factor binding protein 6 (IGFBP-6) gene and the neuronal calcium sensor 1 (NCS-1) gene, both of which were up-regulated in the tadalafil group, and for the natriuretic peptide receptor 1 (NPR-1) gene that was down-regulated in this group. Immunohistochemistry showed localization of the NCS-1 protein in sinusoid trabeculae of the corpus cavernosum in control and tadalafil-treated rats. CONCLUSIONS: There was differential expression in 153 genes after tadalafil treatment. Some of these genes such as IGFBP-6, NPR-1 and NCS-1, might result in new targets in the treatment of ED.